Examine the electron configurations of oxygen, phosphorus and gallium. According to valence bond theory, how many bonds could each of these atoms form?.

Answer:

(a) 55 kJ of heat are released when 1 mol of reactant A is used;

(b) 110 kJ of heat are released when 2 moles of reactant A are used;

(c) 27.5 kJ of heat are released when 1 mol of reactant B is used;

(d) 55 kJ of heat are released when 2 moles of reactant B are used.

Explanation:

The question requires us to determine the amount of heat released when the given amounts of reactants are used, considering the following balanced chemical equation:

When the enthalpy change for a reaction (or heat of reaction, ΔH) is given in units of energy, such as kilojoules (kJ), and not units of energy per mol (such as kJ/mol), we can consider that ΔH corresponds to the heat absorbed or released for the molar quantities of reactants as given in the balanced chemical equation. In the case given by the question, for example, we can say that 55 kJ of energy are released when 1 mol of A reacts with 2 moles of B.

Therefore, we can use the molar quantitites from the balanced chemical equation as a reference to determine the amount of heat released when different amounts of reactants are used.

Considering the information above, we can calculate:

(a) heat released when 1 mol of A reacts:

Note that 1 mol of A corresponds to the amount of reactant A given by the balanced chemical equation. Therefore, 55kJ of energy are released when 1 mol of A is used.

(b) heat released when 2 moles of A reacts:

Note that 2 moles of A corresponds to the double of the amount of reactant A given by the balanced chemical equation. Thus, we must multply ΔH by 2: 55 kJ x 2 = 110 kJ of energy are released when 2 moles of A are used.

(c) heat released when 1 mol of B reacts:

Note that 1 mol of B corresponds to half of the amount of reactant B given by the balanced chemical equation. Thus, we must divide ΔH by 2: 55 kJ / 2 = 27.5 kJ of energy are released when 1 mol of B is used.

(d) heat released when 2 moles of B reacts:

Note that 2 moles of B corresponds to the amount of reactant B as given by the balanced chemical equation. Therefore, 55 kJ of energy are released when 2 moles of B are used.

The answer is

153.7kJ.

The total energy needed for the water molecules to transition from ice to water and subsequently from water to vapor is what you are asked to calculate.

In order to do this, you'll need to know:

Heat of fusion of water:  ΔHf = 334J/g;

Heat of fusion vaporization of water: ΔHv = 2257J/g;

Specific heat of ice: c = 2.09J/g∘C;

Specific heat of water: c = 4.18J/g∘C;

Specific heat of steam: c = 2.09J/g∘C;

So, the following steps describe the overall process:

1. Calculate the amount of heat needed to raise the ice's temperature from − 15.0∘C to 0∘C:

q1 = m ⋅ Cice ⋅ ΔT = 50.0g ⋅ 2.09J/g⋅∘C ⋅ (0∘C−(−15∘C)) = 1567.5J

2. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 0∘C ice to 0∘C water:

q2 = m⋅ ΔHf = 50.0g ⋅ 334J/g = 16700J

3. Calculate how much heat is needed to evaporate water at 0∘C to water at 100∘C:

q3 = m ⋅ Cwater ⋅ ΔT = 50.0g ⋅ 4.18J/g⋅∘C ⋅ (100∘C−0∘C) = 20900J

4. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100∘C water to 100∘C vapor:

q4 = m ⋅ ΔHv = 50.0g ⋅ 2257J/g = 112850J

5. Identify the heat needed to transition from 100∘C vapor to 120∘C vapor:

q5 = m ⋅ Cvapor ⋅ ΔT = 50.0g ⋅ 2.09J/g⋅∘C ⋅ (120∘C−100∘C) = 2090J

Therefore, the total heat required is

qTOTAL = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5 = 152696.5J = 153.7kJ

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The molar heat capacity at a constant volume for this gas is 15.90 J/(K⋅mol) if 3.4 moles of this gas require 454 j of energy to raise its temperature by 8.4 k.

The molar heat capacity can be calculated by using the formula;

molar heat capacity = C / n

where C represents the heat capacity

n represents moles

The heat capacity of this gas can be calculated as follows;

heat capacity = E / T

here, E represents the amount of heat energy supplied

T represents the change in temperature

Substituting the given values in the heat capacity formula;

heat capacity = 454 / 8.4

heat capacity = 54.05

Now we substitute this calculated value of heat capacity in the formula of molar heat capacity;

molar heat capacity = C / n

molar heat capacity = 54.05 / 3.4

molar heat capacity = 15.90

Therefore, the molar heat capacity for this gas at constant volume is calculated to be 15.90 J/(K⋅mol).

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Answer: The oxides of hard metal or the transition metals oxides like oxides of copper, zinc, iron, and chromium do not dissolve in water due to their limited basicity. Alkaline earth metal oxides also form hydroxides in water but these hydroxides themselves give slaked solutions and are not completely soluble.

Explanation: The oxides of hard metal or the transition metals oxides like oxides of copper, zinc, iron, and chromium do not dissolve in water due to their limited basicity. Alkaline earth metal oxides also form hydroxides in water but these hydroxides themselves give slaked solutions and are not completely soluble.

The measure of average kinetic energy of molecules is called tempreture.

What is kinetic energy ?

kinetic energy is a form of energy that an particle has by reason of it's motion.

If we want to accelerate an object then we must apply a force .

The average of all kinetic energy the molecule assumed to be directly proportional to the absolute tempreture of the gas.

The Kelvin tempreture of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance.

This is the reason why measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecule of a material called tempreture.

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Answer:

The answer is color, temperature, turbidity, taste, and odor.

The rate of temperature is the ratio of temperature difference to the difference in time. The rate of temperature for a  change of 68 F to 75 F from 7 am to 3 pm is 0.625 F/hr.

Temperature is the measure of overall heat of a body or a region. Temperature level of a body or a place vary according to the time and some other factors such as pressure, seasonal changes such as rain, wind etc.

At morning to afternoon time the rate of temperature will be higher and to evening there might occur a slight decline.

Given that the time changes from 7 am to 3 pm thus, rate of time is 8 hrs. Then the temperature changes from, 68 faraday to 75 faraday thus the difference in temperature is 75-68= 5 faraday.

Now, the rate of temperature is calculated by taking the ratio of change in temperature to the change in time as follows:

(5 Faraday) / 8 hrs. = 0.625 F/hr.

Therefore, the rate of temperature change is 0.625 F/hr.

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The correct answer is option  C.

The air moving over a cold current cause fog or advection fog when the air is chilled, which decreases the capacity of air to hold water vapor, and eventually, the relative humidity reaches 100% - leading to condensation and fog formation.

What is advection fog?

When warm- moist air or warm air front slides over the cold air front or cold surface, it results in the formation of advection fog.

Resultantly, the air becomes saturated and chilled at high humidity levels due to which water vapors start to condense leading to fog formation.

Moreover, the optimal condition for the formation of advection fog is cloudy windy weather having moderate to powerful winds.

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The complete question is:

Why would air move over a cold current cause fog (advection fog)?

(a)  the cold current produces the fog when kelp beds release condensation nuclei.

(b)  the cold current produces the fog by mixing with the air.

(c) the air is chilled, which decreases the capacity of air to hold water vapor, and eventually, the relative humidity reaches 100% - leading to condensation and fog formation.

When the balloon is taken outside where the temperature is –9 °C, then the final volume becomes 19.3 L

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

Initial volume (V₁) = 20.9 L

Initial temperature inside the shed (T₁) = 13 °C = 13 + 273 = 286 K

Final temperature inside the shed (T₂) = –9 °C = –9 + 273 = 264 K

As we know pressure remains constant so Pressure = constant

The final volume (V₂) =?

By using the Charles law equation, we can obtain the final volume i.e. V₂

[tex]\frac{V1}{T1}[/tex]  =  [tex]\frac{V2}{T2}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{20.9}{286}[/tex]  = [tex]\frac{V2}{286}[/tex]

Now cross multiply both sides

V₂ × 286 = 20.9 × 264

V₂ × 286 = 5517.6

Divide by 286 on both sides of the equation

[tex]V_{2}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{5517.6}{286}[/tex]

V₂  = 19.3 L

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The complete question is:

An arctic weather balloon is filled with 20.9L of helium gas inside a prep shed. The temperature inside the shed is 13 degrees C. The balloon is then taken outside, where the temperature is -9 degrees C. Calculate the new volume of the balloon. You may assume the pressure on the balloon stays constant at exactly 1 atm. Round your answer to significant digits.

Molarity :

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution is known as molarity or molar concentration. It is used to express the concentration of a given solute in a solution.

It can be calculated using the formula, Molarity = [tex]\frac{number-of- moles-of-solute}{Volume-of-the-solution-in-liters}[/tex]

Given data:

Molarity of the solute, copper(III) sulfate  = 1.25 M

Volume of the solution = 670 mL = 0.67 Liters

Then, Molar mass of the solute,  = 415.2 g/mol

Then, number of moles of solute =  Molarity x Volume of solution

                                                        = 1.25 x 0.67 = 0.8375 moles.

Then, Mass of the solute  

=  Molar mass of solute x number of moles of solute

= 415.2 g/mol x 0.8375 mol = 347.73 g.

Therefore, the mass of solute in grams required are  = 347.73 g

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A hiker climbs to the top of a mountain at rate of 0.5 m/hr. The speed of hiker is 1.3 x 10⁻⁴ m/s and the velocity of the hiker is 1.3 x 10⁻⁴ m/s west.

Speed is a scalar quantity. It is used to measure the distance traveled in a period of time. It is represented by -

s = d/Δt

where,

s = speed

d = distance

Δt = change in time

Velocity is a vector quantity. It is used to measure the change in position, that is, displacement over the change in time. It is represented by -

v = Δs / Δt

where,

v = velocity

Δs = change in position/displacement

Δt = change in time

The standard unit of velocity and speed both is m/s.

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A mass of 71.26g of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] is required to get 42g of the anhydrous compound, i.e., [tex]CoSO_4[/tex].

A compound's molar mass indicates the mass of one mole of that substance. In other words, it informs you how many grams of a substance there are per mole. A covalent compound's formula mass is also known as its molecular mass. The mole is a useful quantity unit for representing very large quantities of atoms or molecules. A substance's molecular mass is the total of the atomic masses of all the atoms that comprise the molecule of the substance.

The term anhydrous means "without water." Anhydrous chemicals are compounds that do not contain water or do not contain water. An anhydrate is formed when water is removed from a hydrate. Suction or high-temperature heating of the chemical removes the water molecules. An anhydrous salt, for example, has had water driven out of its crystals.

Given:

Mass of [tex]CoSO_4[/tex] needed = 42g

To find:

Mass of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] = ?

Formula:

Mass of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] = (Mol. Wt. of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] / Mol. Wt. of [tex]CoSO_4[/tex]) x Mass of [tex]CoSO_4[/tex]

Calculations:

Mol. Wt. of [tex]CoSO_4[/tex] = 155g/mol

Mol. Wt. of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] = 155 + 6 x 18 = 263g/mol

Mass of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] = (263 / 155) x 42

Mass of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] = 71.26g

Result:

71.26g of [tex]CoSO_4.6H_2O[/tex] is required to get 42g of the anhydrous compound.

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The element whose isotope is represented as  [tex]_{6}^{14}X[/tex] is carbon -14. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and the mass number for the given isotope is 14 amu.

Isotopes are atoms of same element with different  mass numbers. Isotopes slightly changes in chemical and physical properties between each other.

Almost elements in the periodic table are having isotopes. However not all of them are stable. Some of them for heavy metals are radioactive isotopes and are not stable.

The isotope is represented by showing mass number in top of the symbol and atomic number at the bottom. The atomic number 6 corresponds to carbon. Hence, option A is correct. Carbon -14 isotope is given here.

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Water's physical characteristics include its liquid state at ambient temperature and density of 1.0 g/cm3. Water has the ability to divide into hydrogen and oxygen and react with some metals, among other chemical features.

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When calcium reacts with chlorine, each calcium atom loses 2 electrons, and each chlorine atom gains 2 electrons. There must be one 1 calcium atom for every 2 chlorine atoms in the reaction.

When atoms react, they either lose or gain electron. Atoms do this in order to attain the stable noble gas configuration. Metals are more likely to lose electrons, and non-metals are more likely to gain electrons. Calcium has an atomic number of 20, and its electronic configuration is:

[Ca] = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²

The easiest way for calcium to obtain a stable noble gas configuration is to lose 2 of its electrons, so that it has 18 electrons left. When this happens, calcium becomes a positively charged cation:

Ca ⇒ Ca²⁺ + 2e⁻

Chlorine has 17 electrons with the electronic configuration:

[Cl] = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵

This shows that chlorine only needs one electron to have the stable noble gas configuration. When this happens, chlorine becomes a negatively charged anion:

Cl + 1e⁻ ⇒ Cl⁻

Thus, for calcium to completely react with chlorine, there must be two atoms of chlorine for each carbon atom. This is because calcium loses two electrons, and each chlorine atom only accepts one. Hence:

   Ca²⁺ + 2CL⁻ ⇒ CaCl₂

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The group of Neon is Group 8A and the family of it is noble gases or inert gases of the periodic table and includes helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn).

The term for these noble gas elements derives from their almost complete lack of reactivity with other elements or compounds. In reality, 1% of the atmosphere is made up of argon, which is present in the atmosphere in tiny proportions. Helium may also be found in natural gas reserves. The Group 8A elements are all colorless, odorless, monoatomic gases in their elemental state at ambient temperature. 

Because the Group 8A elements contain a whole octet of eight valence electrons in their highest-energy orbitals ([tex]ns^{2}np^{6}[/tex]), they have a very low propensity to gain or lose electrons as covalent bonds allow atoms to exchange electrons to create ions or share electrons. Although it takes particular circumstances, they may be made to combine with other elements to produce compounds.

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Answer:

The bromine gas particles would diffuse from a high to low concentration and so move upwards.

Explanation:

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If the molar volumes of liquid water and ice are 18.01 ml and 19.64 ml, respectively, then 1334 atm of pressure is required to melt ice at 10 C. 22.04 J/K is the entropy change process.

The term "molar" relates to the mole, which is the unit of concentration molarity and the number of moles in a liter of a solution. The phrase most frequently refers to the molar concentration of a solute in a solution in chemistry. The mol/L or M units of molar concentration are used. Molar also describes many molecular quantities including molar mass, molar heat capacity, and molar volume.

The most popular unit of measurement for molal concentration or molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution. It is defined as the amount of solute material per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, and is denoted by the lowercase letter.

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Personal protective equipments to be worn while handling corrosive liquids are safety goggles, hand gloves  and closed toed shoes.

Personal protective equipment is a protective clothing which is worn to protect the wearer's body  from hazard or injury.The hazards which can be addressed  by the use of personal protective equipment are physical,chemical and bio hazards.

It imposes a barrier between the user and the working environment.The main purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce exposure of employees to the hazards.

It has a limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard and may lead to harm to the employee if the equipment is damaged.

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The rate of change of the volume is 0.144 m³/s.

The average temperature of the air is indicated via a properly exposed thermometer at some point in a given term, usually an afternoon, a month, or a yr. For climatological tables, the mean temperature is generally calculated for each month and for the 12 months. Temperature is an amount that determines the course of the float of warmth on preserving two bodies at one-of-a-kind temperatures in contact. Its SI unit is kelvin (k).

The heat of an object is the total power of all the molecular movement interior that object. Temperature is the measure of the thermal power or average warmness of the molecules in a substance. SI Unit. Joule.

rate of change of pressure = 50 kg/m²

temperature = 7.2 K/s

Using ideal gas equation PV = nRT

since nR is constant

V = T/P

  = 7.2/50

  = 0.144 m³

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H2O(s) floats on H2O(l) when both are at 0°c because ice is lighter than water which causes water to displace ice.

The density of a substance is calculated by the ratio of the mass of the substance to the volume of the substance.

Ice structure is cage like with more intermolecular spacing and Hydrogen bonds are stable. Water structure is linear and Hydrogen bonds form and reform. It causes more volume for same mass in ice and less volume for same mass in water.

At 0°C the density of ice is less than density of water. At 0°C, density of water is 1.0 gm/cm³ and density of ice is 0.931 gm/cm³, so water causes ice to displace resulting in ice floating over the water.

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The percentage of acetic acid in vinegar is 4.36%

What is acetic acid?

The scientific name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid. It is an acidic, colorless liquid organic substance having the formula CH3COOH. Vinegar has a minimum of 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the primary component of vinegar besides water and trace elements.

Given,

Volume=  30.84 ml

Moles= 0.128

mass of vinegar= 5.441g

moles NaOH = 0.03084 ml x 0.128

M=0.00395

mass acetic acid = 0.00395 mol x 60.05 g/mol=0.237 g

Percentage of acetic acid:

= 0.237 x 100/ 5.441

= 23.7/5.441 = 4.36%

Hence, The percentage of acetic acid in vinegar is 4.36%

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The mass of the water is 1580 g.

We know that the ideal gas equation can be used to obtain the number of moles of the gas. We have been told that the pressure of the gas reduced from  7.9 x 10-3 atm to  1.2 x 10-4 atm. The change in pressure can be used obtain the number of moles.

Change in pressure = 7.9 x 10-3 - 1.2 x 10-4 = 7.78 * 10^-3 atm

Using;

PV = nRT

n = PV/RT

n = 7.78 * 10^-3 atm *  2.4 x10^5 l/0.082 * (39 + 273)

n = 85 moles

Since 1 mole of carbon dioxide produces 1 mole of water

85 moles of carbon dioxide produces 85 mole of water

Mass of water produced = 85 mole  * 18 g/mol

= 1580 g

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The noble gases are known to be nonreactive because they have an already filled outer electron shell.

The noble gases is defined as those elements that are located at the group 8 of the periodic table which are also called inert gases.

Examples of six noble gases include the following:

The features of noble gases include the following:

The noble gases are non reactive because the outer atomic shells of these gases are filled up that is to say that they have a full Valence electron shell.

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Asexual reproduction prevents genetic variation within a species since it ensures that all offspring have an identical copy of the parent's DNA unless a mutation arises in the duplicate DNA that is produced.

Sexual and asexual reproduction are the two options. In sexual reproduction, there are two parents. However, only one parent is engaged in asexual reproduction. In this, offspring of a single parent are genetically identical to the parent. Offspring are physically and genetically similar to their parents. They are a clone or exact replica of the parent. Asexual reproduction doesn't involve any genetic material being recombined.

Thus, the person created by asexual reproduction does not exhibit variety or genetic variability.

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Answer:

3.2 x 10-3 3.2 x 10-12 3.2 x 10-2 11.5

Explanation:

Answer:

199

Explanation:

Au has atomic number of 79

so mass number = 79 + 120 = 199