Determine the total volume of all gases (at STP) formed when 50.0 mL of TNT (C3H5(NO3)3, d=1.60 g/mL, molar mass=227.10 g/mol reacts according to the following reaction

The number of molecules in 59.73 grams of the theoretical acid, borofuric acid, would be 6.44 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules.

According to Avogadro, 1 mole of any substance contains 6.022 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules.

Recall that: number of moles in a substance = mass of the substance/molar mass of the substance.

Molar mass of borofuric acid, [tex]H_2B_2O_2[/tex]:

H = 1 g/mol

B = 10.8 g/mol

O = 16 g/mol

              (1x2) + (10.8x2) + (16x2) = 55.6 g/mol

Number of moles of 59.73 grams  [tex]H_2B_2O_2[/tex] = 59.73/55.6

        = 1.07 moles

Since 1 mole = 6.022 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules

1.07 moles of borofuric acid = 1.07 x 6.022 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules.

                                            = 6.44 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules

Thus, 59.73 grams of borofuric acid contains 6.44 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules.

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The amount, in grams, of C that can form from the reaction, is 0.7414 g.

From the equation of the reaction, the mole ratio of A to that of C is 5:6.

In other words, for every 5 moles of A that reacts, 6 moles of C is produced.

Molar mass of A = 146.70 g/mol

Molar mass of C = 21.31 g/mol

Recall that: mole = mass/molar mass

Mole of 4.253 g of A = 4.253/146.70

                                  = 0.029 mol

From the mole ratio, the equivalent mol of C that will be produced is:

             0.029 x 6/5 = 0.03479 mol

mass = mole x molar mass

Mass of 0.03479 mol of C = 0.03479 x 21.31

                                            = 0.7414 g (to the appropriate sig. fig.)

In other words, the amount of C that will be produced from 4.253 g of A will be 0.7414 g.

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The cost of electricity to deposit 100g of copper from CuSO₄ will be Rs227.1

We know, m = zit

1unit current= 1kwh

Energy=Vit

m= (E. weight/F)×it

m proportional to (E. weight)×cost

m₁/m₂ = E₁/E₂ × C₁/C₂

E.weight = (Molecular weight/n-factor)

According to question,

Cu² + 2e- --- Cu

Mg² + 2e- --- Mg { n-factor of both=2}

E₁ = (molecular weight of Mg/2) = (24÷2) = 12

E₂ = (molecular weight of Cu/2) = (63.5) = 31.7

So, M₁/M₂ = E₁×C₁/E₂×C₂ (C₁=cost given)

10/100 = 12×60/31.7×C₂

C₂= Rs227.1

Therefore the cost of electricity to deposit 100g of copper from CuSO₄ will be Rs227.1

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Answer:

In this reaction, Ca(OH)2 is a reducing agent. It reacts with hydrogen chloride to form calcium chloride and water. Therefore, the following reaction shows that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCI -> CaCl2 + 2H20. The formation of calcium chloride and water from the hydrolysis of calcium hydroxide is not an example of matter being created or destroyed in a chemical reaction because it does not involve the breaking down of any bonds between atoms.

Explanation:

Answer

The new volume = 0.503 L or 503 mL

Explanation

Given:

Initial volume, V₁ = 480 mL = (480/1000) = 0.480 L

Initial temperature, T₁ = 45.0°C = (45 + 273 K) = 318 K

Final temperature, T₂ = 60.0°C = (60 + 273 K) = 333 K

What to find:

The new volume, V₂ when the temperature increases to 60.0°C.

Step-by-step solution:

Since the pressure is constant, the new volume, V₂ can be calculated using Charle's law formula.

Plugging the values of the given parameters into the formula, we have

The new volume, V₂ when the temperature increased to 60.0°C = 0.503 L or (0.503 x 1000 mL) = 503 mL

When the partial pressure of oxygen is 156 torr and the atmospheric pressure is 743 torr, the mole fraction of oxygen is 0.210.

Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases. The partial pressure of a gas depends on its mole fraction.

The relationship between the partial pressure of a gas and the total pressure is given by Dalton's law, which states that the sum of the partial pressures is equal to the total pressure.

We can calculate the partial pressure of oxygen using the mathematical expression of Dalton's law:

pO₂ = P × X(O₂)

X(O₂) = pO₂ / P

X(O₂) = 156 torr / 743 torr = 0.210

where,

The mole fraction of oxygen is 0.210 when its partial pressure is 156 torr and the atmospheric pressure is 743 torr.

The complete question is:

The partial pressure of oxygen was observed To be 156 torr in air with a total atmospheric pressure of 743 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of oxygen present.

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The advise which would be given to the engineers is for them to determine the limiting reactant so water will not be in excess.

This is referred to as the reactant which is completely used up in a chemical reaction and it helps to determine when the reaction stops. In this scenario, either water, lemon juice or sugar is a limiting reactant.

The best option in this scenario is to tell the engineers to determine the limiting reactant so  as to ensure that the quality of lemonade made is maximized and is therefore the right choice.

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To solve the problem we will assume the following:

1. Air behaves as an ideal gas during all the process.

2. The initial air equivalent to 8200L is at atmospheric pressure. It means 1 atm.

3. The temperature remains constant.

Taking into account the above, we can apply the Boyle-Marriote Law that relates the change in pressure and volume at constant temperature. The equation that we will use will be:

Where,

P1 is the atmospheric pressure. 1atm

V1 is the initial volume of air required, 8200L

P2 is the final pressure we want to find

V2 is the final volume, it means the volume of the spherical air tank. We will calculate this volume using the volume equation for a sphere:

r is the radius of the sphere, r=73cm/2=36.5cm

So, the volume of the spherical air tank will be:

No, we clear P2 from the first equation and replace known data:

The pressure of the gas must be 40.3 atm

Answer: 40.3

The first column represent the alkali metal, the second column represent alkaline earth metals, the 3rd horizontal middle block is d block, the right 6 columns of the periodic table represent p block and the rightest column is noble gas.

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Answer:

In order to understand the Maxwell equations and relations derived from Maxwell relations, you will have to know Euler's Reciprocity.

 It states that for any state thermodynamic quantity (let x and y) having a state function phi, it must satisfy the following condition.

[tex](\frac{ {∂}^{2}\phi }{∂x \cdot∂y}) = (\frac{ {∂}^{2}\phi }{∂y \cdot∂x})[/tex]

Maxwell equations: These are a set of equations derived from the application of Euler's Reciprocity. The four Maxwell equations are as follows:

[tex]dH = TdS + VdP[/tex]

[tex]dG = VdP - SdT[/tex]

[tex]dA = -PdV - SdT[/tex]

[tex]dU = TdS - PdV[/tex]

Let's derive each Maxwell relations step by step,

1) dH = TdS + VdP

Enthalpy is a function of Entropy & Pressure

[tex] \sf \qquad \qquad H = f(S,P)[/tex]

[tex]dH = TdS + VdP[/tex]

[tex]dH = (\frac{∂H}{∂S})_{_P} dS + (\frac{∂H}{∂P})_{_S}dP[/tex]

Comparing both the above equation,

[tex]T = (\frac{∂H}{∂S})_{_P}[/tex]

[tex]V =(\frac{∂H}{∂P})_{_S}[/tex]

now we know that Enthalpy is a state function hence applying cross reciprocality,

[tex](\frac{∂V}{∂S})_{_P}= (\frac{∂T}{∂P})_{_S}[/tex]

This is called the first Maxwell relation,

Similarly,

2) dG = -SdT + VdP

Free energy is a function of Temperature & Pressure,

[tex] \sf \qquad \qquad G = f(T,P)[/tex]

[tex]dG = -SdT + VdP[/tex]

[tex]dG = (\frac{∂G}{∂P})_{_T} dP + (\frac{∂G}{∂T})_{_P}dT[/tex]

Comparing both the above equation,

[tex](\frac{∂G}{∂P})_{_T} = V [/tex]

[tex] (\frac{∂G}{∂T})_{_P}= -S[/tex]

now we know that Free energy is a state function hence applying cross reciprocality,

[tex]-(\frac{∂S}{∂T})_{_P}= (\frac{∂V}{∂P})_{_T}[/tex]

This is called the second Maxwell relation,

3) dA = -PdV - SdT

helmholtz free energy is a function of Temperature & Volume,

[tex] \sf \qquad \qquad A = f(T,V)[/tex]

[tex]dA = -PdV - SdT[/tex]

[tex]dA = (\frac{∂A}{∂V})_{_T} dV + (\frac{∂A}{∂T})_{_V}dT[/tex]

Comparing both the above equation,

[tex](\frac{∂A}{∂V})_{_T} = -P [/tex]

[tex] (\frac{∂A}{∂T})_{_V}= -S[/tex]

now we know that helmholtz free energy is a state function hence applying cross reciprocality,

[tex]-(\frac{∂S}{∂V})_{_T}= -(\frac{∂P}{∂T})_{_V}[/tex]

[tex](\frac{∂S}{∂V})_{_T}= (\frac{∂P}{∂T})_{_V}[/tex]

This is called the third Maxwell relation,

4) dU = TdS - PdV

Internal energy is a function of Entropy & Volume,

[tex] \sf \qquad \qquad A = f(S,V)[/tex]

[tex]dU = TdS - PdV [/tex]

[tex]dU = (\frac{∂U}{∂S})_{_V} dS + (\frac{∂U}{∂V})_{_S}dV[/tex]

Comparing both the above equation,

[tex](\frac{∂U}{∂V})_{_S} = -P [/tex]

[tex] (\frac{∂U}{∂S})_{_V}= T[/tex]

now we know that Internal energy is a state function hence applying cross reciprocality,

[tex](\frac{∂T}{∂V})_{_S}= -(\frac{∂P}{∂S})_{_V}[/tex]

This is called the fourth Maxwell relation,

The main significance of the Maxwell relation is that those thermodynamic quantities which are unmeasurable can be replaced with measurable quantities with the help of the Maxwell relation.

The derivative of the extensive asset in relation to the extensive asset gives the intensive asset; with respect to the intensive asset, the derivative of the extensive asset gives the extensive asset. This is the result of the overall Maxwell relations.

The coefficient of expansion and compression of a gas in thermodynamics is the application of the Maxwell relations.

There are 3 coefficients introduced,

Coefficient of thermal expansion (expansivity) α

[tex]α= \frac{1}{V} (\frac{∂V}{∂T} )_{_P}[/tex]

Coefficient of isothermal compressibility β

[tex]β = -\frac{1}{V} (\frac{∂V}{∂P} )_{_T}[/tex]

Isochoric thermal expansion coefficient γ

[tex] γ= \frac{1}{P} (\frac{∂P}{∂T} )_{_V}[/tex]

For ideal gases,

PV = nRT

For one mole ideal gas (n=1),

PV = RT

Taking derivative with respect to T at constant pressure,

[tex]V(\frac{∂P}{∂T} )_{_P}+ P(\frac{∂V}{∂T} )_{_P}= R(\frac{∂T}{∂T} )_{_P}[/tex]

At constant pressure ∂P = 0, & R.H.S = 1, hence

[tex](\frac{∂V}{∂T} )_{_P}= \frac{R}{P}[/tex]

[tex]α= \frac{1}{V} (\frac{∂V}{∂T} )_{_P}[/tex]

[tex]α= \frac{1}{V} \cdot \frac{R}{P}[/tex]

[tex]\sf Also, PV=RT\\ \frac{R}{PV} = \frac{1}{T}[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{α= \frac{1}{T}}[/tex]

Following the same procedure, by taking derivating w.r.t. pressure at constant temperature.

[tex]V(\frac{∂P}{∂P} )_{_T}+ P(\frac{∂V}{∂P} )_{_T}= R(\frac{∂T}{∂P} )_{_T}[/tex]

[tex]V+ P(\frac{∂V}{∂P} )_{_T}= 0[/tex]

[tex](\frac{∂V}{∂P} )_{_T}= \frac{-V}{P}[/tex]

Substituting the above value in,

[tex]β = -\frac{1}{V} (\frac{∂V}{∂P} )_{_T}[/tex]

[tex]β = -\frac{1}{V} \cdot \frac{-V}{P}[/tex]

[tex] \boxed{β = \frac{1}{P}}[/tex]

Repeating the same procedure again, i.e. derivative w.r.t. T at constant volume

[tex]V(\frac{∂P}{∂T} )_{_V}+ P(\frac{∂V}{∂T} )_{_V}= R(\frac{∂T}{∂T} )_{_V}[/tex]

At constant Volume ∂V = 0, and R.H.S = 1, hence overall equation becomes,

[tex]V(\frac{∂P}{∂T} )_{_V} = R \\ (\frac{∂P}{∂T} )_{_V} = \frac{R}{V}[/tex]

Substituting above value in,

[tex]γ= \frac{1}{P} (\frac{∂P}{∂T} )_{_V}[/tex]

[tex]γ= \frac{1}{P} \cdot \frac{R}{V}[/tex]

[tex] \boxed{γ= \frac{1}{T}}[/tex]

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The Maxwell equation in thermodynamics is very important and useful because the set of relations allows the scientists to change specific unknown quantities.

The Maxwell equation in thermodynamics is very useful because this is the set of relations that allows physicists to change certain unknown quantities that are hard to measure in the real world. These quantities need to be replaced by many easily measured quantities. Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics that are derivable from the second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamic potentials. These relations are named for the nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell. So entropy and pressure are the natural variables of enthalpy. Maxwell relations are thermodynamic equations that establish the relations between various thermodynamic quantities in equilibrium and other fundamental quantities known as thermodynamical potentials

So we can conclude that Maxwell's thermodynamics are the set of relations allows the scientists to change unknown quantities.

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Answer:

1.25 M

Explanation:

(Step 1)

Convert grams to moles using the molar mass of Na₂O.

Atomic Mass (Na): 22.990 g/mol

Atomic Mass (O): 15.999 g/mol

Molar Mass (Na₂O): 2(22.990 g/mol) + 15.999 g/mol

Molar Mass (Na₂O): 61.979 g/mol

 34.8 g Na₂O               1 mole
----------------------  x  ---------------------  =  0.561 moles Na₂O
                                    61.979 g

(Step 2)

Convert milliliters to liters.

1,000 mL = 1 L

 450.0 mL                 1 L
------------------  x  -------------------  =  0.4500 L
                             1,000 mL

(Step 3)

Calculate the molarity using the molarity ratio.

Molarity = moles / volume (L)

Molairty = 0.561 moles / 0.4500 L

Molarity = 1.25 M

The following are the examples of a chemical property of a substance;

1) A banana reacts with orange and turns brown

2) Iron will rust when exposed to oxygen and water

3) Iron will react with acid to form iron chloride.

The term chemical reaction has to do with the change in the properties of substances that are combined together in order to yield a product. Recall that the properties of the reactant change as the product is formed.

When a chemical reaction occurs

1: A new color may appear

2) A new gas may be seen

3) The temperature may be changed

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Based on the kinetic molecular theory, the statements that are true of the gas particles are as follows:

The Kinetic Molecular Theory is the theory that molecules of a gas are in constant random motion colliding with one another and with the wall of their container.

These collisions between the gas molecules are perfectly elastic and are responsible for the pressure of gas molecules.

The higher the kinetic energy of the gas molecules, the higher the temperature of the gas.

The kinetic molecular theory explains the physical state of gases since gas molecules have negligible intermolecular forces.

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Complete question:

Imagine the movement of gas particles in a closed container. According to the kinetic molecular theory, which statements below are true of the gas particles? Check all that apply. Gas particles act like tiny, solid spheres. Gas particles are in constant, random motion. Gas particles at lower temperatures move faster. Collisions are elastic, there is no energy lost as the particle hits the sides of the container. Slower moving particles collide more often and with more force with the container.

The first step to solve this problem is to find the number of moles of NaCl in 50.0mL of 0.100M NaCl. To do it, convert the volume of solution to liters and multiply it by the concentration of the solution (M=mol/L).

Now, use the molar mass of NaCl to find the mass of 0.005moles of it (MM=58.44g/mol):

It means that you have to add 0.2922g to 50mL of water.

Answer

B) 47.0

Explanation

If at STP, exactly 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L

Then, 2.1 moles of O₂ gas at STP will occupy x L container

To get x L, cross multiply and divide both sides by 1 mole.

Therefore, the size of the container (in Liters) needed to hold 2.1 mol O₂ gas at STP is 47.0 L

Ans6

wer:

b

Explanation:

Answer:

rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, involving the production of heat and light.

Explanation:

Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer.

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The enthalpy change, ΔH of the process:  A → C + E  is -125 kJ.

The enthalpy change of a reaction is the sum of the heat changes that occur as reactants combine to form products.

The enthalpy change of the reaction is given by the following formula:

The delta H for the process A → C + E is given as follows;

1. A ─→ B ΔH = ─100 kJ

2. B ─→ C + D ΔH = ─50 kJ

3. E ─→ D delta H = ─25 kJ

-3. D → E = +25 kJ

A → C + D = 1 + 2 + (- 3)

A → C + E = (- 100 - 50 + 25) kJ

A → C + E = -125 kJ

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Yes, the experimentation with corn and other crops led to the development of new fuels called biofuels.

Biofuel is a biodegradable,  inexhaustible, fuel that is produced from Biomass. Biofuel is considered the easiest available and pure fuel on the earth. Biofuels are manufactured from biomass such as wood and straw, which are liberated by direct combustion of dry matter and converted into a gaseous and liquid fuel.

The organic matter such as sludge, sewage, and vegetable oils, can be changed into biofuels by a wet process such as fermentation and digestion. Biofuel is available in all regions of the world, and mainly includes fuels such as Biodiesel, Bioethanol, and Bio methanol.

The two types of biofuels are bioethanol and biodiesel most commonly used these days. Both of these biofuels are the first generation of biofuel technology.

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The percent ionization of an acidic solution can be calculated from the H+ concentration. the percent ionization of the monoprotic acid of 0.141 M is 18.23 %.

Percent ionization of an acidic solution is the percent of H+ ions in the solution. Thus, mathematically, it is the ratio of H+ ion concentration to the concentration of solution multiplied by 100.

Let HA be the monoprotic acid when it ionizes, forming equal concentration of H+ and A- let it be x. Thus ionization  constant can be written as follows:

Ka = [x]² /[HA]

0.00469 =[x]²/[0.141 M]

   [X] = 0.025. = [H+]

Percentage ionization  = (0.025 M / 0.141 M)× 100

                                      = 18.23 %

Therefore percentage ionization of the acid is 18.23%.

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The enthalpy of formation (ΔH°) of the given chemical reaction is equal to -905.3 KJ/mol.

The standard enthalpy of formation is defined as the change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance is formed from its pure elements under the standard state (1 atm of pressure and 298.15 K).

The standard enthalpy of formation is the energy released or absorbed when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituents under standard conditions. The symbol of the standard enthalpy of formation is represented by  [tex]\triangle {H^o_f}[/tex].

The equation for the standard enthalpy change of formation  for a balanced chemical reaction is shown below,

ΔH° (reaction)  =  ∑ [ΔH° of (products)− ∑ ΔH° of (Reactants)]

The standard enthalpy of the formation of fluorine gas = 0

The standard enthalpy of the formation of iodine gas = 62.23 KJ/mol

The standard enthalpy of the formation of IF₅ = -843 KJ/mol

ΔH° (reaction)  = - 843 - 62.23 = - 905 .3 KJ/mol

Therefore, the enthalpy of formation (ΔH°) of the given chemical reaction is -905.3 KJ/mol.

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The amount of work (in J ) is involved in a chemical reaction if the volume decreases from 4.25 to 1.97 L against a constant pressure of 0.838 atm is: 8.78 Joules.

The work done by an object can be calculated by multiplying the force acting on it by the perpendicular distance covered by the physical object. Also, the work done during a chemical reaction can be determined by multiplying the change in volume by the accompanying level of pressure.

Mathematically, the work done by a system is given by the formula:

Work done = PΔV = P(V₂ - V₁)

Where:

Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;

Work done = 0.038(4.25 - 1.97)

Work done = 0.038(2.28)

Work done = 0.08664 L.atm

Next, we would convert L.atm to Joules:

Work done = 101.325 × 0.08664

Work done = 8.78 Joules.

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Answer:

Explanations:

Given the chemical reaction

Given the following

Mass of Ag2SO4 = 30grams

Mass of KCl = 10grams

Determine the moles of the reactants

B) B) Since the 1 moles of KCl is lower than the moles of Ag2SO4, hence KCl willl be the limiting reactant.

A) A) According to stoichiometry, 2 moles of KCl produces 2 moles of AgCl, the mass of AgCl produced will be given as;

C) According to stoichiometry, 2 moles of KCl produces 1 moles of K2SO4, the mole of K2SO4 produced is;

The partial pressure is the individual pressure of a gas. The partial pressure of gas A is 1.11 × 10⁻⁴atm.

What is partial pressure?

In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure of a gas is the individual pressure of that gas in the mixture of gases.

Given the reaction; A (g) → 3 B (g)

Kp = P(B)³/PA

Where Kp  = 67900

PB = 2.00 atm

67900 = (2)³/PA

PA =  (2)³/67900

PA = 1.11 × 10⁻⁴atm

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Answer: You need to research what ever you are working on and find 2 examples.

Explanation:

The atomic radius of boron atom is 0.09nm

What is an atomic radius?

Atomic radius, also known as atomic radii, is the total distance between an atom's nucleus and its electron's outermost orbital.

Atomic radius is thus defined as: The  distance from the nucleus's center to the edge of its surrounding electron shells.

The radius of an atom is comparable to a circle's radius. The electron's most distant orbital is likened to the circle's outside edge, and the nucleus to the circle's center. The position of the outermost electron is unclear, making it challenging to calculate the atomic radii.

According to the question,

1m = 10-9nm

So, 9*10-11m = 0.09nm

The atomic radius of boron atom is 0.09nm

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Answer:By combining two or more substances, a mixture is produced. A homogeneous solution tends to be identical, no matter how you sample it. Homogeneous mixtures are sources of water, saline solution, some alloys, and bitumen. Sand, oil and water, and chicken noodle soup are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

Explanation: