The final step in the collagen synthesis pathway, the formation of the collagen fibril, is produced by the extracellular copper-dependent enzyme lysyl oxidase.
What is collagen synthesis?Collagen synthesis mostly takes place in fibroblasts, specialized cells that produce collagen and stroma as their primary purpose. Both intracellularly and extracellularly, collagen is produced.The nascent collagen polypeptide chain undergoes (1) cotranslational prolyl-4- and lysyl-hydroxylation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), (2) glycosylation and prolyl-3-hydroxylation, and (3) folding of the C- and N-terminal propeptides.The creation of collagen requires vitamin C in the strictest sense. Prolyl hydroxylase (to stabilize the collagen molecule) and lysyl hydroxylase, two enzymes necessary for collagen synthesis, both depend on vitamin C as an important cofactor (to give structural strength cross-linking).The four main stages of these processes are initiation, unwinding, primer synthesis, and elongation.To learn more about collagen synthesis refer to:
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which of the following definitions does not describe a catalyst?
A catalyst is not used up in the reaction.
A catalyst will increase the rate of a reaction.
A catalyst may be an organic substance.
A catalyst will decrease the rate of a reaction.
A catalyst may be an inorganic substance.
What is the difference between Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia?
The ganglia which lie between the target organ and the sympathetic ganglia are known as prevertebral ganglia.
The ganglia which lie close to the spinal cord and the vertebrae are said to be paravertebral ganglia.
What is the function of prevertebral ganglia?
The celiac, mesenteric, and hypogastric ganglia are among the prevertebral ganglia, which also receive preganglionic axons from the splanchnic nerves and innervate the abdominal, pelvic, and perineal organs.
They are made up of postganglionic sympathetic main neurons, which supply the viscera in the abdomen and pelvis. Prevertebral ganglia contain a majority of integrating neurons that receive nervous information from preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord and intestinofugal neurons of the myenteric plexus in the gastrointestinal tract, in contrast to paravertebral ganglia, which are made up almost entirely of relay neurons receiving nervous information arising only from preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. These integrating neurons' primary targets are enteric nervous system neurons.
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Answer the following questions:
What is GMO?
Where are they?
How long have they been around?
Label the four extant classes of arthropods and match the appropriate characteristics to each group Mouthparts are pincers or fangs Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of a head followed by numerous similar segments Myriapoda Hexapoda Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of three unique regions Crustacea Chelicerata Mandibular mouthparts with biramous appendages TABLE 34.1 Class Major Groups of the Phylum Arthropoda Characteristics
Four classes of arthropods and their characteristics:
Chelicerata - Mouthparts are pincers or fangsCrustacea - Mandibular mouthparts with biramous appendagesHexapoda - Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of three unique regionsMyriapoda - Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of a head followed by numerous similar segmentsThe general characteristic of arthropods is a body that has segments with a pair of legs on each body segment. The sections are grouped into two or three rather distinct areas. Arthropod body shape is bilateral symmetry. The exoskeleton of a chitinous arthropod sheds and renews periodically. Arthropods have an open circulatory system. Arthropod blood vessels are tubular, located dorsal to the alimentary canal with lateral openings in the abdominal region.
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the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of atp, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel is called aerobic respiration.
Catabolic pathway is a type of metabolic reaction. Here, the large-sized macromolecules are broken down into smaller particles. In aerobic respiration, glycolysis is a type of catabolic reaction in which the macromolecule glucose is broken down to yield pyruvate which is further processed to yield ATP.
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the most prevalent form of chemical energy substituent used by majority of the living organisms. The breakdown of ATP releases energy.
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Through which process do producers
make food?
A. decomposition
B. photosynthesis
C. fertilization
D. cropping
Answer:
B. photosynthesis
Explanation:
Plants are producers, they make their own food by way of photosynthesis and supply the rest of the food web with food after being eaten. Given that they are producers, they make food, and they do so through photosynthesis, the answer is B.
Express the pair of fractions the least common denominator of the two 3/8,7/10
The two pairs of fractions' least common denominator must be found. There are two fractions: 3/8 and 7/10.
How can the least common denominator of two fractions be determined?List the multiples of both denominators until you discover the smallest multiple that both share to get the least common denominator. mainly because 4 and 7's first shared multiple, 28, is 28.
How can you systematically find the LCD of a fraction?Four simple steps can be used to describe the second method of determining the LCD of two fractions: Divide each denominator by the sum of its primes. List every prime, making note of every matching prime. If you multiply the variables, the outcome will become the denominators' lowest common multiple.
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All other factors being equal, which scenario is least likely to involve coevolution?
a)An obligate positive interaction in which the two parties are from different kingdoms
b)An obligate positive interaction in which one party lives inside the other
c)An obligate positive interaction in which the two parties are closely related
d)A facultative interaction in which the two parties are from different kingdoms
A facultative interaction in which the two parties are from different kingdoms.
The reciprocal evolutionary change in a set of interacting populations over time caused by their interactions is referred to as coevolution. Interacting populations are typically different species, such as plant-pollinator, predator-prey, or host-parasite.
The term coevolution refers to situations in which two (or more) species mutually influence each other's evolution. One of the most common examples of coevolution is the predator-prey relationship.
The application of niche-construction reasoning to the human species, recognizing that both genes and culture are subject to similar dynamics, and human society is a cultural construction that provides the environment for fitness-enhancing genetic changes in individuals, is known as gene-culture coevolution.
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The external brain structure found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus is the.
Central sulcus is the brain structure that is found between the pre-central gyrus and the post-central gyrus.
Central sulcus is considered to be the prominent landmark on the brain that acts as a barrier between the parietal lobe and the frontal lobe, as well as primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex. Sulcus is actually a groove in the brain surface.
Gyrus is the ridge or the surface convolution on the brain surface. The pre-central gyrus at the frontal lobe controls voluntary motor movement on the body's contralateral side. The post-central gyrus is located at the parietal lobe and is responsible for proprioception.
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What Is known As The “Master Gland” Of The Human Body?
Answer: The pituitary gland.
Explanation:
It is known as the master gland because it controls the release of the other endocrine glands. It is also responsible for releasing growth hormones and such.
student observed that the seeds of peas in the same pod were of different sizes.he wondered if all the seeds in the same pod would grow at the same rate.help the student to plan and design an experiment to find out about the growth of peas from same pod.
The student can design the experiment to measure the growth rate of the seed as follows:
place the seeds in different potted plants containing the same type of soilprovide the same amount of water, nutrients, and sunlight exposure timemeasure the growth of each plant at the same time intervalHow can the rate of growth of seeds be measured?The rate of growth of seeds can be measured by taking measurements of the increase in length of the shoots of the seed over a specified period of time.
This increase can be measured using a meter rule or measuring tape.
Mathematically;
Growth rate = increase in length / time taken (in days)
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Select the correct answer. what is a possible effect of leakage of inner ear fluid? a. body imbalance b. breathing issues c. increased body temperature d. increased heart rate
Answer:
The possible effect of leakage of inner ear fluid is A. Body imbalance
Explanation:
The middle ear is filled with air, not with fluid. Also, the inner air is filled with a fluid called Perilymph. if fluid is imbalance a small amount of fluid leaking from the inner ear to the middle ear occurs.
If affected by the Perilymph fistula the symptoms are sneezing or coughing, hearing loss, and pressure in the ear. It also causes changes in the pressure in the middle ear and causes abnormal symptoms
3. which of the cellular communication methods in model 1 appear to be for signaling between cells that are in close proximity?
The signaling communication method in model I between cells at close range is by using paracrine signals.
Communication between cells is a mechanism for one cell influencing the properties of other cells to maintain homeostasis. Communication between cells is mediated by extracellular molecules that signal to cells that are far away or to cells that are in close proximity.
The short-range cell communication method is to use paracrine signaling sites for synthesizing molecules that operate with target cells. Examples of paracrine signals are the transmission of signals across the synaptic cleft and the electrical pulses released by neurons to other nerve cells.
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Why is there such thin soil beneath such lush and dense vegetation?
Answer: In the rainforest, most of the carbon and essential nutrients are locked up in living vegetation, dead wood, and decaying leaves. As organic material decays, it is recycled so quickly that few nutrients ever reach the soil, leaving it nearly sterile
Explanation:
Imagine other traits that could have been received from parents: maybe one parent has brown hair and the other has blond hair, but the child has brown hair. Explain to the best of your abilities why a certain hair color or other traits may come from parents, but other traits may not be exhibited.
A person may have a gene for brown hair and a gene for blond hair. He would give one of those traits to his child.
Each of two parent transfer two alleles for hair color. Blonde hair is a recessive gene and brown hair is a dominant gene.
Even though the gene passed down from parents to child determine hair color, variations in alleles can result in different hair color than both parents. In Human DNA has millions of on and off switches and networks that control how genes function. Genes responsible for hair color come from both parents.
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I'm trying to come up with a science fair project surrounding the bubonic plague and autoimmune diseases per some of the new research that's come out. What could be some potential draft titles/angles at which I could approach a project relating to this? Thank you!
Potential draft titles/angles at which I could approach a project relating to this that plague has been caused by the bacillus form of bacterium called Yersina pestis. The bacterium found mainly in rodents and their fleas. This bacteria transmitted through the bite of infected fleas and rodents.
In which year serious outbreak of plague takes place?
In various parts of the world this plague bacterium still exists as reported in 2003 in Africa killing 180 people. The last reported serious outbreak of this plague was in 2006 in Congo, when at least 50 people died. In recent years, the United States, China, India, Vietnam, and Mongolia have confirmed human plague cases. The bacterium found mainly in rodents and their fleas. This bacteria transmitted through the bite of infected fleas and rodents.
Therefore, Potential draft titles/angles at which I could approach a project relating to this that plague has been caused by the bacillus form of bacterium called Yersina pestis. The bacterium found mainly in rodents and their fleas. This bacteria transmitted through the bite of infected fleas and rodents.
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As part of his voyage on the beagle, darwin spent about 5 weeks off the coast of ecuador making observations on the?.
As part of his voyage on the beagle, darwin spent about five weeks off the coast of Ecuador making observations at the Galapagos Islands.
Charles Darwin read and turned into a great deal inspired by, Lyell's standards of Geology even aboard HMS Beagle. This frontispiece photo illustrates the main point of the ebook: that proof of the forces of geological exchange that have been shaping Earth for millennia is observable these days.
Darwin's observations that brought about his idea of herbal selection are Overproduction - all species will produce more offspring than will live on to maturity. variant - there are variations between contributors of identical species. adaptation traits that grow suitability to a species' environment will be exceeded.
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Using the __ of the dna, you can predict the sample separation profile in gel electrophoresis.
You can forecast the sample separating profile during gel electrophoresis using DNA fragments.
What is electrophoresis and its types?When placed in an electric field, charged macromolecules gravitate in either direction, depending on how charged they are. Due to its negative charge, nucleic acid moves in the direction of the anode. Marble electrophoresis and gel filtration are the two types of this technology.
What is the main purpose of electrophoresis?A laboratory procedure called electrophoresis is used to divide DNA, RNA, or protein molecules according to their length and electrical charge. The molecules are moved by an electric current through with a gelatin or other matrix.
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Earth experienced a ‘global warming’ event 55 million years ago. What is the likely cause of the final, dramatic pulse of warming during this time?.
The cause of the last dramatic pulse of warming so far has been the greenhouse effect.
How do the greenhouse effect and global warming occur?The process of greenhouse effect occurs when solar radiation hits the earth's atmosphere. The heat radiation reflected by the earth will be blocked so that the heat is trapped in the earth. The process of trapping heat, then causes the earth's temperature to increase.
The greenhouse effect is caused by the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) and other gases in the atmosphere. The increasing concentration of CO₂ gas is due to the large use of fuel oil, coal, and other organic fuels which exceed the ability of plants and the sea to absorb them.
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lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages produce toxins. carry plasmids. kill human cells. kill the bacteria, causing release of endotoxins. give new gene sequences to the host bacteria.
Lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because it offers the host bacteria new gene sequences. Lysogenic bacteriophages integrate into the genetic material of the host bacteria and grow alongside it.
A lysogenic bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacterial cells but then fuses with the DNA of the host cell to produce a prophage, a type of non-infectious phage. So, as opposed to being referred to as a virulent bacteriophage, a lysogenic bacteriophage is sometimes called a temperate bacteriophage.
The viral DNA combines with the genetic material of the host cell during the lysogenic cycle after the virus has inserted its DNA within the bacterial cell. The host cell's genetic material and the viral DNA are subsequently duplicated together as the cell divides.
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Phycobiliproteins are a complex of accessory pigments and proteins found in cyanobacteria but not in green algae. A researcher claims that the phycobiliprotein pigments in cyanobacteria allow the cyanobacteria to survive in certain aquatic niches better than green algae can.
The phycobiliprotein pigments in cyanobacteria allow them to survive in certain aquatic niches better than green algae can because: (4)The additional pigments absorb light at wavelengths that green algae cannot absorb; this may allow cyanobacteria to capture more light energy for photosynthesis than green algae can in certain areas.
Phycobiliprotein are the water-soluble proteins found in the cyanobacteria nd some species of algae. They are the accessory pigment that absorb the sunlight energy and then transfer it to the chlorophyll. Phycobiliproteins are unique because they have broad absorption in the visible light spectrum.
Cyanobacteria are the photosynthetic bacteria, which are also called the blue-green algae. They belong to the category os Gram-negative bacteria.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Phycobiliproteins are a complex of accessory pigments and proteins found in cyanobacteria but not in green algae. A researcher claims that the phycobiliprotein pigments in cyanobacteria allow the cyanobacteria to survive in certain aquatic niches better than green algae can.
Which of the following statements best justifies the researcher’s claim?
The additional pigments allow the cyanobacteria to store light energy so that it can be used at night to continue photosynthesis.The additional pigments block light and prevent it from reaching photosynthetic organisms at greater depths, so no photosynthetic organisms can live below the surface waters containing cyanobacteria.The additional pigments require energy and cellular resources to produce, so they can be used as an energy source during times of insufficient light.The additional pigments absorb light at wavelengths that green algae cannot absorb; this may allow cyanobacteria to capture more light energy for photosynthesis than green algae can in certain areas.To know more about cyanobacteria, here
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some constitutive mutations to the laci repressor were found to alter the conformation of its binding site for the . these mutations produced proteins that did not repress the lac operon even when the allolactose inducer was absent. another type of laci mutant was found in which the lac operon even when the allolactose inducer was present. these mutations were termed mutants. superrepressor mutants were found to alter the conformation of the repressor binding site for the such that the repressor could continue to bind to the operator. if lactose was the only carbon source made available to an e. coli bacterium, a superrepressor mutation in laci would .
In constitutive mutations, the defected gene product is continuously formed from the defected gene instead of the wild type. There remains no control over the expression of gene.
Lac operon is an aggregate of multiple genes all controlled by a single promoter that work in the metabolism of lactose in the body. There are three genes in lac operon: gene z , gene y and gene a.
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which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory? question 22 options: a. cells are the basic units of life. b. all living things are made of cells. c. very few cells reproduce. d. all cells are produced by existing cells.
c. very few cells reproduce is not a principle of the cell theory.
Theodor Schwann put forth the classical cell theory in 1839. This theory consists of three components. All organisms are composed of cells, according to the first section. According to the scientific theory known as "cell theory," which was initially put forth in the middle of the nineteenth century, all living beings are composed of cells, which also serve as the fundamental structural and organizing unit of all organisms.
There are three tenets of the Cell hypothesis.
1) Cells make up all living things.
2) Other living cells make all of the current cells.
3) Omnis cellula - e - cellula is the third.
For brief periods of time, tissues' cells can survive on their own. There hasn't been anything discovered that can live on its own that is smaller than a cell. Cells cannot grow in sealed and sterile environments, as shown by experiments by Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur.
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Is there only one path through the rock cycle?
Glucagon will trigger ____________ processes to occur in the body so that glucose is released into the blood from your glucose stores (glycogen and fat)
A. Anabolic
B. Catabolic
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
Classify each of the following characteristics according to whether it describes DNA or RNA.
Answer:
what's the following characteristics...?
why is it advantageous for cells to use atp for energy rather than simply break down any chemical bonds available?
It is advantageous for cells to use ATP for energy rather than simply break down any chemical bonds available because ATP is used by bacteria in addition to humans to provide energy and the quick energy turnover of ATP fulfills the body's fluctuating energy needs.
ATP is a highly effective molecular machine. Because of the phosphate groups connected by phosphodiester bonds, ATP makes a great "currency" molecule for energy storage. These electronegative charges that are associated with the bonds act as a repulsive force on the phosphate groups, making the bonds high-energy. A glucose molecule cannot be effectively broken down without significantly altering its structure, making it more difficult to rebuild. As a result, adding and removing those phosphate groups is much more energy efficient than adding and removing elements from a glucose molecule.
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Which statement correctly describes the interaction of two body systems?
a) The endocrine system transports wastes from cells to the urinary system for excretion
b) The digestive system transports nutrients to the integumentary system, which excretes wastes
c) The nervous system produces hormones that control the function of the reproductive system
d) The respiratory system obtains oxygen that is delivered to cells by the cardiovascular system
Answer: B
Explanation:
a monophyletic group (also called a clade) is defined as: a monophyletic group (also called a clade) is defined as: having shared ancestral character states.
A monophyletic institution would be best described as a grouping of all species descended from a commonplace ancestor, such as that ancestor.
A monophyletic taxon is a collection composed of a set of organisms, which include the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms and all of the descendants of that maximum current common ancestor. A monophyletic taxon is likewise referred to as a clade. Examples: Mammalia, Aves (birds), angiosperms, insects, etc.
A monophyletic institution, now and again referred to as a clade, includes an ancestral taxon and all of its descendants. A monophyletic institution may be separated from the root with an unmarried cut, whereas a non-monophyletic organization desires two or extra cuts.
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Which statement is supported by the student's observations?
O The cell wall becomes permeable in an aqueous environment.
O The cell wall allows only water to be transported in and out of cells.
O The cell membrane restricts the movement of substances into the cell.
O The cell membrane allows the selective transport of substances in and out of cells
Answer: The cell membrane allows the selective transport of substances in and out of cells
Explanation: