Explanation:
Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen occurs in many forms and is continuously cycled among these forms by a variety of bacteria. Although nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere as diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), it is extremely stable, and conversion to other forms requires a great deal of energy. Historically, the biologically available forms NO3- and NH3 have often been limited; however, current anthropogenic processes, such as fertilizer production, have greatly increased the availability of nitrogen to living organisms. The cycling of nitrogen among its many forms is a complex process that involves numerous types of bacteria and environmental conditions.
In general, the nitrogen cycle has five steps:
Nitrogen fixation (N2 to NH3/ NH4+ or NO3-)
Nitrification (NH3 to NO3-)
Assimilation (Incorporation of NH3 and NO3- into biological tissues)
Ammonification (organic nitrogen compounds to NH3)
Denitrification(NO3- to N2)
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) via biological fixation or nitrate (NO3-) through high-energy physical processes. N2 is extremely stable and a great deal of energy is required to break the bonds that join the two N atoms. N2 can be converted directly into NO3- through processes that exert a tremendous amount of heat, pressure, and energy. Such processes include combustion, volcanic action, lightning discharges, and industrial means. However, a greater amount of biologically available nitrogen is naturally generated via the biological conversion of N2 to NH3/ NH4+. A small group of bacteria and cyanobacteria are capable using the enzyme nitrogenase to break the bonds among the molecular nitrogen and combine it with hydrogen.
Nitrogenase only functions in the absence of oxygen. The exclusion of oxygen is accomplished by many means. Some bacteria live beneath layers of oxygen-excluding slime on the roots of certain plants. The most important soil dwelling bacteria, Rhizobium, live in oxygen-free zones in nodules on the roots of legumes and some other woody plants. Aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria utilize oxygen-excluding cells called heterocysts.
Nitrification
Nitrification is a two-step process in which NH3/ NH4+ is converted to NO3-. First, the soil bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrococcus convert NH3 to NO2-, and then another soil bacterium, Nitrobacter, oxidizes NO2- to NO3-. These bacteria gain energy through these conversions, both of which require oxygen to occur.
Assimilation
Assimilation is the process by which plants and animals incorporate the NO3- and ammonia formed through nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Plants take up these forms of nitrogen through their roots, and incorporate them into plant proteins and nucleic acids. Animals are then able to utilize nitrogen from the plant tissues.
Ammonification
Assimilation produces large quantities of organic nitrogen, including proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia produced by this process is excreted into the environment and is then available for either nitrification or assimilation.
Denitrification
Denitrification is the reduction of NO3- to gaseous N2 by anaerobic bacteria. This process only occurs where there is little to no oxygen, such as deep in the soil near the water table. Hence, areas such as wetlands provide a valuable place for reducing excess nitrogen levels via denitrification processes.
Common Forms of Nitrogen
The most common forms of inorganic nitrogen in the environment are diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium (NH4+). The species that predominate depend on the chemical, physical, and biological environment.
In aquatic environments, the presence of nitrogen as unionized ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is dependent on the pH and temperature.
When the pH is below 8.75, NH4+ predominates. Increases in pH signify increases in the hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of the water, meaning the above reaction will shift to the left in order to reach equilibrium. Above a pH of 9.75, NH3 predominates (Hem, 1985). NH3 is a more toxic to aquatic life. If biological assimilation of NH3 is not occurring at a sufficient rate, NH3 may accumulate and cause detrimental effects to aquatic life.
In soils, NH4+ ions are strongly sorbed by clay particles and organic matter, which have a net negative surface charge. In alkaline soils, NH4+ will be converted to NH3 gas, and lost to the atmosphere. Under warm growing conditions, NH4+ in the soil will be transformed to NO3- via nitrification. NO3- is very soluble, and can easily be leached from soils under wet conditions.
Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurs
A. via ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum.
B. in the nucleus
C. in the mitochondria
D. within the cell membrane
Answer:
C. in the mitochondria
Explanation:
Mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers transport ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and ATP out to fuel the cell, by cycling between cytoplasmic-open and matrix-open states. ... Because these features are highly conserved, this mechanism is likely to apply to the whole mitochondrial carrier family.
Answer:
C. in the mitochondria
Explanation:
Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurs in the mitochondria.
A scientist breeds two different varieties
of corn to produce a single variety that
has traits from both parents. This
Technique is an example of
selective breeding
ecological succession
natural selection
Based on this information, this technique is an example of selective breeding, which is a reproduction control and management technique.
What is selective breeding?It implies a manipulation of the characteristics that are inherited, that is, it is a technique that consists of choosing the phenotypes of the organisms that are cultivated or bred.
This peculiarity allows guiding the evolution of the species according to the needs of the human being to have specimens with the desired characteristics in a stable manner.
Therefore, we can conclude that based on this information, this technique is an example of selective breeding, which is a reproduction control and management technique.
Learn more about selective breeding here: https://brainly.com/question/461245
Why has the demand to find more than fossil fuels for energy increased?
Explanation:
Global energy demand is increasing due to industrial activity and advances in both developing and developed countries. ... The GHGs from geothermal energy systems for electrical power production and space heating applications are much lower than those from conventional fossil fuel energy systems [3,4].
Answer:
Explanation:
The demand for energy across the world is constantly rising. This increased demand is caused in part by the increase in population, and by economic development. It is because these areas experienced large-scale economic development, their original energy sources were fossil fuels – first coal and oil and gas.
Imagine an angry dog running towards you. You can either fight it or run away. In either case, your body will respond to the situation through homeostasis. Write down two organs and their response to such a situation.
DNA is a nucleic acid, but RNA is not.
A. True
B. False
Answer: false
Explanation:
What is NOT a function of the
nucleus?
A. Directs protein synthesis
B. Houses DNA
C. Functions as the powerhouse of the cell
Answer:
function as the powerhouse of cell
Explanation:
we have read the power house of cell as a mitochondria
==========================================================
Explanation:
The mitochondria is responsible for generating the cell's energy, hence the phrasing "the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell".
The nucleus holds the DNA, so we can rule out choice B. The DNA in turn is connected to forming the proteins. The actual protein synthesis happens in the ribosomes, but the DNA is used as a blueprint (more or less) to assemble the correct amino acids in the correct order to form the complicated protein chains. In short, the nucleus indirectly helps direct the protein synthesis, so we can rule out choice A.
What canthestudent concludeabout theexperiments?
Answer:
HI, So People need more explination, What was the experiment about? That way we can give a proper answer...
Explanation:
Trees maintain the balance between gases in the air, removing carbon dioxide from the air and releasing oxygen
Answer:
Carbon Oxygen circle
Explanation:
Is the process where living things exchange air
can someone please help me with this question !
Answer:
Secondary consumer level = 900 kcal of energy
Producer level = 90000 Kcal of energy
Explanation:
According to this question, there are 9000 kilocalories of energy available at the primary consumer level. Since, only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to another in a food chain, the following will be available at the secondary consumer and producer level;
Note that:
Producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer
* At the producer level; where x is the amount of energy available at the producer level.
10/100 × x = 9000kcal
10x/100 = 9000
10x = 900000
x = 900000 ÷ 10
x = 90,000 Kcal of energy.
* At the secondary consumer level:
10/100 × 9000
90000/100
= 900 Kcal of energy.
Would a freshwater pond be considered as a community or an ecosystem ?
Answer:
It would be an ecosystem pretty sure
Explanation:
n NaO2, what does the 2 represent?
Answer:
In the element (n Na20) the 2 means that there are 2 oxygen atoms in the Sodium Oxide.
guess the kingdom.............
Answer:
Plantae
Explanation:
Fungi are NOT autotrophs, so it is not fungi
Archaebacteria aren't multicellular, so it's not archaebacteria
Animalia aren't producers, so it's not Animalia
Eubacteria aren't multicellular, so it's not eubacteria
Plantae is the only one on here that has all of the characteristics
An ________ solution has a concentration of hydrogen ions more than that of pure water. A ________ solution has a low concentration of hydrogen ions, fewer than that of pure water. *
Answer:
The correct answer is - acidic and basic
Explanation:
A volcano erupted near a beach
where a population of both gray and
brown lizards live. The sand on the
beach is brown, but after the volcano
erupted the brown sand was covered
by the gray lava particles. Which
statement about the lizards is
correct?
Answer:
The brown Lizards Died off and the Gray lizards continued living
Explanation:
Answer:
I don't know what is it111111
HELPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
Answer:
wish i could friend, wish i could
Explanation:
sorry, have a good day and life lol
Answer:
Q1 ans : the major salivary glands are the largest and most important salivary glands. they produce most of the saliva your mouth there are three pair of major salivary glands: the parotid gland the Submadibular glands and and The sublinguals glands. Q2 ans : infections of the skin around the mouth mucous membranes inside the mouth gums and turn the common causes of mouth white patches.Q3ans : keep your mouth moise and comfortable .helps keep dentures securely in place. fight germs in your mouth and prevent bad breath.1.- ¿Cuál es la unidad de medida de la Frecuencia
de Onda?
A. Decibelios.
B. Metros.
C. Hertz.
be
D. Watt
Answer:
C. Hertz
Explanation:
Que tenga un buen día :)
The organism above is reproducing through asexual reproduction. How does the genetic material of the daughter cell compare to the genetic material of the parent cell?
A.
It contains no genetic information from the parent.
B.
It contains 75% of the genes from the parent cell.
C.
It is an exact copy.
D.
It contains half of the genes from the parent cell.
SCIENCE (help me please)
1. What substances make up the inner core?
2. What is the structure of the inner core?
3. What is the structure of the outer core?
4. Explain the composition of the mantle.
5. What is the role of the asthenosphere?
Answer:
1. The core is made almost entirely of metal specifically, iron and nickel.
2. The structure of the inner core iron and nickel.
3.Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle.
4.In terms of its constituent elements, the mantle is made up of 44.8% oxygen, 21.5% silicon, and 22.8% magnesium. There's also iron, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium. These elements are all bound together in the form of silicate rocks, all of which take the form of oxides.
5.The asthenosphere is now thought to play a critical role in the movement of plates across the face of Earth's surface.
Explanation:
Dissociative disorders usually develop as a(n)
Helppppppppppppppppppp I’ll mark you brainlist
What is the output of (A + B)(A + C)?
Answer:
A^2+AC+BA+BC
Not sure tho
In the Linnaean system, birds and reptiles are each classified in a separate class. However, in the modern system, birds are members of the clade Reptilia. Which conclusion, based on evidence, did scientists cite to revise the classification of birds
Answer:
Birds descended from the most recent common ancestor of reptiles. Scientists recently revised the classification of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens).
The diagram to the right represents a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell, and the resulting chromosome in a haploid cell. The letters represent alleles of genes. Why does the chromosome in the haploid cell have alleles from both of the chromosomes in the diploid cell?
100 POINTS which bone does not move when the muscle contracts
Answer:
Explanation:
when a muscle contracts, the movable bone attached to one end of the muscle will move. but the other end of muscle must be attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone called the origin which does not move.
What percentage of bacteria are nonpathogenic?
Explanation:
While only about 5% of bacterial species are pathogenic, it is assumed that about 70% and above are non-pathogenic.
Plz MARK AS BRAINLIEST
Question 5
From the broadest to the most specific, list the levels of ecological organization?
Your answer:
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Organization, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Organism, cell, tissue, organ system, population
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
The nervous system may be compared to a "
A computer
B trash removal company
C highways in a city
D water filtration center
Answer:
A. A computer
Explanation:
The way your nervous system works can be compared to how your computer works. When you press the power on your computer, a signal goes out. The signal is a catalyst that generates a number of actions and responses. An electric current travels over the wires maintaining a connection to electricity
The nervous system may be compared to a computer. So, the correct option is A.
What is Nervous system?The nervous system is defined as a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its functions and sensory information through the transmitting signals from different parts of its body. This system includes
1. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord)
2. The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body
3. Other nerve tissue.
The nervous system may be compared to a computer. The way our nervous system works can be compared to the way your computer works. When we press power on computer a signal comes out like CNS and PNS work in the body
So, the correct option is A.
Learn more about Nervous system, here:
https://brainly.com/question/29355295
#SPJ2
The spinal cord is made up of
Answer:
The spinal cord is made up of bundles of nerve fibers. It runs down from the brain through a canal in the center of the bones of the spine. These bones protect the spinal cord. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by the meninges and cushioned by cerebrovascular fluid.
lol im only 14!
What is the role of the fungi and bacteria in this figure?
A.
producers
decomposers
B.
C.
consumers
D.
predators
Answer:
I think A but I might be wrong good luck
What do you call the union of egg and sperm?
menstruation
circumsion
ovulation
fertilization
Answer:
Fertilization
Explanation:
Fertilization is the joining of gametes (egg and sperm) to form a zygote.