Given that every nucleotide has a 0.25 probability of appearing in a position 0.0002 in the DNA, it sliced through a lengthy section of it.
Why is DNA important, and what does it do?The biological codes that give each species its individuality are found in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During reproduction, mature organisms transmit their DNA to their progeny in addition to the instructions it carries.
why does a person have DNA?All creatures are composed of genes, which are found in DNA. DNA's capacity for recurrent self-replication is its most crucial property. In order to create new cells, convey genetic information from parents to children, and code for RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is needed to create proteins, DNA must be replicated.
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during the first few minutes of physical activity the body relies on anaerobic energy production form atp and what other high-energy molecule?
The "ATP-CP" fuels the first 10 to 20 seconds of intense physical exertion. After a short period of time, when the ATP is depleted, the muscle uses a chemical known as phosphocreatine to create new ATP.
Is creatine and phosphocreatine equivalent?A phosphorylated form of creatine known as phosphocreatine makes up the majority of the substance in the body. By preserving the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), this supplement's principal purpose is to offer a quick source of energy.
ATP is produced by phosphocreatine in what way?Creatine phosphate, a chemical, is one of the mechanisms through which this ATP supply is renewed (or phosphocreatine). Creatine phosphate converts a phosphate with high energy to ADP during the ATP regeneration process. Creatine and ATP are the byproducts of this process.
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What happens to the energy that is not transferred ina food chain
As a trophic level moves up an ecosystem, its energy content decreases. Only 10% of the energy at any given trophic level is transferred to the next level; the remaining 90% is primarily lost as heat during metabolic processes.
What do you mean by food chain?The passage of matter and energy from one organism to another in the context of ecology is known as the food chain. Food chains locally entangle to form a food web because most species consume more than one sort of animal or plant. Since plants convert solar energy into food through photosynthesis, they are the world's primary source of food. In a predator chain, a flesh-eating animal eats a plant-eating species. In a chain of parasites, a smaller organism consumes a larger host in part and may even turn into a parasite on itself. A saprophytic chain of microorganisms relies on dead organic materials for food.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that as a trophic level moves up an ecosystem, its energy content decreases. Only 10% of the energy at any given trophic level is transferred to the next level; the remaining 90% is primarily lost as heat during metabolic processes.
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What doe it mean to be heterozygou for a trait?
Give an example of heterozygou allele
A heterozygous trait means that the allele for that particular trait have been inherited from two different biological parents.
In terms of genetics, being heterozygous means having inherited various alleles (variations) of a certain genomic marker from each biological parent. For instance, having one allele for red hair and one allele for brown hair could indicate that you are heterozygous for hair color. Which traits are expressed depends on how the two alleles are related.
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what type of autopsy consists of the examination of the contents of the cranial and ventral cavities? cranial abdominal pelvic complete thoracic prev submit
The pathologist will make a cut across the crown of the head, from the bony bump behind one ear to the bump behind the other, if a brain autopsy is necessary.
An autopsy called a necropsy is what?The examination of an animal after death is known as a necropsy. A necropsy is often performed to identify the cause of death or the severity of the illness. A thorough procedure of dissection, observation, interpretation, and documenting is required for this.
What is an autopsy with an exterior examination?The term "external inspection" refers to a thorough description of the deceased's remains, including any scars, incisions, devices, tattoos, etc. The body is not cut within, and the organs are not looked at.
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Is the Once-ler greedy? Why do you think so?
The Lorax and its 2012 film version both have The Once-ler as their narrator. He is a rapacious industrialist who destroyed the entire Truffula Tree in order to produce a strange garment called a Thneed, or "a Fine Thing That All People Need."
The Once-ler one day finds a valley full of stunning Truffula trees that are home to Bar-ba-Loots, Swommee Swans, and Humming Fish. To make room for his creation, the Thneed, he chooses to chop down one of the trees. He discovers The Lorax in the tree trunk after felling a Truffula Tree. He is warned not to clear the forest for his selfish purposes. The Once-ler refuses to take advice and keeps felling trees to make things to sell.
He was unable to accept what he had done:
It's simple for us to see the Once-ler as a ruthless antagonist. He wrecked a once-beautiful and prosperous region because he was only thinking about himself. Even money didn't appear to be driving the Once-ler. He never lived in a luxurious environment and instead only consumed for the sake of unrestrained growth.
Danny DeVito Advocates for Trees and Discusses "Dr. Seuss" The Lorax:
He wasn't able to see the effects of his acts until it was too late. Once-ler was broken by the truth. He wreaked so much damage that his identity eventually crumbled. He withdrew to his house and disappeared from public view.
It's a tale of wasted talent:
The Once-ler was a true genius, despite the fact that he sometimes utilized his talents for bad. His curiosity and creativity were beyond bounds. There was no issue that he couldn't come up with a solution for. His inventions had a profound impact on society. He made significant innovations. The Lorax is a tale about lost talent as well as one that serves as a warning against greed. By the story's conclusion, nobody has any recollection of the Once-accomplishments ler's or even his identity. All of his genius was gone due to his horrible legacy. Ultimately, his extraordinary mind is simply one of the many resources that his avarice wasted.
He Was Abandoned and Used:
The Once-ler gave in to the pressures his avaricious relatives imposed on him. They lost all sense of perspective when they realized the money that could be made from the needs. His domineering mother was maybe the greediest of them all. Profits dried up as the planet became ever more poisonous and truffula fluffs decreased. When your source material has been harvested dry, it is difficult to keep up with the surge in demand. The money also ran out when the fluffs did. When the money stopped coming in, the Once-ler was left alone. also his mother. Nobody deserves to be abandoned, especially not because of money.
He is engulfed with shame:
The Once-ler is almost pathologically brash for the most of the narrative. He intends to seize anything he can, even if it means destroying it. He appears to be binge-consuming. He seems to just mindlessly eat everything in his path without even making any plans for his requirements in the future. before it is too late. The shame of his actions won't completely hit home for him until the forest is devastated and the final truffula tree falls. The Once-ler begins to live alone. He covers his face from everyone because he is ashamed of what he has done to the once-beautiful forest.
He Is Conscientious:
The Once-ler makes a surprise decision towards the end of the narrative. He then hands the final truffula tree seed to his small audience as he finishes the story. For the majority of the novel, we don't really get to know him, but now we do. He feels bad since he is aware of how awful what he did is. After causing the forest such severe harm, he wants to see it recover. Throughout the entire narrative, he is portrayed as the antagonist, a callous and self-centered individual. With this one kind deed, can he really atone for himself?
He’s Terrified Of Failure:
The final truffula seed, the secret weapon the Once-ler has been holding all along, is revealed as the story draws to a close. The story's most perplexing section is this. He has been hiding from the outside world by sitting in his home. He had yearned to see woods and animals once more for years, consumed with anguish and shame. He had the solution to his own problem in his hands the entire time. Why didn't he just put the seed in the ground himself? Considering his fear that everything he touches would result in death and ruin. He simply doesn't have faith in himself to accomplish it correctly.
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a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is aaa. what would be the trna anticodon that binds to the codon for this triplet?
The template strand of DNA has AAA sequence, which will be transcribed to mRNA as UUU. Then. the anticodon on tRNA to this mRNA would have AAA sequence. Thus, the correct answer is 'AAA'.
What is Anticodon and codon ?A codon is a triplet or triple-nucleotide sequence that can be found on mRNA and codes for a specific amino acid during translation. The anticodon, which can be found on tRNA, is a three-nucleotide sequence that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence. The anticodon sequence identifies the amino acid that the tRNA molecule will transport.
The complementary trinucleotide sequence to the codon found in the mRNA sequence is found at one end of transfer RNA (tRNA). Anticodon examples: Cysteine is coded for by the amino acid CGA on the mRNA sequence, and the tRNA anticodon for this codon is UCU.
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A 0. 2121-g sample of an organic compound was burned in a stream of oxygen, and the co2 produced was collected in a solution of barium hydroxide. Calculate the percentage of carbon in the sample if 0. 6006 g of baco3 was formed.
The proportion of carbon within the pattern if 0. 6006 g of baco3 was shaped
BaCO3 = 0.6006 g/ 197.34 g/mol=zero.003043
Moles carbon in the sample = 0.003043
mass C = zero.003043 mol x 12.011 g/mol=zero.03656 g
% C = 0.03656 x 100/ 0.2121 =17.23
Natural compounds are a substance that includes covalently- bonded carbon and hydrogen and often with different elements. organic compounds examples are benzoic Acid, fragrant compounds, benzoic aldehyde, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, malonic acid, amines, heterocyclic compounds, VOC, benzoic acid, and diethyl malonate.
Of the numerous forms of organic compounds, four important classes are located in all residing things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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A white carnation flower is cut and placed in a flask containing water mixed with blue food color. After some time, it is observed that the petals of the flower start turning blue. Which plant tissue is responsible for transport of the blue water to the flower?
*
1 point
Captionless Image
A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Stomata
D) Chlorophyll
Answer:
Which plant tissue is responsible for the transport of blue water to the flower? ANSWER: ( A ) Xylem
Explanation:
The xylem is a plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolves minerals, from the roots to the remaining of the plant, The Xylem tissue consists of a variety of specialized, water-conducting cells known as tracheary elements. Their main role is in the transportation of food.
hiv-1 a.belongs to the lentivirus family. b.integrates as a provirus. c.all of the answers are correct. d.none of the answers are correct. e.is a retrovirus.
HIV belongs to retroviruses. HIV-1 is the common type of Human Immunodeficiency Virus that attacks immune system of the body and the virus destroys CD4 cells.
What is HIV-1?Human immunodeficiency virus is divided into : HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 was discovered first and is more prevalent whereas HIV-2 is less pathogenic and mostly confined to West Africa.
HIV-1 severely damages the immune system and leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
HIV is a retrovirus, which means that it carries single-stranded RNA as its genetic material rather than double-stranded DNA that human cells carry. Retroviruses have the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows it to copy RNA into DNA and use that DNA copy to infect human or host cells.
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When grouping and identifying living things, the classification is based on what?
Taxonomy refers to the science of categorizing living things. Scientists use classification to organize and make sense of the astonishing diversity of life. The majority of modern classifications are based on molecular similarities. They classify organisms based on their shared DNA and proteins.
How do living things get categorized?The process of classifying organisms—both living and extinct—based on shared traits is called classification in biology. Taxonomy is the scientific term for the study of naming and categorizing living things.
Level-based groupings are used. There are seven levels in total: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. In comparison to the level above it, each level is more specific. The organisms within each group are more similar as you go from kingdom to species.
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Please help! I can’t figure this out
is comprised of all the robust australopiths. a) australopithecus b) ardipithecus c) paranthropus d) orrorin
The one that is comprised of all the robust australopiths is the genus Paranthropus. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
The robust australopiths are a group of fossil hominins that existed in Africa between 2.5 and 1.4 million years ago. There is some disagreement about their proper taxonomy, but at the moment, they are considered members of the genus Paranthropus. They are mostly found in the East and Southern Africa regions.
Some characterizations of this genus are:
Large and enameled postcanine teeth.Deep and broad mandibular corpora.Extended cheekbones, laterally and anteriorly.The face looks like pulled back towards the rest of the skull (compared to other australopiths).Attached below is an image of the skull of the species P. boisei from the genus Paranthropus.
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A dog help the human find food, and the human i able to capture prey eaier then the dog. In other word they both benefit in thi interaction thi would be an example of
More than any other domestic species, dogs have been a part of human societies for a very long time. They best represent the function of companion animals than any other species.
The tight ties that develop between species pairs are referred to as symbiotic interactions. They take in many different shapes, including parasitism (when one species gains while the other suffers) and commensalism (where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped).
Mutualism is a sort of symbiotic association in which all of the participating species gain from one another. Even though mutualism is extremely complicated, it may be loosely divided into two different kinds of relationships. Some species are completely dependent on one another (obligate mutualism), whereas others benefit from their interaction yet might thrive separately (facultative mutualism).
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the efficiency of a solar cell is defined as the percentage of the total energy input that does useful work.
Most solar panels nowadays have an energy efficiency rating of 11 to 15%, which is the proportion of solar energy converted into usable power.
What is the definition of a solar cell's efficiency?The efficiency of a solar cell is defined as the ratio of solar cell output to energy input from the sun's beams. When comparing the performance of one solar cell to another, efficiency is an indication.
Solar cells are limited by the substance from which they are produced. Today, silicon is the most extensively used material for solar cells; nevertheless, despite its success, it has a theoretical efficiency limit of around 29 percent.
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In humans, an X-linked disorder called coloboma iridia (a fissure in the iris) is a recessive trait. A normal couple has an afflicted daughter. What would be the most plausible scenario for this situation?
A. Both parents are heterozygous for the trait.
B. The mother carries two recessive alleles.
C. The female is not the biological mother, but the male is the biological father.
D. The male is not the biological father, but the female is the biological mother.
E. The father carries one recessive allele, and the mother carries one recessive allele.
Answer: A.) Both parents are heterozygous for the trait.
Explanation: It says that both parents are normal but they gave birth to an afflicted daughter. This means both parents have a recessive trait. That will conclude that both parents are heterozygous. I hope this helps!
Friendly reminder: The dominant trait always takes over the recessive trait. Have a good day!
Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts?.
The sensory receptors inside the semicircular ducts will be most fully activated by a rotational movement kind of stimulation.
The inner ear, located deep inside the brain, has three little fluid-filled structures known as semicircular canals (ducts). The ampulla is a bulge seen at the end of each duct. The ampulla contains minuscule "balancing" receptors known as crista. The rotational sensory organ is called the crista ampullaris. There are three pairs altogether, one in the ampullae of each of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. The crista ampullaris is responsible for detecting angular acceleration and deceleration.
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize:
- Receptors on B-lymphocytes.
- Fragments of self proteins of infected cells
- Antigens and MHC class I
- Antigens and MHC class II
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize Antigens and MHC class I
What is Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ?To destroy cancer cells, cytotoxic T cells can be isolated from other blood cells, cultured in a lab, and then administered to a patient. White blood cells and lymphocytes both fall under the category of cytotoxic T cells. also known as a killer T cell and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte.By instructing their targets to undergo apoptosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill their prey (Fig. 8.35). Cytotoxic T cells can instruct antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes of coming into contact with them when they are mixed with target cells and quickly brought into contact by centrifugation, albeit the death may take hours to become completely visible.To learn more about Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes refer to:
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what equalizes the pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure so that the tympanic membrane can vibrate properly
The eustachian tube generally maintain the pressure so that the tympanic membrane can vibrate properly.
The eustachian tube is a connection among the center ear and the lower back of the nostril and top throat. Swallowing or yawning opens the eustachian tube and permits air to circulate or out of the center ear.
This allows equalize strain on both aspect of the ear drum. The motive of the Eustachian tube is to offer sparkling air to the center ear area and to equalize strain among the outer ear and the center ear.
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Engineers test airplane models in wind tunnels for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a. to see how aerodynamic they are.
b. because it is safer to test models than a real airplane.
c. because it is less expensive to discover problems with models than with a real airplane
d. to find out how airplanes deflect radiation.
PLEASE HELP!!
Airplane models are not tested in wind tunnels to find out how airplanes deflect radiation, option D.
What are the advantages of wind tunnel testing?Agencies like NASA make use of wind testing. The wind tunnels are used extensively by the organization. NASA uses wind tunnels primarily to learn more about airplanes and how things move through the air. One of NASA's responsibilities is to improve air transportation.
Engineers uses wind tunnels to test ideas for making aircraft better and safer, material parts and aerodynamics. The test object is secured in the tunnel so that it does not move. The object could be a small vehicle model. It could be a component of a vehicle. It could be a full-size plane or a spacecraft. This method is also cheaper.
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The diagram below shows an enzyme and a substrate it can bind. How does the structure of this enzyme help with its function?
A. Since the enzyme is larger than the substrate, catalytic reactions can occur within the enzyme itself.
B. Since the enzyme's shape matches the substrate's shape, it catalyzes only reverse reactions.
C. The enzyme's shape complements the substrate's shape, so it only catalyzes specific reactions.
D. The enzyme's active site is amorphous and can change its shape to fit any substrate.
Because the structure of the enzyme matches that of the substrate, it can only catalyze certain types of reactions. A biomolecule called an enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction.
What do you mean by Enzyme ?Catalysts are substances that accelerate chemical reactions without acting as reactants. Enzymes are the catalysts for biological reactions that take place in living things. Although certain ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules also function as enzymes, proteins make up the majority of enzymes.
The vital function of enzymes is to reduce the activation energy of a reaction, or the amount of energy required for the reaction to start. In order to facilitate the chemical bond-forming and bond-breaking processes, enzymes bind to reactant molecules and hold them in place.
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1. Determine the effects of three different temperatures on the growth rates of juvenile largemouth bass, juvenile crayfish, and filamentous algae.
2. Determine the effects of a tenfold increase in dissolved phosphorus on the same organisms' and their growth rates.
After 10 weeks, the largemouth bass fish increased in size from 200 to 300. In 10 weeks, the crayfish's mass increased from 2 to 4.5. Actually, there was no genuine growth of the algae. It changed a little but didn't expand.
What are the effects of 3 different Temperatures on the growth rates of juvenile largemouth bass ?Instead of being 18 or 19, that same 4-pound bass could be 6 or 7 years old. Not all Northern bass live to be 19, just as not all Southern bass reach a weight of 10 pounds.
Small insects, scuds, baitfish, and shrimp make up the majority of the diet of juvenile largemouth bass. The bass will start eating bigger prey as it gets older. Shad, bluegill, crawfish, snails, snakes, frogs, small aquatic birds, young alligators, and lizards are some examples of this.
The biologist aged Lenegar's bass, looked through the fisheries literature, and discovered that the oldest bass recorded was 18, establishing the New York bass as a record. Lenegar's bass most likely would have set a weight record as well if it had resided in Lake Okeechobee.
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What type of neuron carries impulses from all parts of the body to the central nervous system?.
Introducing Solid Foods Now that Quinn is five months old, her mother is wondering if she is ready to start solid foods. Click to select the factors that indicate Quinn is ready for solid foods. לו Quinn can sit up with support Quinn no longer pushes food out of her mouth with her tongue Quinn can control her own head and neck. Quinn can hold a spoon Reset
Quinn can sit up with support, Infants no longer pushes food out of her mouth with her tongue, Infants can control her own head and neck.
What are the signs of readiness for baby food?The elimination of the extrusion reflex (which propels the tongue forward and forces food out of the mouth) head and neck control, and the capacity to sit up alone are three physical indicators that a kid is ready for solid meals. Infants require extra minerals (particularly iron) that are provided by solid meals after the age of six months. Prior to then, breast milk or formula may usually satisfy their demands.When a baby is developmentally ready for solids, among other things, they can sit up properly without assistance. Baby no longer reflexively thrusts his tongue out of his mouth to eject food since he no longer possesses the tongue-thrust reflex. Baby is willing and ready to chew.To learn more about extrusion reflex refer,
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How do you think the term relates to the total number of genes a human inherits from his or her parents?.
The process by which instructions present in DNA are converted into proteins is called gene expression.
The term refers to the total number of genes inherited from a parent so that her one gene contains much of the information for building the proteins and hormones necessary for human growth. Gene expression is a term used to describe the transfer of instructions from DNA to proteins. This is a major process that helps the human body adapt to changing environments. It is the main factor controlling and regulating protein production. Transcription and translation steps are involved in the protein production process. Parents' traits, such as blood type and eye color, are passed on to their children. These are inherited through genes. It also transmits some diseases. Genes contain information about the amount of hormones and proteins produced by gene expression.
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How could you identify if a substance is an element ?
Answer: A substance that cannot be broken down into chemically simpler components is an element.
Explanation: Aluminum, which is used in soda cans, is an element. A substance that can be broken down into chemically simpler components (because it has more than one element) is a compound.
Please help ASAP! I will mark brainliest! Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of viruses. How does the virus reproduce in each of these life cycles? What happens to the host cell in each of these life cycles?
The lytic cycle of a virus involves the death of host cells, while the lysogenic life also involves attachment, entry and integration but it does not cause the death of host cells.
What are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle of a virus?The lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle of a virus represent different adaptive mechanisms to perpetuate that viruses have, which may involve the death of the host cell as occur in the lytic cycle.
The phases of the lytic cycle in viruses include:
Attachment and entryTranscription of the viral sequenceMaturation Lysis of the infected bacteriaThe phases of the lysogenic cycle in viruses include:
Attachment, entryGenome integrationMaturation of the viral componentsCell divisionThe host cells die in bacteriophages after the lytic cycle, while they may survive or not (it depends on the manipulation of the hots cel's molecular machinery) after the lysogenic cycle.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle of a virus are distinct in the sense that the lysogenic cycle does not involve the death of host cells.
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A student designed a model of active transport. In order to refine the model to be more accurate, what should be added to the diagram?
O The addition of ADP being converted to ATP should be added to the model to show that energy is being stored during the process.
O The addition of ATP being converted to ADP should be added to the model to show that energy is being used to transport materials.
O Nothing should be added
D-
The exact cause of ADHD is not well known, however, some of the factors, which can lead to the condition. These are as Genetic factors, as ADHD seems to run in families.
What is chemical imbalance?Chemical imbalance taking place in the brain, Infections, poor nutrition, smoking, substance abuse at the time of pregnancy, and drinking.The toxins like lead can influence the development of the brain of a child.
A brain disorder or brain injury, that is, destruction to the frontal part of the brain can result in the issues associated with ADHD. a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd).
Therefore, The exact cause of ADHD is not well known, however, some of the factors, which can lead to the condition. These are as Genetic factors, as ADHD seems to run in families.
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Mitchell and Emma are senior students that share a biology class. Their high school has a section on school property that has been used to grow various plants over the years. Each student is required to select a plant to study for their final project. The pictures show some of the plants that are grown on school property. The tulips, irises, and daffodils reproduce asexually. The snapdragons and the roses reproduce sexually.
Mitchell is interested in the snapdragons that reproduce sexually. He knows that purple (P) is dominant to white (w). Mitchell crosses a homozygous purple plant with a homozygous white plant. If he breeds two of the first generation offspring together, what percentage of the second generation offspring can Mitchell predict will most likely be white?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
The percentage of the species that would be white in color is 100%. Option D
What is the percent of the white species?We know that the term genotype does refer to the sum total of the genes that an organism has acquired from its parents. The phenotype has to do with the traits of an organism that are expressed.
On the other hand, we know that the phenotype of the organism would actually be produced by the known genotype of the organism. As such, one of the species is PP and the other is ww. The offspring would have the dominant genotype of the snapdragons.
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The vast fingerprint database held by the FBI can be scanned and is digitized by what instrument or technology?
Answer: computers.
Explanation: The database would cease to exist without the invention of computers and/or technology.
A nucleotide deletion early in the coding sequence of a gene would most likely result in __________.
A nucleotide deletion early in the coding sequence of a gene would most likely result in b. all of the listed choices are correct.
A deletion in a nucleotide can make the gene alters the reading frame downstream of the deleted base. That can cause addition of incorrect amino acids of the polypeptide chain.
Deletion can also change the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene. Some small deletions can remove one or a few nucleotides within a gene, while deletion on larger scale can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may also alter the function of the affected protein or proteins. Hence, deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence that causes a frameshift mutation which usually produces a nonfunctioning protein.
The above question is incomplete
a nucleotide deletion early in the coding sequence of a gene would most likely result in
a. a frameshift mutation
b. all of the listed choices are correct
c. a nonsense mutation
d. multiple missense mutations
e. a nonfunctional protein
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