A "molecular clock" is any technique that may be used to calibrate the age of a species / taxonomic group by using the mutation rate of one genomic sequence.
What is the mutation rate?The mutation rate is the time required for one sequence to mutate (change) in its nucleotide bases.
The mutation rate is used to estimate the age of one species by molecular clocks that estimate nucleotide differences in a given period of time.
In conclusion, a "molecular clock" allows estimating the age of a species by using the mutation rate.
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PLEASE PLEASE HURRY
Which causes a drop in female hormone levels?
the onset of the menstrual flow
the release of an egg from the ovary
the thickening of the uterine wall
the failure of an egg to be fertilised
Explanation:
the release of an egg from the ovary
compare and contrast sexual and asexual reporduction
Difference:
The biological process of sexual reproduction requires the input of genetic material from many people. When a flower self-pollinates, for example, the term "individual" might refer to gamete cells developing as a single physical or even genetic organism. I don't want to substitute the word "cell" for "person," either, as that would eliminate instances of acellular biologic entities that reproduce, like viruses. When a piece of a chromosome from one bacterium is injected into another, it recombines and reproduces there, with or without sporulation, which is one instance of what I consider sexual reproduction but which not all viewers would. My notion just requires some genetic material, even in the form of an episome, not gametes. Asexual phases are included in nearly all forms of reproduction, but I regard all of them to be a part of sexual reproduction when they take place throughout a life cycle that also contains an obligatory sexual phase. Brewer's yeast serves as an illustration of the distinction I make because either the diploid or haploid stage, which could be classified as a gametophyte or sporophyte, can be maintained through an infinite number of mitoses. As a result, I consider vegetative propagation to be asexual reproduction.
Now that you have the difference compare the similarties.
The main steps of photosystem 2 include which of the following
Incomplete Question options not given
Photosystem II is the first protein complex in oxygenic photosynthesis's light-dependent processes. It is found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria's thylakoid membrane.
The thylakoid membrane, which is a part of the chloroplast in plant cells, is where Photosystem I and Photosystem II are found.The products of the light dependent processes are delivered to the light independent reactions as ATP and NADPH.Water molecules are divided into oxygen atoms and hydrogen ions when photosystem II pulls replacement electrons from them.The thylakoid compartment retains the hydrogen ions from the water.High energy electrons are transferred from Photosystem II to Photosystem I in the electron transfer chain.The high-energy electrons in the photosystem received energy from sunlight while they were there.Photosystem I releases high-energy electrons into the atmosphere.The high energy electrons join NADP+ and a hydrogen ion after going via an electron transfer chain.ADP and Pi are combined to create ATP with the help of hydrogen ions passing via the ATP synthases.
So to conclude with we can say that the initial protein complex in the light dependent processes of oxygenic photosynthesis is called photosystem II. It may be found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria's thylakoid membrane.
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How do convention currents work
Answer:
Convection currents are the result of differential heating. Lighter (less dense), warm material rises while heavier (more dense) cool material sinks. It is this movement that creates circulation patterns known as convection currents in the atmosphere, in water, and in the mantle of Earth.
Explanation:
Convection currents are movement of fluid as a result of differential heating or convection. In the case of the Earth, convection currents refer to the motion of molten rock in the mantle as radioactive decay heats up magma, causing it to rise and driving the global-scale flow of magma. The density of a liquid reduces as it is heated. If the liquid is heated far from the surface, such as at or near the bottom of the container, its reduced density is displaced by colder, denser liquid, and the lighter liquid rises to the top where it meets the cooler liquid. The end consequence is that the heat transfer creates a circulation effect up until the boiling point, or the temperature at which all of the liquid is the same. The lesson to be learned from convective heating is to avoid heating liquids traditionally from the surface because doing so will not result in convection currents. The electromagnetic energy from microwaves typically heats from the top down, penetrating just a few millimeters. The movement (agitation) of the water container and the turbulence caused by the boiling surface water turning into steam are what enable heat transmission. It is typical to see superheating with explosive results due to the localized energy absorption by the surface portion of the water, especially if a powdered substance is introduced to the microwaved water. When the powder is mixed with hot water, nucleation sites are created, which might result in a quick ebullition of boiling water.
in what way does translation change information?
According to the research, translation changes the information of the RNA read to form a polypeptide chain, which is a protein with a linear structure.
What is translation?It is the process by which, from the reading of the genetic code in the mRNA, a protein is created.
It occurs in all living beings and takes place in the cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are found, which play a fundamental role in the process.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, translation changes the information of the RNA read to form a polypeptide chain, which is a protein with a linear structure.
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8. Which of the following organisms can be heterotrophic and/or autotrophic? a. Volvox b. Euglena c. Oscillatoria d. a, b, and c e. a and b only
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Volvox, Euglena, and Oscillatoria are all autotrophic
CRITICAL THINKING
Precursors of an animal germ cell has 12 ng of DNA in it G1 phase what would be amount of dna in
its each daughter cell immediately after meiosis?
A.24 ng
B. 12 ng
C. 6 ng
D. 3 ng
Answer:
Option D. 3ng
Explanation:
hope it helpss
Caulerpa is an invasive alga that grows in the sea. It is native to the Caribbean Sea and the Indian Ocean, but was accidently introduced into the Mediterranean Sea in waste water. Caulerpa has now spread over large areas of seabed in the Mediterranean. Populations of native species in these areas have decreased or been wiped out. Suggest how Caulerpa can cause a decrease in the number of species living in ecosystems.
Answer:
A strain of the species bred for use in aquariums has established non-native populations in waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the United States, and Australia. It is one of two species of algae listed in 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species compiled by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group.What’s this answer please
Answer:
A.) I
Explanation:
The first one is the most likely to be solid at room temperature because it is the only structure depicting a saturated fat.
Saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbons in the parent chain. This allows the molecules to assume very compact positions, causing it to be solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats have these double bonds which bend the structure. These "kinks" in the molecule are what make unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature.
How does elevation affect climate?
A. It determines whether winds will blow inland bringing moist air, or towards the ocean bringing dry air.
B. It determines how much solar energy an area receives and thus how hot it will be.
C. It determines how dense the air is, and how much heat energy the air can hold.
D. It determines whether winds will blow inland bringing moist air, or towards the ocean bringing dry air.
Altitude affects weather determines how dense the air is and how much heat energy the air can hold.
Option C is the correct one.
What is the relationship between authority and climate?The relationship between climate and altitude is manifested through variations in atmospheric pressure and temperature. Although higher locations are closer to the sun, they tend to receive less heat, becoming colder, in addition to having a smaller thermal amplitude (temperature variation).
With this information, we can conclude that Higher elevations cause temperatures to drop because the higher up in the atmosphere you go the colder it gets due to air pressure in turn causing precipitation to freeze creating snow.
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Which type of archaebacteria lives in environments where there are extremely high temperatures?
Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
What process occurs as a zygote becomes a blastocyst? meiosis cleavage division fertilization ovulation
The zygote is split into the blastula after fertilization. The three germ layers develop in the blastula, which in some species is a hollow ball of cells, during a process known as gastrulation.
Fertilization :
The majority of animal reproduction is comparable to human reproduction. Additionally, animals create gametes for fusion. Gamete fusion, however, can happen inside or outside of the body.
Type of fertilization :
internal and external fertilization.
How does fertilization work, for insinstance ?
A reproductive technique that involved joining a male and a female germ cell—each with a single, haploid pair of chromosomes—to produce a diploid cell known as a zygote.
Pre-embryo is a collection of blastomeres formed by cleavage divisions.
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Answer:
the correct answer is b. cleavage division
Explanation:
Dr. Diop is the head of an academic department in a school whose teachers have all been told to teach from home for the next month. She gets them all to have weekly check-ins using web-conferencing software so that they can meet while they’re all at home. This is an example of a ________ team.
Answer:
This is an exemple os a virtual team.
Explanation:
Virtual Teams are professionals who work together remotely through the internet and other electronic communication resources, so that they can achieve their common goals. They are presented online, where team members use various tools such as video conferences, e-mails and even social networks.
Dr. Diop is the head of an academic department in a school whose teachers have all been told to teach from home for the next month. She gets them all to have weekly check-ins using web-conferencing software so that they can meet while they’re all at home. This is an example of a virtual team.
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is there any solution on plant kingdom
Answer:
Bryophytes are found in moist places, fertilization occurs with the help of water. For example, Marchantia, Riccia, etc. Hence bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
A researcher investigates a blood disease carried by birds. She isolates an organism from the blood of an infected bird. She finds that the
organism is unicellular and has a nucleus, a cell wall, and the ability to produce spores. What kingdom does the organism belong to?
O A. bacteria
O B. sarcodina
• C.
protista
• D.
archaea
What happens during prophase?
A) chromosomes are copied, and the nuclear membrane disappears
B) nuclear membranes form around two sets of chromosomes
C) spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart
D) chromosomes condense, and mitotic spindles form
Answer:
d
Explanation:
During prophase, the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.
which would not be a good way for you to reduce your enviromental foot print
A hairdryer uses 1500 J of electrical energy in 1 second. The hairdryer changes 1300 J of this to useful thermal energy in 1 second. Calculate the quantity of energy that is wasted by the hairdryer in 1 second. Show your work.
200 J of energy is wasted by the hair dryer.
Steps
The hairdryer is provided with 1500 J of electrical energy per secondOf this 1500 J, 1300 J of energy is actually used and converted to useful thermal energy per secondThe remaining energy, 1500 - 1300 = 200 J is dissipatedDissipated energy
The energy that is not efficiently transported or changed is wasted energy. We cannot create or destroy energy. An employable type of energy is created through transformation. Only a portion of energy that is changed or transferred can be done so in a way that is helpful.Thus, 200 J of energy is wasted by the hair dryer.
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Ling made a study chart for science class.
Alyssa is observing two cells, X and Y. Each cell is from either a plant or an animal. She records some of her observations in a chart.
Cell Observations
Cell X Cell Y
has lysosomes lacks lysosomes
lacks a cell wall has endoplasmic reticulum
has ribosomes has a nucleus
Which additional observation will Alyssa most likely make?
Cell X has a cell membrane, and Cell Y does not.
Cell Y has a cell membrane, and Cell X does not.
Cell Y has a larger vacuole than Cell X.
Cell X has a larger vacuole than Cell Y.
Alyssa's additional observation would be cell Y having a larger vacuole than cell X. The third option is the correct one.
Plant cell vs animal cellFrom the observations, both cells are eukaryotic. This is because:
cell X has lysosomes which are only found in eukaryotic cellscell Y has a nucleus which also peculiar to eukaryotic cells onlyLysosome houses digestive enzymes and is found mostly in animal cells. Only a few plant cells have lysosomes.
Thus, the lack of a lysosome means that cell Y is a plant cell while the presence means that cell X is an animal cell.
Generally, plant cells have larger vacuoles than animal cells.
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Which statement accurately describes how the understanding of the Doppler effect is applied to the study of
galaxies?
It was used by Hubble to measure the velocities of galaxies.
It was used to monitor galaxy motion through changes in sound waves.
It indicates a galaxy moving toward Earth through red shift.
It indicates a galaxy moving away from Earth through blue shift.
The understanding of the Doppler effect is applied to the study of galaxies because It was used by Hubble to measure the velocities of galaxies. That is option A.
What is Doppler effect?Doppler effect is defined as the difference that occurs between two different frequencies of sounds that emanates from two different sources.
The scientist, Edwin Hubble , was able to use the Doppler effects to determine that the universe is expanding.
Therefore, the study of Doppler effect is applied to the study of galaxies because It was used for the measurement of its velocities.
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Answer:
It was used by Hubble to measure the velocities of galaxies
Explanation:
Which statement accurately describes how the understanding of the Doppler effect is applied to the study of galaxies?
It was used by Hubble to measure the velocities of galaxies.
It was used to monitor galaxy motion through changes in sound waves.
It indicates a galaxy moving toward Earth through red shift.
It indicates a galaxy moving away from Earth through blue shift.
What are the phases in meiosis and explain
Cell division happens twice during meiosis. One starting cell can produce for gametes (eggs or sperm.) In each round of division, cells go through four phases called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
prophase During prophase the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. This phase includes reduction division, which is where the number of chromosomes is decreased from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid.)
metaphase This is where the 23 remaining chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.
anaphase During this phase, the chromosomes move away from each other to one or the other pole of the spindle fiber.
telophase In which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
interphase This is a resting period.
Changes in water temperature affect the density of the water. Water density is important for deep ocean currents that move water around the oceans. With increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the ocean is absorbing more and more heat. The Beaufort Gyre is a circular current in the Arctic. Which of the following is the most reasonable hypothesis as to what would happen to the Beaufort Gyre if the oceans keep warming?
The water would get warmer and would not sink to the bottom, and therefore disrupt the worldwide currents.
The water would get colder and sink to the bottom, then take longer to warm up disrupting currents.
The water would change temperature and begin to circulate in the opposite direction.
The water would get much warmer and cause part of any nearby continental ice sheet to melt.
Answer:
The water would get warmer and would not sink to the bottom, and therefore disrupt the worldwide currents
Explanation:
the warmer water is less dense than the colder water and would not sink, which would interrupt the natural currents with extra external heat added by global warming
What is the difference between moons and dwarf planets?
A - dwarf planets orbit the Sun
B- Moons orbit the Sun
C- dwarf planets orbit other planets
D- moons orbit asteroids
Answer:
A- dwarf planets orbit the sun
Dwarf planets orbit other planets. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
The primary distinction between moons and dwarf planets lies in their respective orbits. Moons are natural satellites that encircle planets, whereas dwarf planets directly orbit the Sun. Moons are celestial entities that revolve around larger planets, functioning as their satellites. A notable illustration is the Earth's moon, which is a natural satellite revolving around the Earth.
Conversely, dwarf planets are celestial bodies that orbit the Sun but have not successfully eliminated other debris from their orbital paths, in contrast to fully recognised planets. Pluto serves as a prominent example of a dwarf planet within our solar system. While it orbits the Sun akin to a planet, it also shares its orbit with other objects situated in the Kuiper Belt. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
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Why are peer review and replication essential to reporting scientific work?
Answer:
Within the scientific community, peer review has become an essential component of the academic writing process. It helps ensure that papers published in scientific journals answer meaningful research questions and draw accurate conclusions based on professionally executed experimentation.
Which of the following statements is most accurate about how individual atoms produce light?
Group of answer choices
Electrons can spontaneously emit a photon of light without dropping to lower energy levels.
Light is not created by atoms, it just passes through them.
Photons are emitted when an electron jumps to higher energy levels in an atom.
An electron in an excited energy level of an atom will always drop to lower energy levels, emitting very specific wavelengths of light in the process.
Answer:
An electron in an excited energy level of an atom will always drop to lower energy levels, emitting very specific wavelengths of light in the process.
Which best describes the scientists who contributed to our body of knowledge
Answer: you didn't give the options to choose from.. comment on this with the options to choose from so i can help you please
Explanation:
The glucose-making part of photosynthesis takes place in the.
grana
thylakoids
stroma
Answer:
The glucose making part of photosynthesis takes place in the stroma
explanation:
Stroma is the colorless liquid that surrounds the grana in the chloroplast inside plant cells. The stroma contains grana, and stacks of thylakoids in which photosynthesis is started before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma itself. The stroma functions by synthesizing organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide. In the stroma, an enzyme removes the carbon from carbon dioxide, and then combines it with hydrogen and oxygen and to form a simple carbohydrate molecule (glucose).
What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for a given trait? Use one of Mendel's pea plant traits as an example.
The expected phenotypic ratio for a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for a given trait is 3:1.
What is Phenotype?This is referred to the physical characteristics of an organism such as the size, shape etc.
When two heterozygous traits are crossed:
Rr × Rr ⇒ RR Rr Rr rr
The ratio is therefore 3:1 of the dominant to recessive phenotype.
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A microscope has a low-power magnification of 200x and a high-power magnification of 1600x. If the low-power field diameter is 1.2 mm, calculate the high power field diameter in micrometers
The diameter of the high power field in micrometers is 9600 micrometer (9.6 mm).
[tex]\frac{200}{1600} =\frac{1,2}{x}[/tex] = 9,6 mm
What are microscope lenses?Compound microscope lenses are called objective lens and ocular lens. The objective lens is a lens that is installed very close to the object being observed. The ocular lens is very close to the observer's eye.
With this information, we can conclude that the high power field in micrometers is 9600 micrometer (9.6 mm).
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Which is a new interdisciplinary subject meant to store and organize biological data?
A. Biochemistry
B. Biotechnology
C. Bioengineering
D. Bioinformatics
Answer:
Bioinformatics is correct answer.
Explanation:
Yea, any questions?
ask me then.