BUDDING -
Budding is the process of creating a new individual from buds.It is an asexual form of reproduction.It entails the development of a new offspring from the expansion of the parent's body.It is commonly observed in several animals, fungi, and plants, including yeast and hydra.CUTTING -
Cuttings can be define as a portion of stem, root, or leaf cuttings in this vegetative growth method. Cuttings are the removed organ tissue from the parent.In the cutting process, a portion of stem is cut so that it has at least one node.Nodes are the places where new stems or leaves emerge.In the end, the bit of stem that was removed will gradually become a new plant.To know more about asexual reproduction click here
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Cutting is a technique in which the stem, leaf, etc. part is cut and grown into a new plant whereas in budding technique a bud of one plant is inserted into another plant.
Both budding and cutting are two different significant processes used for the production of new plants. This type of plant breeding refers to vegetative-propagation. This is a type of asexual reproduction in plants and it has several benefits, both biological and genetic.
In budding, small buds are collected from one plant and it is grown on another plant. Simply the plant is produced by a bud. Detached living portion of a plant is a bud and a bud is inserted into the another plant from one plant.Budding is a grafting technique and it requires less time.There are many methods by which the process of budding can be done, it includes: T and I method of budding, patch budding, forkert budding, ring budding, etc.The most of the budding is done during the early spring season or during the growing season of the stock.Examples include: growing fruits, nut tress and ornamental trees, peach, apple, plums, etc.In cutting, there is only one plant that is involved in cutting. It is a very simple process. In this process, a portion of the stem, root, or leaf is used to create or produce a new plant. In this technique there is no difference in a new plant and a parent plant.Many fruits and vegetables can be propagated via stem cutting or root cutting.The cutting part is grown into a growth medium such as moist soil.Examples: roses, cactus, sugarcane are propagated by stem cutting and Lemon, tamarind, and other citrus fruits are propagated via root cuttings.To learn more about budding and cutting,
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The phylum ______ is highly diverse and includes such members as clams, snails, octopuses, and squid. group of answer choices a. arthropod b. cnidaria c. annelida d. molllusca
The phylum Mollusca is highly diverse and includes such members as clams, snails, octopuses, and squid.
Define Phylum Mollusca.
In the world's ecosystem, molluscans, which are incredibly diverse creatures, play a significant role. Snails, octopuses, squids, oysters, clams, and other animals you are likely familiar with are all members of the phylum Mollusca.
The bodies are often relatively soft and protected by a strong exoskeleton.
Therefore, Phylum Mollusca is highly diverse and includes clams, snails, octopuses, and squid.
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label the middle and inner ear structures of the ear by clicking and dragging the labels to the correct location.
The middle and inner ear structures of the ear is attached.
How to illustrate the ear?The three smallest bones in your body are located in a box-shaped region called the middle ear, which is located behind the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The inner ear is located in a tiny opening in the temporal bones, which help form the sides of your skull, just beyond the middle ear.
The malleus, incus, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the middle ear (stapes). The eardrum separates your middle ear from your external ear, and the eustachian tube connects it to the back of your nose and throat.
The inner ear, also known as the hearing and balance system, is located next to the middle ear in the skull's bone. Two major sections make up the inner ear. The cochlea, which is responsible for hearing, and the semicircular canals, which are responsible for balance.
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Dachshund dogs have been selectively bred to have traits that are ideal for hunting. Which best explains
how these traits developed?
A. The traits came from large differences in a single generation that occurred within a few years.
B. The traits came from new generations' need to obtain better hunting skills to survive in the wild.
C. The traits came from small differences in multiple generations that accumulated over many years.
D. The traits came from new generations accumulating more genetic information than ancestor dogs.
Answer:
Im not sure but i think the answer should be B
Which of the following groups includes examples of only abiotic factors found in an ecosystem? Producers, consumers, oxygen, carbon dioxide Solar energy, water, minerals, producers Plants, animals, fungi, decomposers Solar energy, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide
Answer:
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Solar Energy, Water, Minerals, Glucose.
Abiotic Factors are non living parts of an ecosystem that shapes the enviroment.
Biotic Factors are living organisms of an ecosystem that shapes the enviroment.
The abiotic factors in the ecosystem include oxygen, carbon dioxide solar energy, water, and minerals all are nonliving things.
What are abiotic factors found in an ecosystem?The abiotic factors are the factor that is nonliving things and interact with living biotic factors, making an ecosystem, light, temperature, soil, and water all are examples of abiotic factors.
Biotic factors are living organisms present in the ecosystem. It majorly includes all living organism producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. It works with abiotic factors in order to create a unique environment.
Therefore, oxygen, carbon dioxide Solar energy, water, and minerals all are nonliving things and examples of abiotic factors.
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Epigenetics are different than mutations in that mutations?
Epigenetics are different than mutations in that mutations can change DNA sequences and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is Mutation?This is a term which is referred to as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism during DNA replication in the process of cell division and is usually caused by exposure to mutagens and a viral infection in the body of the organisms.
Mutation however can change DNA sequences while on the other hand, epigenetics are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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Which of the following statements about great apes is CORRECT?
A.
Orangutans are more closely related to chimpanzees than to gorillas.
B.
Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than to bonobos.
C.
Gorillas are more closely related to humans than to orangutans.
D.
Bonobos are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees.
option c Gorillas are more closely related to humans than to orangutans.is a correct statement about great apes.
Gorillas are herbivorous, primarily ground-dwelling great apes that live in equatorial Africa's tropical forests. Gorilla is divided into two species: eastern and western gorillas, as well as four or five subspecies. Gorilla DNA is 95 to 99% similar to human DNA, depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimps and bonobos. Orangutans are great apes that live in the Indonesian and Malaysian rainforests. They are now only found in Borneo and Sumatra, but they were once found throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Orangutans, which are classified in the genus Pongo, were previously thought to be a single species.
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Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of which of the following molecules? O CAMP activated proteins O phosphorylated proteins O adenylyl cyclase
By decreasing activation energy barriers, enzymes speed up chemical processes.
What occurs when phosphodiesterase is suppressed?Phosphodiesterase is unable to degrade cAMP and cGMP when it is inhibited. As a result, their concentrations inside the cell rise, which in turn causes calcium concentrations to drop. In the end, this causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation in the target tissues.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are drugs that relax and enlarge blood vessels, enhancing circulation and reducing blood pressure. They can thus be used to treat a variety of illnesses, including as issues with your skin, joints, heart, and lungs, as well as dysfunction.
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Suppose I throw 10 balls into 5 bins labeled A,B,C,D,E uniformly at random. Call a pair of bins special if they are labeled with adjacent letters (i.e., the pairs AB,BC, CD, DE are special). The expected number of special pairs of bins which are both empty is
The anticipated proportion of special bin pairs with empty bins is 216.
Let us consider four different cases to understand this problem:
Case I: The number of distribution methods is when no box is left unfilled.
10−1C5−1=9C4=126
Case II: One box alone is empty.
Number of ways = distribution of 10 things among the remaining 4 boxes and selection of one empty box.
5C1*9C3=420
Case iii: Only two are still vacant.
Distribution of 10 objects in remaining boxes = (selection of any two boxes two nearby) * number of ways = selection of two empty but not consecutive boxes.
9C2 =((5)C2−4) * 9C2 =6×36=216
Case IV: Three empty, exactly.
If there are no two adjacent empty boxes, there is only one method to choose three.
The variety of ways 1* 9C1=9
So, the total number of ways is 126 + 420 + 216 + 9 = 771.
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TRUE/FALSE. simple form argument it is not wrong to kill spiders. but if spiders have eternal souls, then it is wrong to kill them. thus, it is false that spiders have eternal souls.
It's wrong to kill spiders. But if spiders have eternal souls, then It's wrong to kill them. Thus, it's false that spiders have eternal souls.
As with other arachnids, spiders differ anatomically from other arthropods in that their usual body segments—the cephalothorax or prosoma and the opisthosoma, or abdomen—are merged into two tagmata and connected by a tiny, cylindrical pedicel. However, as there is currently no evidence from either embryology or paleontology that spiders ever possessed a discrete division resembling a thorax Similar objections to the term "abdomen" might be raised because all spiders have a heart and respiratory system, which are not characteristics of an abdomen.
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The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP.
(A)True
(B)False
The statement is true in that energy from the passage of electrons via the electron transport chain is used directly to create ATP.
Why is energy so crucial?Because it is a fundamental human need, energy plays a significant role in our everyday lives. Energy not only heats, but also cools our cognitive structures. You require energy to move your finger, get out of sleep, or even walk down the street.
What is the term for human energy?Human power is the work or energy created by a human being. Muscles are the main source of power, but body heat may also be used for tasks like warming food, shelters, or other people.
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chimpanzees have a relatively low birth rate. they take good care of their young, and most chimps live a long life well into their post-reproductive years. the chimp survivorship curve would look like . group of answer choices a line that slopes gradually downward a line that drops steeply at first, then flattens out a line that slopes gradually upward a relatively flat line that drops steeply at the1
Chimpanzees have a relatively low birth rate and a distinct survivorship curve. The chimp survivorship curve slopes gradually downward, indicating that their mortality rate increases with age. The curve starts off with a high number of individuals, then gradually decreases over time as more and more individuals die.
The low birth rate, combined with the gradual decrease in the number of individuals as they age, indicates that chimpanzees take good care of their young and that most chimps live a long life well into their post-reproductive years. This is reflected in the gradual decrease in the number of individuals over the course of the curve, rather than a steep drop-off that could indicate that mortality is high in the early stages of life.
The survivorship curve of chimpanzees is in contrast to that of other species, such as humans, which have a relatively flat line that drops steeply at the end. This indicates that mortality rates are relatively low until the later stages of life, when mortality rates increase significantly.
In conclusion, the survivorship curve of chimpanzees reflects their low birth rate and their commitment to taking care of their young. This allows most chimps to live a long life well into their post-reproductive years, and the curve itself slopes gradually downward, indicating that their mortality rate increases with age.
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given the free energy diagrams we have provided you, which of the following pairs of coupled reactions (listed below in the answer choices) would not provide sufficient free energy input to drive the non-spontaneous reaction in that pair of reactions? select all that apply o A&C o D&A o E&A o A&B
o D&B
The free energy diagrams A & B pairs of the coupled reaction would provide sufficient free energy input to drive the non-spontaneous reaction.
A nonspontaneous reaction is a reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the given set of conditions. In order for a reaction to be nonspontaneous, it must be endothermic, accompanied by a decrease in entropy, or both. If the reactants have a lower ΔG than the products, there will be an increase in free energy and the reaction is nonspontaneous.
An endothermic reaction is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed strength affords the activation strength for the reaction to arise. an indicator of this kind of response is that it feels bloodless.
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provide the route that one oxygen molecule, o2, will take as it moves from the room air up to its arrival inside the mitochondrion of a cell in a skeletal muscle fiber of the leg. be detailed, particularly in passing through cell membranes. write this in flow chart format, using words linked by arrows. indicate which portion of this route is considered internal respiration, and which portion is considered external respiration.
The route that one oxygen molecule, will take unto the lungs is through nasal cavities then pharynx to trachea then primary bronchi, to secondary bronchi then tertiary bronchi then bronchioles and finally alveoli.
Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse from the alveoli into the blood and from the blood into the alveoli, respectively, in a process known as simple diffusion. A gradient in concentration is needed for diffusion. It is necessary to maintain a high pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, while maintaining a lower concentration of carbon dioxide.
Naturally, breathing helps us do this by continuously bringing in new air that is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Surface tension is a force that is produced when water molecules, particularly those on the alveolar walls, are attracted to one another more strongly than they are to air.
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In a grassland community, the zebra eats the grass, the lions eat the zebra and the vultures feed on the carcasses of dead zebra and lions. In this example, the zebras are: a. Primary consumers b. Primary producers c. Secondary consumers d. Top predators
The zebras would be considered as the primary consumers.
What are primary consumers?
Primary consumers constitute the second trophic level. They are also known as herbivores. They eat the primary producers—plants or algae—and eat nothing else. For example, a grasshopper that resides in the Everglades will be considered a primary consumer.
The organisms that eat the primary consumers are called secondary consumers, i.e., carnivores. Examples would be lions, etc. Omnivores, those who eat both plants and animals, are also secondary consumers.
Therefore, in this grassland community, the zebras would be considered as the primary consumers.
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_______ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue while _______ includes the former and also retronasal olfaction.
(A) Taste; flavor
(B) Taste; smell
(C) Flavor; smell
(D) Flavor; taste
The correct option is (a) Taste; flavor
What is perception?Our sensory perception of the world is referred to as perception. We learn more about our surroundings as a result of this experience.
Perception is dependent on the cognitive processes we employ to analyze information, such as using memory to identify a friend's face or detect a recognizable scent.
We have the capacity to recognize and react to external stimuli thanks to the perception process.
We are constantly surrounded by many stimuli. Our ability to perceive the world and comprehend it without being overpowered by the amount of stimuli allows us to exist in it and do so.
Visual perception, olfactory perception, tactile perception, auditory perception, and taste perception are the several types of perception.
Additionally, there are other types of perception in psychology, including person perception and social perception.
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the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve functions in hearing while the cochlear branch is involved in equilbirum
The vestibulocochlear nerve's vestibular branch is responsible for hearing, while the cochlear branch is involved in equilibrium. This claim is untrue.
The vestibular nerve, which innervates the semicircular canals of the inner ear and is involved with equilibrium, coordination, and orientation in space, and the cochlear nerve, which innervates the cochlea and supports hearing, are both parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which has two components within a single trunk.The vestibulocochlear nerve, which divides into the cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve, is primarily made up of bipolar neurons.A vestibular branch and a cochlear branch make up the vestibulocochlear nerve. Balance is controlled by the vestibular branch, and hearing is controlled .
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Which of the following was not a desired goal of hydrogenating polyunsaturated fatty acids in butter- like spreads? a) To make the compound have the consistency of butter b) To make the compound a solid at room temperature c) To put trans double bonds into the molecule d) To remove some of the double bonds in the molecule
It was not the expected consequence of hydrogenating polyunsaturated fatty acids in butter-like spreads to introduce trans double bonds into the molecule.
Describe what fatty acids are.The basic elements of fat in our bodies and the food we eat are called fatty acids. The body turns lipids into fatty acids during digestion so that they may be taken into the circulation. Three fatty acid molecules are joined together to form a molecule called a triglyceride.
Which two essential fatty acids dominate?The most crucial fats, though, are those that our bodies are unable to produce and must obtain from diet. These essential oils (EFAs) are composed primarily of the omega-6 group linoleic acid.
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#27: Scientists investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis.
Rate of
photosynthesis
in arbitrary units
sing your Inowle
250
200
150
100
50
0
organisms that co
0
Figure 3 shows the scientists' results.
Figure 3
50
100 150 200 250 300 350
Light intensity in arbitrary units
Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis. You should include numbers from Figure 3 in
your description.
The increase in the light intensity would led to increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?We know that photosynthesis is the process by which green plants can be able to produce their own food in the presence of carbon dioxide and water. We know that sunlight is the catalyst of the photosynthesis process because it is the light that enables the water and the carbon dioxide to be combined so as to produce sugars and oxygen.
In this case, we can see that as the light intensity is increasing, the rate of the photosynthesis is increasing from the data that has been provided. The impact of this is that light makes the combination of the reactants much more possible and this would increase the rate of the reaction.
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What kind of cells does HIV target? How does this targeting affect the host’s body processes?
The kind of cells that HIV target is helper T- cells, which is capable of affecting the host’s body processes by decreasing the ability to elicit immune responses.
What is the relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus?The relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus is based onsurvive the fact that these retroviruses affect the ability of survival of CD4 T-cells, which are required to have important roles in the adaptive immune responses of the immune system.
HIV retroviruses enter into the CD4 structural cells on the surface of helper T-cells, thereby triggering the elimination or destruction of CD4 T-cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see the relationship between helper T- cells and the HIV virus is cemented in the fact that these viruses remove CD4 cells which play fundamental roles in the immune system.
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An epithelial cell replicates 16 times before entering a state of quiescence. These replicate daughter cells are
A. replicated indefinitely.
B. further differentiated into specialized cells.
C. genetically the same as the parent cell.
D. phenotypically the same as the parent cell.
Answer: C. genetically the same as the parent cell.
Explanation:
Epithelial cells are cells that line the surface of organs and tissues in the body and are involved in functions such as protection, absorption, and secretion. When an epithelial cell replicates, it divides into two daughter cells, each of which contains a copy of the parent cell's genetic material.
Therefore, when an epithelial cell replicates 16 times, the resulting daughter cells are genetically the same as the parent cell. They contain the same genetic information as the parent cell and are not further differentiated into specialized cells. The daughter cells may be phenotypically the same as the parent cell, meaning that they have the same physical characteristics, but they are not replicated indefinitely. Eventually, the daughter cells may enter a state of quiescence, in which they are no longer actively dividing.
63. State and briefly describe four Koch's postulates?
Answer:
Koch's postulates are a set of criteria that are used to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a specific disease. The four postulates are:
The microbe must be present in every case of the disease.The microbe must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.The specific disease must be reproduced when the microbe is introduced into a healthy host.The microbe must be re-isolated from the host with the disease and shown to be the same as the original microbe.These postulates were first proposed by the German physician and scientist Robert Koch in the late 19th century, and they remain an important tool in the field of medical microbiology.
Which of the following correctly identifies the decomposers in the forest food web
shown below? (1 point)
Explanation:
In the food web, bacteria and fungi are the decomposers
Comparing and Contrasting: In what ways do ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
differ from true mosses? In what ways are they similar to mosses?
old-growth forests can be described by which of the following group of answer choices a clear forest floor free of dead wood or debris are considered good choices for tree farms or plantations have not been disturbed for several hundred years. provide a variety of ecological niches make up the majority of forest types across the globe have replenished soil through decay large number of snags
Old-growth forests can be described as forests that have not been significantly disturbed by humans in several hundred years. These forests are usually found in remote, undisturbed areas and are characterized by a wide variety of vegetation and ecological niches.
Old-growth forests contain a diverse array of species and provide essential habitat for animals and other organisms, including those that are threatened or endangered.
Old-growth forests differ from tree farms or plantations in that they contain a variety of vegetation and habitats, including areas with a clear forest floor, dead wood or debris, snags, downed logs, and other debris. This debris provides a variety of habitats for animals and other organisms, and is an important part of the forest's ecosystem. Tree farms and plantations, on the other hand, are managed forests with a single species of trees, and are not as diverse.
Old-growth forests are also important for replenishing soil nutrients and improving water quality. The decay of dead wood and other debris provides a source of organic matter and nutrients for the soil, which in turn helps to create a healthy, diverse ecosystem. This is especially important for areas that are prone to drought, erosion, and other environmental issues.
Despite the importance of old-growth forests, they are quickly being destroyed due to logging, mining, and other human activities. This is why it is important to protect these forests and ensure that they remain intact. By protecting these forests, we can help to ensure that they are able to provide essential habitats and resources for animals and other organisms, as well as helping to mitigate climate change, improve water quality, and provide a variety of ecological services.
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Where within the chloroplast would you expect to find a high concentration of ATP synthase protein? (Choose appropriate letter from diagram). Hint: Thylakoid Lumen = Thylakoid Space. Select only ONE answer choice. A. Intermembrane Stroma lamellae Thylakoid C. Thylakoid membrane Uygge B. Stroma D. Thylakoid lumen Inner envelope OC: Thylakoid membrane O A: Intermembrane OB: Stroma
The stroma of the chloroplasts contains the remaining 120A° portion. The stroma has a significant amount of ATP synthase protein.
Because of a proton gradient created by light reactions, plants produce the ATP synthase Enzyme, a protein for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Typically, chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane contains the ATP synthase protein. It starts at the thylakoid lumen and travels through the thylakoid membrane to reach the stroma of the chloroplasts. However, we need a lot of ATP synthase. The thylakoid membrane measures 40A° in thickness. Fo and F1 are connected by a 37A° stalk. In chloroplasts, the Fo portion of ATP synthase has a diameter of 62A° and a height of 83A°. The F1 component has a diameter of 115 A° and a height of 85 A°. Thus, the whole size can reach 200A°. Only 10% of the Fo molecule is found in the lumen of chloroplasts' thylakoid membrane. It indicates that the thylakoid membrane and lumen contain up to 80A° of ATP synthase. Option C is erroneous because the thylakoid membrane only contains 70–75A° of the Fo portion. Option A is wrong because intermembrane space, which is the area between the outer and inner membranes of chloroplasts, lacks ATP synthase.
Thus, we might infer that the remaining 120A° part is contained in the stroma of the chloroplasts. A considerable amount of ATP synthase protein is present in the stroma-B.
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Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect (CPE) of viruses? O formation of inclusion bodies O the formation of a syncytium O chromosomal changes in the host cell O All of the listed choices are possible cytopathic effects of viruses. Submit Request Answer
Correct option is D, All of the listed choices are possible cytopathic effects (CPE) of viruses.
What is meant by cytopathic effect (CPE)?Cytopathic effect (CPE), structural alterations brought on by viral infection in a host cell. CPE happens when the invading virus causes the host cell to lyse (dissolve), or when the cell dies without lysing because it is incapable of reproducing.
Cytopathic effects (CPE), or morphological abnormalities in cells brought on by viral infection, are referred to as cytopathogenic viruses. The type of virus, type of host cells, multiplicity of infection (MOI), and other parameters all affect how much observable harm viral infection causes to cells.
There are three ways to analyze images to evaluate cytopathic effects: destroying the cell monolayer, lowering the number of host cells, and altering the morphology of each individual cell.
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Select all that apply
Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva. (select all that apply)
Multiple select question.
helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
moistens food particles
initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates
initiates chemical digestion of proteins
dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
aids in mechanical digestion
Functions of saliva include helping cleanse the mouth and teeth, moistening food particles, initiating chemical digestion of carbohydrates, and dissolving molecules so they can be tasted (options 1, 2, 3 and 5).
What is the saliva?Saliva is a secretion of the body which contains many enzymes required to digest foods but also can be helpful to eliminate pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses before entry to the organism.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the saliva is a very useful secretion of the saliva glands which served to digest foods.
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Which of the following molecules in the pentose phosphate pathway is also an intermediate in glycolysis? a. Ribose 5-phosphate b. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate c. Fructose 6-phosphate d. B and C e. All of the above
Option D, The components in the pentose phosphate pathway, fructose-6-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, are also intermediates in glycolysis.
An essential part of cellular metabolism is the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In addition to providing precursors for the production of nucleotides and amino acids, reducing intermediates for anabolism, and protection against oxidative stress, the PPP is crucial for maintaining carbon homeostasis.
This intermediate can be changed into glucose storage substances like starch or glycogen in place of continuing along the glycolysis process. When glycogen, for example, is broken down in the reverse reaction, mostly glucose-6-phosphate is produced; relatively little free glucose is created during the process.
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what is the vascular cambium
Answer:
It is a single layer of cells called meristematic cells that lies between the xylem and phloem. It is also called cambial zone.
Explanation:
epidemics related to bacterial infection of the digestive system are typically caused bya. unpasteurized milk. b. biological vectors. c. contaminated food and water. d. the respiratory route.e. exposure to contaminated soil.
Answer:
c. contaminated food and water
Explanation:
Bacteria that has contaminated with food or toxins causing diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain.