Answer: the mass of 7.55 x 10^21 molecules of water is 0.226 g, which corresponds to option (c).
Explanation: The atomic weight of water (H2O) is:
2(1.008 g/mol) + 15.999 g/mol = 18.015 g/mol
Avogadro's number (NA) is:
6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol
To calculate the mass of 7.55 x 10^21 particles of water, able to utilize the taking after equation:
mass = (number of atoms / Avogadro's number) x atomic weight
mass = (7.55 x 10^21 / 6.022 x 10^23) x 18.015 g/mol
mass = 0.226 g
An solution of antifreeze is prepared by mixing 47.0mL of ethylene glycol (d = 1.11 g/mL; molar mass = 62.07 g/mol) with 50.0 mL H2O (d = 1.00 g/mL) at 25°C. If the density of the antifreeze solution is 1.07 g/mL, what is its molarity?
If the density of antifreeze solution is 1.07 g/mL, then the molarity of the antifreeze solution is calculated as 8.66 M.
What is meant by molarity?Number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of the solution is defined as molarity.
As we know, moles of EG = mass of EG / molar mass of EG
Mass of EG = 47.0 mL × 1.11 g/mL = 52.17 g
Moles of EG = 52.17 g / 62.07 g/mol = 0.840 mol
Total volume = 47.0 mL + 50.0 mL = 97.0 mL
So, mass of solution = volume of solution × density of solution
mass of solution = 97.0 mL × 1.07 g/mL = 103.79 g
As, molarity =moles of solute /volume of solution
Molarity = 0.840 mol / (97.0 mL / 1000 mL/L) = 8.66 M
Therefore, the molarity of the antifreeze solution is 8.66 M.
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you found ΔTb = 5.3 C in the last stp. Use this an the information below to find the boiling pint of the solution(BP solutions)
To solve molality use the following equation: ΔTb = Kb x molality.
How to solve molality?Molality (m) is a measure of the concentration of a solution and is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. To calculate molality, follow these steps:
Determine the mass of the solvent (in kilograms) used to make the solution. This can be measured directly or calculated from the volume and density of the solvent.Determine the number of moles of solute present in the solution. This can be calculated by dividing the mass of solute by its molar mass.Divide the number of moles of solute by the mass of the solvent (in kilograms). This gives the molality of the solution in units of moles per kilogram (mol/kg).To find the boiling point of the solution (BP solutions), the boiling point elevation constant (Kb) of the solvent and the molality of the solution. With these values, we can use the following equation:
ΔTb = Kb x molality
where ΔTb is the boiling point elevation, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant of the solvent, and molality is the molal concentration of the solution.
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Example Scenario:
Leah finished her lunch. All that is left is her plastic sandwich bag. Lea thinks there is no longer anything in the bag, but Paul disagrees. He thinks the bag is filled with air and air is something.
They decide to test their ideas by measuring and comparing the mass and volume of an empty flat and sealed plastic bag with one that has been inflated with air and sealed. Lea thinks that matter does not exist if it cannot be seen. Paul thinks matter can exist even when it's not visible.
Here is the data they collected:
The data collected by Leah and Paul supports Paul's opinion that matter can exist even when it is not visible.
What is support?Support is a term used to describe a range of services and resources offered to individuals in need. It can refer to providing help with practical tasks, such as helping someone to manage their finances or providing transport to medical appointments. It can also refer to providing emotional or social support. This could involve providing counselling or having regular conversations to help someone to feel understood and supported. Support can also refer to offering advice and guidance, or providing a safe space for someone to talk and express their feelings. In its broadest sense, support is about helping someone to have the best quality of life they can.
This is because the mass of the inflated bag is greater than the mass of the empty bag despite the fact that the volume of the inflated bag is much greater. This shows that the inflated bag contains air, which is matter, even though it cannot be seen.
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What mass in grams of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr in the following chemical reaction?
Sn(s) + 4 HBr(aq) → SnBr₄ (aq) + 2 H₂ (g)
26.71 g mass of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr.
What is mass ?
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object or substance. It is often expressed in units of grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Mass is a fundamental property of matter and is different from weight, which is the force exerted on an object by gravity and varies depending on the object's location. Mass can be measured using a balance or scale, and is an important factor in many chemical calculations and experiments, such as determining the amount of reactants needed for a reaction or the concentration of a solution.
First, we need to determine the number of moles of HBr in the solution:
moles of HBr = Molarity x Volume
moles of HBr = 0.750 mol/L x 1.20 L
moles of HBr = 0.900 mol
According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of Sn reacts with 4 moles of HBr to produce 1 mole of SnBr₄. Therefore, the number of moles of Sn required can be calculated as:
moles of Sn = (moles of HBr) / 4
moles of Sn = 0.900 mol / 4
moles of Sn = 0.225 mol
The molar mass of Sn is 118.71 g/mol, so the mass of Sn required can be calculated as:
mass of Sn = moles of Sn x molar mass of Sn
mass of Sn = 0.225 mol x 118.71 g/mol
mass of Sn = 26.71 g
Therefore, 26.71 g of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr.
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Complete question is: 26.71 g mass in grams of tin would be required to completely react with 1.20 L of 0.750 M HBr in the chemical reaction. Sn(s) + 4 HBr(aq) → SnBr₄ (aq) + 2 H₂ (g)
chemist prepares a solution of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) by measuring out 0.181 micro mol of calcium sulfate into a 100. mL volumetric flask and filling the flask to the mark with water.
Calculate the concentration in micro mol/L of the chemist's calcium sulfate solution. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
Answer:
1.81 micromol/L.
Explanation:
The concentration of a solution is calculated by dividing the amount of solute by the volume of the solution. In this case, the amount of calcium sulfate is 0.181 micromol and the volume of the solution is 100 mL. So, the concentration of calcium sulfate in the solution is (0.181 micro mol) / (100 mL) = **1.81 micro mol/L
its e00 molew then asg hol
The average kinetic energy of particles is affected by both the mass of the particles and
how fast they move. While mass plays an important role, how fast the particles move
affects the energy much more. Temperature reflects the amount of kinetic energy a
sample's particles has.
Which of the following has the least thermal energy?
20 g of metal at 70°C
10 g of metal at 70°C
20 g of metal at 10°C
10 g of metal at 10°C
Answer:
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Therefore, the substance with the least thermal energy would be the one with the lowest temperature and the lowest mass.
Using this information, we can see that the substance with the least thermal energy is 10 g of metal at 10°C. This is because it has both a lower temperature and a lower mass than the other substances listed. The other substances have a higher temperature and/or a higher mass, which means they have more kinetic energy and therefore more thermal energy.
Determine the freezing point of an aqueous solution that is 0.24 m in sucrose.
Name the following compounds NH4CI
The compound NH4Cl or ammonium chloride is composed of two ions: ammonium ion (NH4+) and chloride ion (Cl-). The ammonium ion is a polyatomic cation made up of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms, while the chloride ion is a monatomic anion made up of one chlorine atom.
Determine the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 119 g ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in 425 g water.
What is the mass of percent of 10 g solute in 105 g solvent?
The mass of the percent of the 10 g solute in the 105 g solvent is 8.69 %.
The mass of the solute = 10 g
The mass of the solvent = 105 g
The mass of the solution = 10 g + 105 g
The mass of the solution = 115 g
The mass of the percent is expressed as :
The mass of percent = ( mass of solute / mass of solution ) × 100 %
The mass of solute = 10 g
The mass of solution = 115 g
The mass of percent = ( 10 / 115 ) × 100 %
The mass of percent = 8.69 %
Thus, the mass of percent is 8.69 % and the mass of solute is 10 and the mass of the solution is 115 g.
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the acids show to the right cover a range of pH values Use what you know about acids bases and concentrations to label the test tubes in order from most acidic to most basic
Please note that the actual pH values and corresponding labels may vary depending on the specific pH range of the acids and bases you are using in your experiment.
What is pH?
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is a scale that ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral. A pH value less than 7 indicates acidity, with lower values indicating higher acidity. A pH value greater than 7 indicates basicity, with higher values indicating higher basicity.
pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of H+ ions, which makes the solution more acidic.
It's important to measure and record the actual pH values of the solutions in the test tubes to accurately determine their acidity or basicity.
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The acids and bases shown right cover a range of pH values. Use
what you know about acids, bases, and concentration to label the
test tubes, in order, from most acidic to most basic.
A benzoic acid pellet weighing 6.54 g is placed in a bomb calorimeter along with 0.35 g fuse wire. The benzoic acid is ignited, and the temperature rise is 3.6°. What is the heat capacity of this calorimeter?
If both compounds are strong electrolytes, which compound would have the higher conductivity
Show a greater conductivity than the covalent compound. This is because of the existence of strong electrostatic forces between the ions of the ionic compounds.
What are the forces ?A force is an external agent capable of changing a body's state of rest or motion. It has a magnitude and a direction.A force is not something that an object contains or 'has in it'. A force is exerted on one object by another. The idea of a force is not limited to living things or non-living things.
What are ions ?it is formed by the loss or gain of an electron by an atom. Ions are of two types: cations and anions. For example, A sodium ion (Na+ ) is formed when a sodium atom loses one electron.
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A vessel with a volume of 18.9 L contains 2.80 g of nitrogen gas, 0.807 g of hydrogen gas, and 79.9 g argon gas. At 25°C, what is the pressure in the vessel?
The pressure in the vessel is 3.76 atm.
To find the pressure in the vessel, we can use the ideal gas law, which states:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
First, we need to calculate the total number of moles of gas in the vessel:
n(total) = n(N₂) + n(H₂) + n(Ar)
We can find the number of moles of each gas using the formula:
n = m/M
where m is the mass of the gas and M is the molar mass of the gas.
n(N₂) = 2.80 g / 28.01 g/mol = 0.0999 mol
n(H₂) = 0.807 g / 2.02 g/mol = 0.400 mol
n(Ar) = 79.9 g / 39.95 g/mol = 2.00 mol
n(total) = 0.0999 mol + 0.400 mol + 2.00 mol = 2.50 mol
Next, we can convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:
T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
Finally, we can plug in the values into the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
P(18.9 L) = (2.50 mol)(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(298.15 K)
P = (2.50 mol)(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(298.15 K) / (18.9 L)
P = 3.76 atm
Therefore, the pressure in the vessel is 3.76 atm.
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Using the equations
2 Ha (g) + O2 (g) - > 2 H20 (1)
AH° = -572 kJ
Ca (s) + ½ O2 (g) -> CaO (s)
AH° = -635 kJ
CaO (s) + H,O (1) -> Ca(OH)2 (s) AH° = -64 kJ
Determine the enthalpy for the reaction
Ca (s) + 2 H,0 (1) -> Ca(OH), (S) + Ha (g).
-1271 kJ
-413 kJ
-985 kJ
-364 kJ
-285 kJ
The enthalpy for the following reaction Ca (s) + 2 H₂O → Ca(OH)₂(s) + H₂ (g) is -365kJ.
What is enthalpy?A thermodynamic system's enthalpy, which is one of its properties, is calculated by adding the system's internal energy to the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function that is frequently employed in measurements of chemical, biological, and physical systems at constant pressure, which the sizable surrounding environment conveniently provides. The pressure-volume concept describes the effort needed to create space for the system by displacing its surrounds in order to determine its physical dimensions.For solids and liquids under typical conditions, the pressure-volume term is relatively tiny, whereas it is only somewhat small for gases. As a result, in chemical systems, enthalpy serves as a stand-in for energy; for example, in chemistry, "energies" like bond, lattice, and solvation are actually differences in enthalpy.
The enthalpy for the reaction Ca (s) + 2 H₂O (1) -> Ca(OH)₂ (s) + H₂ (g) is -365 kJ. This can be calculated by using the calculated enthalpy values of the three given reactions above and the law of Hess's.
First, let's look at the given reactions:
2 H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2 H₂0
ΔH° = -572 kJ
Ca (s) + ½ O₂ (g) →CaO (s)
ΔH° = -635 kJ
CaO (s) + H2O → Ca(OH)₂ (s)
ΔH° = -64 kJ
Now let's calculate the enthalpy for the reaction Ca (s) + 2 H2O (1) -> Ca(OH)₂ (s) + H₂ (g):
ΔH° = [2(-64 kJ) + (-572 kJ) + (-635 kJ)] - (-572 kJ + (-64 kJ + (-635 kJ))
ΔH° = -365 kJ
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Question
How do plants make their own food?
Drag and drop the words into the boxes to correctly complete the explanation.
The process of Response area allows plants to make their own food. In this process, plants capture the energy of Response area. They use the energy to combine Response area and water. The products include Response area, which is food for the plant. The other product is Response area, which the plant releases into the air.
The answers we got
sunlight
photosynthesis
oxygen
carbon dioxide
glucose
pls help its a master and i have a week or 2 left
Photosynthesis is the method by which plants produce their own food. Plants and other living things employ the process of photosynthesis to transform light into chemical energy that is then stored as starch that can be used at a later time. A vital step in plant growth is photosynthesis.
In your own words, describe how plants produce their own food ?.As autotrophs, plants produce their own sustenance. During the process of photosynthesis, they turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into oxygen or simple sugars that the plant uses as fuel. These fundamental producers, which form the basis of an ecosystem, provide food for subsequent trophic levels.
Why is light essential for plants to produce food?Plants use the energy of a sun's light during the process of photosynthesis. Where the carbon dioxide and water are combined to create glucose, which the plants use as nourishment, using the trapped light energy to convert into chemical energy.
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How many moles of KBr are dissolved in 60.2 mL of a 3.50 M solution?
There are 0.2107 moles of KBr are dissolved in 60.2 mL of a 3.50 M solution.
The molarity of a substance is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 litre of a solution.
According to the given data, the molarity of the solution tells us that there are 3.50 moles of KBr in 1000mL of solution. But we only have 60.2mL of solution, so with a mathematical rule of three we can calculate the amount of moles in 60.2mL:
1000 ml - 3.50 moles
60.2 ml -x = 60.2 ml× 3.50 moles/1000 ml
x= 60.2 ml -0.2107 moles
So, there are 0.2107 moles of KBr.
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Which of the following is a way that animals can help the environment? (2 points)
a
Overpopulating
b
Producing oxygen
c
Spreading disease
d
Spreading seeds
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O
Go out to 3 decimal places for all values except 0.
In this reaction, 48.5 g of Ca(OH)2 and 32.8 g of HCl:
1) Determine how many moles of each reactant are present at the beginning of the reaction.
2) Convert one of the reactants into moles of the other reactant to determine whether or not it is the limiting reactant.
3) Convert moles of the excess reactant into moles of the product.
Moles of HCL present in the reaction is 0.899 moles
What is moles?The mole is the unit of substance that is equal to the number of atoms in 0.012 kilogrammes of carbon 12 and is represented by the sign "mol".
What is reaction?chemical reaction, the transformation of one or more chemicals (the reactants) into one or more distinct compounds (the products). Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances. In a chemical reaction, the atoms that make up the reactants are rearranged to produce various products.
Use the following formula to calculate the moles of each reactant present at the start of the reaction:
Molar mass divided by mass equals a mole.
The molar mass of HCl is 36.461 g/mol (1.008 g/mol for H and 35.453 g/mol for Cl), while the molar mass of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] is 74.093 g/mol (40.078 g/mol for Ca, plus 215.999 g/mol for O and 21.008 g/mol for H).
Consequently, the amount of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] in the starting moles of the reaction is:
[tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] moles are equal to 48.5 g / 74.093 g/mol, or 0.654 moles.
At the start of the reaction, there are: moles of HCl present.
32.8 g of HCl divided by 36.461 g/mol yields 0.899 moles.
Since we have only 0.899 moles of HCl present, it is the limiting reactant. This means that all of the [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] will react, and some of the HCl will be left over.
To convert this to grams, we use the formula:
mass = moles x molar mass
The molar mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] is 110.984 g/mol (40.078 g/mol for Ca and 2*35.453 g/mol for Cl).
Therefore, the mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] produced is:
mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] = 0.654 moles x 110.984 g/mol = 72.6 g
So, 48.5 g of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] and 32.8 g of HCl will produce 72.6 g of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] and 2 moles of [tex]H_2O[/tex].
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solid nickel (ii) chlorate is heated in a test tube resulting in the production of solid nickel(ii) chloride and oxygen
balance equation(state)?
type of reaction
How many moles of AgI will be formed when 75.0 mL of 0.300 M AgNO3 is completely reacted according to the balanced chemical reaction:
2AgNO₃(aq)+ Cal2(aq)-->2Agl(s)+Ca(NO3)2(aq))
The number of moles of AgI that will be formed when 75.0 mL of 0.300 M AgNO₃ is completely reacted is 0.0225 moles.
How to calculate number of moles?The number of moles of a substance can be calculated from a stoichiometric approach.
Stoichiometry is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).
According to this question, the following reaction is given: 2AgNO₃(aq) + Cal2(aq)-->2Agl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
moles of AgNO₃ = 0.075 × 0.3 = 0.0225 moles
If 2 moles of AgNO₃ reacted to produce 2 moles of AgI, then 0.0225 moles of AgI will also be produced.
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Which of the following reactions is associated with the lattice energy of MgSe (ΔH°latt)?
Mg(s) + Se(s) → MgS(s)
Mg2⁺(g) + Se2⁻(g) → MgSe(s)
Mg2⁺(aq) + Se2⁻(aq) → MgSe(s)
MgS(s) → Mg(s) + Se(s)
MgSe(s) → Mg2⁺(aq) + Se2⁻(aq)
Answer: Mg2⁺(g) + Se2⁻(g) → MgSe(s)
Explanation: This response includes the arrangement of one mole of MgSe(s) from its constituent vaporous particles, and the discharge of cross section vitality. The other responses recorded don't include the arrangement of MgSe from its constituent particles within the gas stage, so they are not related with the grid vitality of MgSe.
In the alkene, when treated with HCl, it shows an increase in weight of 52.14%. what is the molecular formula of alkene?
Answer:
CnH2n
Explanation:
Alkenes are either branched or unbranched hydrocarbons with at least one carbon–carbon double bond (CC) and have a general formula of CnH2n.
What is the basic mechanism of immunohistochemistry technique?
Answer:
I hope this helps :)
Explanation:
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful technique that exploits the specific binding between an antibody and antigen to detect and localize specific antigens in cells and tissue, most commonly detected and examined with the light microscope.Jan 1, 2020
Which term is best used to classify sodium chloride mixed in water (salt water) at room temperature?
The term that best classifies sodium chloride mixed in water at room temperature is a homogeneous mixture or solution.
~~~Harsha~~~
Answer:
It is homogeneous
Explanation:
What would be the bond type (covalent, polar covalent, ionic) for both B-H bonds in BH2? Explain in a short sentence.
Answer: non-polar covalent
Explanation:
If two atoms have an electronegativity difference of 0.4 or less, they form a non-polar covalent bond.
B is 2.04 electronegativity
H is 2.20 electronegativity
the electronegativity difference is 0.16.
this is less than 0.4 so the bonds are non-polar covalent.
Can someone help! The diagram shows a cross section of the Earth near its surface.
In the diagram, continental crust is labeled ___, and oceanic crust is labeled ____
A. 1; 2
B. 3; 1
C. 2; 1
D. 1; 3
The thinner and denser layer labelled "2" in the diagram represents the marine crust, while the thicker and less dense layer labelled "1" represents the continental crust. Therefore, A. 1; 2 is the right response.
Which of the crust layers is thicker and less dense?The land on Earth is made up of the continental crust, which is less dense, thicker (between 35 and 70 km), and primarily composed of the rock granite. The majority of the ocean is made up of oceanic crust, which is denser, thinner (5–7 km), and primarily composed of the rock basalt.
The crust of the continent is dense or less dense.With a density of around 2.7 grammes per cubic cm, continental crust has a largely granitic composition and is slightly lighter than Oceanic crust has a density of roughly 2.9 to 3 grammes per cubic centimetre and is composed of basalt, which is richer in iron and magnesium than granite.
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A solution of antifreeze is prepared by mixing 47.0mL of ethylene glycol (d = 1.11 g/mL; molar mass = 62.07 g/mol) with 50.0 mL H2O (d = 1.00 g/mL) at 25°C. If the density of the antifreeze solution is 1.07 g/mL, what is its molarity?
At 25°C, combine 47.0 mL of ethylene glycol (d = 1.11 g/mL; molar mass = 62.07 g/mol) with 50.0 mL of water (d = 1.00 g/mL) to create an antifreeze solution. The antifreeze solution's molarity is 0.0086 M if its density is 1.07 g/mL.
What is antifreeze solution?Antifreeze is an additive that reduces a water-based liquid's freezing point. To achieve freezing-point depression for cold conditions, an antifreeze combination is utilized. Common antifreezes also raise the liquid's boiling point, enabling a rise in coolant temperature. However, every typical antifreeze addition also has a lower heat capacity than water, which makes it less effective as a coolant when combined with water.
The combination of a solution's freezing and boiling temperatures depends on the amount of dissolved components present. Therefore, salts cause aqueous solutions' melting points to decrease. Although salts are widely used for de-icing, salt solutions should not be utilized in cooling systems as they cause metal corrosion. Because they typically have melting values that are lower than those of water, low molecular weight organic substances can be used as antifreeze. Alcoholic organic compound solutions, in particular, are useful. Since antifreezes were first made commercially available in the 1920s, they have all been composed primarily of alcohols such methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and others.
Molarity = [tex]\frac{mole}{volume}[/tex]
To calculate the moles of ethylene glycol.
The mass of ethylene glycol is 47.0 mL × 1.11 g/mL = 52.17 g.
Since molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.07 g/mol, the moles of ethylene glycol is:
[tex]\frac{52.17}{62.07}[/tex] = 0.84 mol
To calculate the total volume of the antifreeze solution. We know that the volumes of ethylene glycol and H₂O are 47.0 mL and 50.0 mL, respectively.
Therefore, the total volume of the antifreeze solution is 47.0 mL + 50.0 mL = 97.0 mL.
Finally, the molarity of the antifreeze solution can be calculated using the formula
Molarity = [tex]\frac{mole}{volume}[/tex]
Therefore, the molarity of the antifreeze solution is:
[tex]\frac{0.84}{97.0}[/tex] = 0.0086 M
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Which of these is more likely to be a gas at room temperature?
NaCl
LiO₂
SO₂
Ca₃P₂
Which of these is more likely to be a gas at room temperature?
The correct answer is C. SO₂Further ExplanationSodium chloride (NaCl), lithium peroxide (LiO₂), and calcium phosphide (Ca₃P₂) are all ionic compounds that have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between their ions. At room temperature, NaCl and LiO₂ are solids, and Ca₃P₂ is a grey metallic solid.
In contrast, SO₂ is a molecular compound that consists of molecules made up of one sulfur atom and two oxygen atoms. The electronegativity difference between sulfur and oxygen causes a polar covalent bond between them. SO₂ molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces of attraction such as van der Waals forces. Thus, SO₂ exists as a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
What is a gas?- A gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter which is composed of molecules or atoms that are in constant random motion. Gas takes up a larger amount of space than solids or liquids because it has less intermolecular attraction between its particles.
Gases are usually compressible and can fill any container they occupy. The properties of a gas can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory which describes that gas particles are in constant motion, collide with each other and with the walls of the container they are in, and that their motion is random and determined by temperature, pressure and volume.
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What is a temperature?- Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or a substance relative to another. In physics, it is defined as the average kinetic energy of particles (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) in a system. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K), but other common units of temperature include Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F).
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Use the kinetic-molecular theory to explain each observation given.
a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle.
b. Liquid water may be converted into ice cubes in a freezer.
c. Ginger ale flows to match the shape of a glass.
d. Water gradually evaporates from a swimming pool.
e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days.
f. Snow gradually disappears, even when the tem- perature remains below freezing. g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases.
a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle because the kinetic-molecular theory states that the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. Since the flame of a burning candle is hot, the wax molecules move faster, allowing them to take up more space and eventually melt.
What is kinetic-molecular theory?The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following five fundamental principles:
A gas's average molecular lengths between its constituent molecules are significantly greater than their individual sizes. The volume occupied by the gas' molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of the gas itself.Both the molecules and the container walls are not attracted to one another in a perfect gas.As physical objects, the molecules move erratically and continually and are governed by Newton's laws of motion. The molecules travel in a straight line until they come into contact with one another or the container walls. Collisions are totally elastic; even if the kinetic energies and orientations of two molecules may change during a collision, the total kinetic energy is preserved. Collision is not "sticky".The average gas molecule's kinetic energy and absolute temperature are directly correlated. Because individual molecules' velocities and kinetic energies will vary greatly, with some even experiencing zero velocities at some moments, the word "average" is significant in this context. This implies that all molecular motion would cease if the temperature dropped to absolute zero.
Continued:b. Due to the fact that the kinetic-molecular theory predicts that molecules move more slowly at lower temperatures, liquid water can be frozen into ice cubes in a freezer. The water molecules travel very slowly and arrange because a freezer is significantly colder than room temperature, which enables them to form ice cubes.
c. All matter is made up of a large number of tiny particles that are always in motion, according to the kinetic-molecular theory. When the ginger ale is poured into the glass, the velocity of the liquid's molecules causes them to spread out and fill the form of the vessel.
d. The kinetic-molecular theory states that the molecules in a liquid are in constant motion, and that when they move, they bump into each other, passing energy from one to the other. This energy causes the particles to move faster. As they move faster, they create turbulence that causes them to break away from the liquid surface. These particles then form a vapor, which is an invisible form of water called water vapor. As these particles accumulate together, they gradually evaporate from the swimming pool, eventually diminishing its water level.
e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days because the molecules of water vapor slow down and as they lose energy they no longer have enough kinetic energy to remain in the gaseous state. The molecules then condense and form liquid water droplets on cool surfaces such as windows.
f. Snow gradually disappears even when the temperature remains below freezing because the heat stored in the snow starts to melt the snow. This occurs even when the outside temperature remains at freezing or below because the heat is released from the snow and warms the surrounding air.
g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases because the particles of gases have more energy and thus more freedom of movement than particles of solids and liquids. The particles of gases can move around and can occupy larger spaces than particles of solids and liquids, allowing them to be compressed more effectively.
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