ECOTOXICOLOGY
8. With clear examples give a detailed explanation why alteration of microenvironment can lead toxic effects 9. Discuss the conditions under apoptosis can occur, but necrosis cannot occur

Answers

Answer 1

The microenvironment is the environment surrounding a cell. It includes the extracellular matrix, the other cells in the tissue, and the nutrients and oxygen available to the cell.

How does alteration of microenvironment lead to toxic effects?

One way is by disrupting the cell's ability to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of the cell to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. When the microenvironment is altered, the cell may be unable to maintain homeostasis, leading to damage or death.

Another way that alteration of the microenvironment can lead to toxic effects is by activating stress pathways. Stress pathways are pathways that are activated in response to environmental stressors. When these pathways are activated, they can lead to cell damage or death.

Apoptosis can occur under a number of conditions, including:

DNA damage. When DNA is damaged, the cell may undergo apoptosis to prevent the damage from spreading to other cells.Hormonal signals. Some hormones can trigger apoptosis, such as the hormone that signals the death of cells in the lining of the uterus during menstruation.Growth factor deprivation. When cells are deprived of growth factors, they may undergo apoptosis.Cell-to-cell signaling. Cells can send signals to each other that trigger apoptosis.

Necrosis can occur when cells are exposed to:

Toxins. Toxins can damage cells, leading to necrosis.Injury. Physical injury, such as a cut or a burn, can damage cells, leading to necrosis.Ischemia. Ischemia is a lack of blood flow to a tissue. This can damage cells, leading to necrosis.

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Related Questions

according to tinbergen, if you are examining a trait in order to determine how it contributes to the survival and reproduction of an organism, what are you studying?

Answers

According to Tinbergen, if you are examining a trait to determine how it contributes to the survival and reproduction of an organism, you are studying the trait's adaptive value or fitness.

Niko Tinbergen was a renowned ethologist who proposed four questions to understand behavior in animals, including the study of traits. One of these questions pertains to the adaptive value or fitness of a trait, which focuses on how the trait affects the survival and reproduction of an organism.

By examining the trait's contribution to an organism's ability to survive in its environment and successfully reproduce, researchers can gain insights into the evolutionary significance of the trait. This approach helps in understanding the selective pressures that have shaped the trait over time, as traits that enhance survival and reproduction are more likely to be favored by natural selection.

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hi please help i’ll give brainliest

Answers

Answer:

C the moom rotates around itself slower than eath rotates around itself

Explanation:

Which adaptation is most likely found in tropical trees?

Answers

Answer:

birds and squirrels

Explanation:

Answer:

The leaves of forest trees have adapted to cope with high rainfall. Many tropical rainforest leaves have a drip tip. It is thought that these drip tips enable rain drops to run off quickly.

Hope this helped!!!

Eutrophication is caused by ___


A. Erosion
B. Pollution
C. High winds
D. Ultraviolet rays

Answers

The answer will be erosion

Which of the following is considered a abiotic 

A : algae bloom
B : fish life
C : animals waste
D : sediment deposition

Answers

Answer:

sediment deposition

Explanation:

Abiotic factors are the non-living pieces of the climate that can regularly affect living creatures. Abiotic factors incorporate water, daylight, oxygen, soil and temperature.

Brainliest?

Answer:

D: sediment deposition

Explanation:

An abiotic factor in an environment is a factor that is not, nor has ever been alive, and it didn't come from a living organism. The opposite of abiotic is biotic; a biotic factor is alive. So, sediment deposition would be abiotic because, unlike the other options, it was never alive and did not come from a lining thing.

explain how inbreeding dogs for good or perfect trait also produces bad or disease traits as well

Answers

Answer:

Inbreeding can cause a weaker dog from inbreeding it will not be as immune to stuff that non inbreed dogs would be if that makes since.

Explanation:

I know this cuz my gramps shows and breeds dogs and i breed goats. If you don't get it tell me in the comments.

Inbreeding depression can  produces bad or disease traits as well.

Inbreeding between two closely related species can result in the expression of lethal recessive allele which are otherwise masked by dominant allele.These recessive gene allele can code for certain diseases which are otherwise eliminated by outbreeding.What is inbreeding depression?It is the reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individual.It is often the result of population bottleneck.

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Which is characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
a]stimulates digestion

b]dilates the bronchi

c]slows the heart rate

d]converts glucose to glycogen

Answers

i’m not certain but i’m like 80% sure it’s C-slows the heart down

Incinerating or burning trash is the best way to get rid of the majority of it. True or False

Answers

Answer:

Emissions from burning waste worsen environmental inequalities, create ... and municipal solid waste incinerators have sparked resistance in many places. ... Nonetheless, 72 incinerators are still operating today in the U.S. Most of ... Wastes that are not recycled or composted typically are either burned or ... So false

Explanation:

Fears of malpractice lawsuits are playing a part in the increased use of expensive diagnostic equipment. T F

Answers

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

True, Fears of malpractice lawsuits are playing a part in the increased use of expensive diagnostic equipment.

Hope this helps!

The ___the contour lines are
together the steeper the slope.

The steeper the slope, the ___ stream's velocity.

Answers

Answer:

hi

Explanation:

Referring to the illustration below, answer the following questions:
a. What process is represented here?
b. How do you know? (Give two reasons.)
c. Is the parent cell a somatic cell or a gamete? (Think before writing your answer!)
d. What is the end result of this process?
e. How similar or different are the daughter cells from one another? If they are different, explain why.

Answers

The genetic material in each daughter cell is identical to that in the parent cell, and the process of mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of each chromosome.

a. The process represented here is cell division. b. The reasons why this process is cell division are:
1. The parent cell is dividing into two daughter cells.
2. The daughter cells are genetically identical to each other. c. The parent cell is a somatic cell. It is not a gamete because gametes are produced by meiosis, not mitosis. d. The end result of this process is two genetically identical daughter cells. e. The daughter cells are genetically identical to each other. They are the same because they are produced by mitosis, which involves only one round of cell division and results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other. The genetic material in each daughter cell is identical to that in the parent cell, and the process of mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of each chromosome.

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A male peacock's tail is an adaptation to increase his chances of

A)survival

B)finding food

C)getting a mate

D)standing out in a crowd

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

That is a form of copulatory behaviour in peacocks

Answer:

C) getting a mate

Explanation:

A male peacock's tail is a adaptation to attract other peacocks

Even more Explanation:

I took the USA TEST PREP assignment and got it correct. the answer below or above me is wrong. trust me

What type of graph is used for a PH test

Answers

Explain why a line graph is used for the pH data. Line graphs are utilized when data is continuous. It’s either a line graph or bar graph but usually line graph

Look at the chart below to answer this question. Which substance is the LEAST dense of the three substances?
Substance A
Substance B
Substance C

Answers

Answer:

Substance B

Explaination: Density is a measure of how heavy something is compared to its size. If an object is more dense than water it will sink when placed in water, and if it is less dense than water it will float. Density is a characteristic property of a substance and doesn’t depend on the amount of substance.

When a population is split into smaller groups, why do these groups develop different traits?
A. Traits that form in one group form evolutionary forces quickly spread through populations
B. Separating the two groups decreases the chance that the two groups will diverge
C. Gene flow is increased in the two subgroups that are formed
D. Forces like natural selection and genetic drift affect the genes of the two subgroups differently

Answers

If I was to guess, It would be D.............

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What property of silver may discourage people from buying silver jewelry?

A. it can’t float
B. it’s not green
C. it can tarnish
D. it’s not transparent

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation: Because if silver is tarnished it will lose its luster, thus making it not attractive.

C! Hope this helped!

4.
What is the salinity of seawater?
1.5 percent
3.5 percent
10 percent
5.5 percent

Answers

Answer:

I think the answer is 3.5%

Explanation:

35 parts per thousand of seawater contains salt therefore your answer is 3.5

4. A bacterial cell is prokaryotic, while the protist, Euglena, is eukaryotic. Which structure is present
in both organisms?*
(10 Points)

Answers

Answer:

There are a couple different possible answers, since there are multiple different structures that are present in both types of cells. So you have to make the choice of what to put.

The structures that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common are: plasma membrane, ribosomes,  and cytoplasm

Plasma membrane is the answer

ASAP!! HELP ME WITH THESE pls :(

Question 1.Which moon phase starts and ends in the moon cycle?

Question 2 : How many days between each moon phase ?

Answers

Answer:

1. new moon

2. seven

Explanation:

:)

Answer:

there are 4 important phase. full moon is the first phase and new moon is what it ends.

it takes 27days between each moon phase

Click an item in the list or group of pictures at the bottom of the problem and, holding the button down, drag it into the correct position in the answer box. Release your mouse button when the item is place. If you change your mind, drag the item to the trashcan. Click the trashcan to clear all your answers.
Make a Punnett Square for two smooth seed hybrid pea plants (Ss)

Click once to select an item at the bottom of the problem.
Click again to drop the item in its correct place.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

(blank) (S)   (s)

    (S)  (SS) (Ss)

    (s)   (Ss)  (ss)

1. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a biome?

A Regions that have the same plant communities
B Regions that have the same animal communities
C Small habitat such as a tree stump that contains its own ecosystem
D Large areas of the Earth that have similar climates and organisms

Answers

Small habitat such as a tree stump that contains its own ecosystem is not a characteristic of biome.

What is a biome?

A biome is a large geographic region on Earth that is characterized by a specific set of climatic and environmental conditions, as well as a distinctive community of plants and animals. Biomes are defined by their dominant vegetation, which is adapted to the specific climate and environmental factors of the region. There are several different types of biomes, including forests, grasslands, tundra, deserts, and aquatic biomes such as oceans and freshwater ecosystems. Biomes are important for maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance, and are also valuable for human use, providing resources such as timber, food, and water. The study of biomes is an important aspect of ecology, and helps us understand how living organisms interact with their environment.

Which of these is not a characteristic of a biome?

c) Small habitat such as a tree stump that contains its own ecosystem. The other options are all characteristics of a biome. Biomes are large areas of the Earth that have similar climates and organisms, and are characterized by the same plant and animal communities. Biomes are typically defined by their predominant vegetation type and are classified based on factors such as temperature, precipitation, and soil type. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

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porque los alimentos se oscurecen?(platanos, palta, manzana, papa, etc) respondan pls✋

Answers

Answer:

Una enzima es una sustancia, generalmente una proteína, en la célula de un organismo que acelera las reacciones químicas.

Durante el pardeamiento enzimático, una enzima llamada fenolasa y otro compuesto orgánico que se encuentra en las células de la fruta llamados fenoles pasan por una reacción de oxidación cuando se exponen al oxígeno. La fenolasa regula la reacción, convirtiendo los fenoles en melanina.

Por lo general, las enzimas de la fruta están encerradas en tejido. Las enzimas están metidas en sus células, trabajando para madurar la fruta. Pero cuando esas células se descomponen, ya sea por una causa externa como si alguien muerde o corta la fruta o por causas naturales como el envejecimiento, las enzimas se liberan y entran en contacto con el oxígeno, lo que desencadena la reacción química y hace que la fruta se vuelva marrón.

Photosynthesis occurs in cells with?

Answers

Answer:

with the help of chlorophyll.

Explanation:

The green color pigment chlorophyll traps sunlight and this is why photosynthesis occur.

Answer:

chlorophyll

Explanation:

A forest has many trees and bushes that produce nuts. This is a major food sources for many species, including a particular bird. Birds of this species have a variety of beak shapes ranging from long and pointy to short and hard beaks. The birds with short and hard beaks are able to eat the nuts better than the birds with long and pointy beaks. According to this scenario and the principles of natural selection what will happen to this bird population over time. Group of answer choices

Answers

Answer:

There are four principles at work in evolution—variation, inheritance, selection and time. These are considered the components of the evolutionary mechanism of natural selection. After a while the birds will get old and their beaks will get weaker, eventually they will die, when there is a shortage of food they will start harming each other in order for it, that’s selection.

Explanation:

What part of the bacteriophage attaches and anchors itself to the bacteria?

Answers

Answer: Proteins in the "tail" of the phage bind to a specific receptor (in this case, a sugar transporter) on the surface of the bacterial cell. Entry: The phage injects its double-stranded DNA genome into the cytoplasm of the bacterium.

Explanation:

which is the most primitive of the robust australopithecines?

Answers

Afarensis as the most primitive of the australopithecines and allow us to discriminate between its facial morphology and that of A.

Answer:

Robust australopithecines are conventionally sorted into

three species: a single species from South Africa, Australopithecus robustus [1.8 to 1.5 million years ago (Ma)] (1), and in East Africa, A. aethiopicus (2.7 to 2.3 Ma) and A. boisei (2.3 to 1.3 Ma) (2).

Station 1: Strepsirhine or haplorhine? Look at the specimens in your lab and note the form of the listed features in the table below, then place the specimens into suborders (Strepsirhini or Haplorhini). In the absence of lab specimens, see Figures A through D below. Specimen A B C D Fused mandibular symphysis? (is the mandible one bone or two?)* Fully enclosed orbit? Cranium size (braincase) relative to face Toothcomb? (lower incisors jut forward) *If a suture line is visible, the mandibular symphysis is unfused. (Hint: A species with a toothcomb

Answers

The completed table is in the attached image.

The classification of specimens into suborders Strepsirhini or Haplorhini is based on several key anatomical features, including the structure of the mandibular symphysis (fused or unfused), the presence or absence of a toothcomb, and the type of orbit (fully enclosed or not).

Strepsirhini:

Mandibular symphysis: Unfused (two separate bones)Toothcomb: PresentOrbit: Typically not fully enclosed

Haplorhini:

Mandibular symphysis: Fused (single bone)Toothcomb: AbsentOrbit: Fully enclosed

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A species that lacks adaptation to a changing environment is more likely
to

Answers

Answer:

become extinct over time......

ANSWER QUICK PLZ

The photo shows several Volvox, one of the simplest multicellular living things. Volvox have no tissues.

What other three things do Volvox also likely lack?

Answers

Answer:

A, B, D.

Explanation:

The primers you used in lab amplified 145 base pairs that were adjacent, but not included in the repeat. If you used a different primer that only amplified 130 base pairs adjacent to a 14 base pair repeat, and you had 4 repeats in your product, what was the size of your final PCR product?

186

214

158

200

172

Answers

Answer:

186

Explanation:

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify small segments of DNA. This technique uses a pair of oligonucleotide sequences called 'primers' which bind to opposite strands of the heat-denatured DNA template in order to amplify this target DNA sequence. In this case, the DNA template is composed of a single unit of 130 base pairs (bp) and four repetitive units of 14 bp, so the final PCR product will have 186 bp >>> 130  bp + (14 bp x 4) = 130 + 56 = 186.

Other Questions
Consider an exchange economy with two market participants A and B, and two goods x and y . Their initial endowments ( Ax, Ay = (3, 15), and ( Bx, By ) = (7, 5), and their utilities are U A (x A, y A ) = x A yA^2 and U B (x B, y B ) = x B y B + y B1-Draw the Edgeworth box representing this exchange economy, the initial endowments, and the Pareto improving allocations.2- Define the equation for the contract curve, and draw the contract curve and the core of this economy.3-Find the price ratio for an optimal allocation in this economy Is the solution set of a nonhomogeneous linear system Ax = b, of m equations in n unknowns, with b = 0, a subspace of R"? Answer yes or no and justify your answer. A customer's check for $1.290 was returned for nonsufficient funds. Which of the following journal entries is needed to adjust for the NSF check? 1,290 O A. Cash Sales Revenue 1,290 1,290 O B. NSF Check Cash 1,290 O C. Accounts Receivable 1,290 Cash 1,290 1,290 O D. Accounts Payable Cash 1,290 User authentication is the fundamental building block and the primary line of defense.a. Trueb. False Let Y represent the profit (or loss) for a certain company X years after 1975. Based on the data shown below, a statistician calculates a linear model Y = 1.09X + 18.77. X 1 19.19 2. 22.28 21.47 4 22.46 5 23.65 6 26.34 7 25.43 29.02 9 28.11 10 31.9 11 28.99 12 31.48 7 00 Use the model to estimate the profit in 1977 y = A highly stressed-out resident of New Jersey commutes each business day to midtown Manhattan. The commuter uses NJ transit. The commuter's 6:15 am train to NYC is cancelled three times during a typical month. The probability of the commuter's moring train being canceled precisely six times in a month is closet to: 50% 68% 95% O 5% QUESTION 16 You conduct an experiment tossing a fair coin. Let (X, Y) be random variables, where X is the number of heads that occurs in two tosses and Y is the number of tails that arises in two tosses. Find P (X=1, Y=1). Separately, find P(X=0, Y= 0). Note you need to find two answers here, and the answer to your first question does not influence the second question- that is, the questions are independent. 0.50 and 0.50 0.0 and 0.50 0.50 and 0.0 O.25 and .25 1. Journalize each of the following transaction in the General Journal provided 2. Create appropriate T-Accounts for the General Journal above 3. Post T-Accounts to a Trial Balance Transaction 1: On January 1, 2011, Carol Finlay formed a new interior-design business by investing $10,000 of her personal funds into the business. The cash was deposited into a bank account opened under the name of Finlay Interiors. The following transactions took place from January 1 to January 31:Transaction 2: On January 1, Finlay Interiors used $2,500 of its cash to purchase supplies Transaction 3: On January 1, Finlay Interiors purchased additional supplies at a cost of $1,100 and furniture at a cost of $6,000, ON CREDIT from CanTech Supply Company. Finlay Interiors will pay for the supplies in 30 days, but has arranged to pay for the furniture by signing a note payable. Transaction 4: On January 10, Finlay Interiors provided consulting services to a dentist and immediately collected $2,200 cash. Transaction 5: On January 10, Finlay Interiors paid $1,000 rent for the month of January. Transaction 6: On January 14, Finlay Interiors paid $700 salary to the business's only employee. Transaction 7: On January 14, a customer and Carol Finlay sign a $65,000 contract that requires Finlay Interiors to do the interior design for an office building currently under construction. Finlay Interiors is expected to perform the services during February and March.Transaction 8: On January 15, Finlay Interiors provided consulting services and rented furniture to a customer and billed the customer $1,600 for the consulting services and $300 for the rental of the office furniture.Transaction 9: On January 25, 10 days after billing the customer in transaction #8, received full payment from that customer. Transaction 10: On January 25, Finlay Interiors paid $900 of the amount owing to CanTech Supply Company. Transaction11: Carol Finlay withdrew $600 cash from the business for her PERSONAL use. In this problem you will derive the efficiency of a CSMA/CD like multiple access protocol. In this protocol the time is slotted and all nodes are synchronised to the slot times. The length of a slot in this case is much less the than the actual time to transmit one frame. Let the slot length be S seconds Let the frame length be L bits Let the transmission rate be R bps Let the number of nodes be N and assume that each node has an infinite amount of packets to send Assume the propagation delay is much less than S, so that all nodes can detect a collision before the end of the slot. The protocol operates as below: o Ifa node has not acquired the channel, all nodes contend with probability p. If exactly 1 user transmit in that slot, then that user keep possession of the channel for the next k slots, transmitting an entire frame. o If a node has the possession of the channel, other nodes refrain from transmitting until that node finish transmitting the frame. Once the transmission completes all nodes again compete for the channel. Avery leans a 24-foot ladder against a wall so that it forms an angle of 80 with the ground. How high up the wall does the ladder reach? Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a foot if necessary. 4. If the European Central Bank starts to raise its policy interest rate before the Federal Reserve starts to raise United States interest rates, what do you predict will happen to the dollar/euro exc If the system of inequalities y2x+1 and y>21x1 is graphed in the xy-plane above, which quadrant contains no solutions to the system? Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix and B be a 5 x 3 matrix. Which of the following are defined? Circle all that apply. a) 2A b) A + B c) AB d) BA e) det (A) f) det(B) 8) tr(A) h) tr(B) i) A? j) BT if a, b, and c are the vertices of a triangle, find ab bc ca. find the title of each course that has been taken by student b00000003 but not by student b00000004. Write the prime factorization of each number as a product of powers. (a) 12^9. 36^15. 169^3 (b) 16^13. 14^7.81^14 For each of the following six program fragments:a. Give an analysis of the running time (Big-Oh will do).b. Implement the code in the language of your choice, and give the running timefor several values of N.c. Compare your analysis with the actual running times.Chapter 2 Algorithm Analysis(1) sum = 0;for( i = 0; i < n; ++i )++sum;(2) sum = 0;for( i = 0; i < n; ++i )for( j = 0; j < n; ++j )++sum;(3) sum = 0;for( i = 0; i < n; ++i )for( j = 0; j < n * n; ++j )++sum;(4) sum = 0;for( i = 0; i < n; ++i )for( j = 0; j < i; ++j )++sum;(5) sum = 0;for( i = 0; i < n; ++i )for( j = 0; j < i * i; ++j )for( k = 0; k < j; ++k )++sum;(6) sum = 0;for( i = 1; i < n; ++i )for( j = 1; j < i * i; ++j )if( j % i == 0 )for( k = 0; k < j; ++k )++sum; Solve by using the method of Laplace transforms: y" 6y' + 5y = 3e^(-x); y(0) = 2; y'(0) = 3Solve by using the method of Laplace transforms: y" + 9y = 2x + 4; y(0) = 0; y'(0) = 1 A company sells its product subject to a warranty that covers the cost of parts for repairs during the six months after the date of sale. Warranty costs are estimated to be 6% of sales. During the month of June, the company performed warranty work using $12,000 worth of parts for the warranty repairs. The total sales for June were equal to $450,000.1. Record the warranty expense for the month of June.2. Record the cost of the warranty work completed in June. is the system of equations consistent and independent, consistent and dependent, or inconsistent? y=3x 12y=6x 2 Notory public shall not complete a notarial certificate on any instrument that influences a person to enter, or not to enter a lawful transaction involving a notary true or false