The D1-like D1 and D5 receptor subtypes, as well as the "D2-like" D2Short (S), D2Long (L), D3, and D4 receptor subtypes, transmit signals in the dopaminergic system.
Each receptor has a unique purpose. Each dopamine receptor's function is as follows[4]: D1: motility, memory, attention, impulse control, and control of renal function. D2: movement, focus, rest, memory, and learning. 2) Both by boosting the plasma membrane expression of DAT and by directly interacting with existing DATs to improve their activity, presynaptically D2-receptors speed up the absorption of dopamine. When dopamine D1 receptors in dendrites are engaged, a little amount of calcium enters the cell through the NMDA receptor, which increases the MEK-ERK and mTOR pathways. Both mechanisms promote protein synthesis by dephosphorylating eEF2 Thr56 and inhibiting eEF2K activity by phosphorylating it on Ser366.
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ou are excited to try your first crispr experiment. you introduce cas9 and one sgrna into a dish of cultured human cells. you then sequence dna from four different cells and obtain the results of sequences 1-4 below. you decide to repeat your first crispr experiment using cas9 and two different sgrnas into a dish of cultured human cells. you sequence dna from three additional cells and obtain the results of sequences 5-7. which type of endogenous dna repair would produce the results in all seven of these cells following a cas9 double-strand break? both neither nhej hr
NHEJ and HR neither. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a kind of endogenous DNA repair that fixes double-strand breaks without the requirement for a matching template, is most likely responsible for the outcomes in all seven cells.
One method for fixing DNA double-strand breaks is non-homologous end joining. NHEJ is also known as "non-homologous." This is because, in contrast to homology-directed repair, which needs homologous sequences to direct repair, the break ends are directly ligated without the requirement for a homologous template.
What makes homologous recombination different from non-homologous recombination?
While non-homologous recombination is the insertion of additional genetic material to the Also known as transgenesis, homologous recombination is the interchange of genetic material between identical strands. NHEJ occurs via three primary three steps:
identifying DSBs, preparing DNA ends, and connecting two of her DSBs if necessary.It is interesting that NHEJ does not require the excision of DNA ends to begin repair and can instead immediately rejoin damaged DNA ends.
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Jacoby is studying a population of diploid single-celled Eukaryotic parasites that live inside mouse blood cells. He finds that a gene, H, has two alleles, H1 and H2, which show codominance. Looking under a microscope, Jacoby can count the parasite cells that have each phenotype. He finds that 2% of the cells have the phenotype associated with H1H1 and 1% of the cells have the phenotype associated with H1H2. Which of the following are accurate? There are 4 correct answers. f(H2H2) = 1.0 - 0.01 -0.02 = f(H1) = 0.02 +0.5 * 0.01 f(H2H2) = (0.97)2 The population is not in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium with respect to the H gene. The population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium with respect to the H gene Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium model predicts that f(H1H1) = f(H1)2 = The Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium model predicts that f(H2) = f(H2H2) + 0.5 * f(H1H2)
The First option is correct.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is an important concept of the population culture, which states that "genotype frequencies in a population remain constant between generations in the absence of disturbance by external factors".
According to HWE, for a locus with two alleles A and with corresponding frequencies p and q, three possible genotypes are AA, Aa, and aa with frequencies p2, 2pq, q2, respectively. However, various factors, including mutation, natural selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause deviations from HWE.
In simple terms, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a rule that states that genetic variation in a population will persist from generation to generation in the absence of perturbing factors.
With respect to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
we can calculate the total percentage to be 100.
Therefore, it is taken as 1.
f(H1H1) allel is taken as:
2/100= 0.02.
f(H1H2) is taken as:
1/100= 0.01
Hence, The First option is correct.
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the plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions becausemultiple choicecalcium ions block na and cl- channels.there are more leak channels for k than na .protein molecules cannot exit through the cell membrane.of its positive electrical charge.there are more gated channels for k .
the plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because there are more non-gated channels for K+ than Na+.
The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, safeguards the cell. It also keeps a consistent climate within the cell. And that membrane serves a number of purposes. One function is to bring nutrients into to the cell, the other is to transport harmful chemicals out of the cell. Proteins and lipids are being used to synthesise cell membranes. Endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in membrane biogenesis. The type of cell membrane greatly influences the cell's function and structure. It safeguards the internal parts of the cell, including that of the nucleus.
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match the major nerve with its associated plexus. 1. femoral nerve (click to select)2. tibial nerve (click to select)3. median nerve (click to select)4. common fibular (peroneal) nerve (click to select)5. axillary nerve (click to select)6. radial nerve (click to select)7. musculocutaneous nerve (click to select)8. ulnar nerve (click to select)9. obturator nerve (click to select)
The below reference image shows the match major nerve with its associated plexus.
The cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus are the four main nerve plexuses. The brachial and lumbosacral plexuses are the two main nerve plexuses. The cervical spine is where the brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus arise, respectively. The name "plexus" refers to a "web" of nerves that develops just laterally to the intervertebral foramina via which T12-L5 exit the spinal cord. The plexus is bilateral and permits different levels of nerves to unite to form several functional nerves that innervate distinct areas.
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In the somatosensory homunculus, what body parts flank the hand area? What can happen if these parts are touched in an individual whose hand has been amputated (on the same side)?
o Face, upper arm, and shoulder
o They felt similar sensations on their phantom limb
The answer to the question, In the somatosensory homunculus the face and the upper arm/shoulder flank the hand and if it is touched, it feels as if the hand is being touched.
Somatotopy is the exact matching of a region of the body to a certain location on the central nervous system. Usually, a spot on the primary somatosensory cortex corresponds to the region of the body (postcentral gyrus). This brain is frequently depicted as a sensory homunculus, onto which various body parts are oriented according to their positions.
The somatosensory cortex can serve as the sensory site for parts like the face, fingers, and appendages. The somatosensory cortex has bigger sections in finely regulated regions (such as the digits) than it does in coarsely controlled regions (such as the trunk). There are no sensory sites in regions like the viscera on the postcentral gyrus. One species of monkey, the macaque, already exhibit somatotopy in their somatosensory and motor systems at birth.
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I need help, I have no idea what the pictures mean. (20 points)
According to their chemical makeup, which impacts how water and nutrients are absorbed and which crops are best suited for growing in them, soils are often divided into six groups.
What is Soil?Sand, clay, loam, chalk, peat, or silt can all be used as the basis for soil composition. Many soil systems will have variations within them, with some patches having larger concentrations of one component than another.
Sand particles are heavily concentrated in sandy soils, as you would have imagined, making for a very grainy but airy growing medium. They have the ability to quickly drain water and other liquids, are easily worked, and are soft and flexible for digging.
These soils are frequently known for their reduced nutrient availability and propensity to heat up and dry out soon because water drains through them effectively.
Therefore, According to their chemical makeup, which impacts how water and nutrients are absorbed and which crops are best suited for growing in them, soils are often divided into six groups.
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biochemical and functional characterization of mutant kras epitopes validates this oncoprotein for immunological targeting
The immunological targeting of cancer cells by this oncoprotein to grow and disseminate throughout the body is confirmed by the biochemical and functional characterization of mutant KRAS epitopes.
KRAS mutations are among the most prevalent gene mutations associated with cancer, found in around 25% of malignancies. They frequently contribute to pancreatic, colorectal, and lung malignancies. KRAS is the cause of 85% - 90% of pancreatic cancer cases, 40% of colorectal malignancies, and 32% of lung cancer cases.
The KRAS gene is a member of the oncogene gene family. Oncogenes can transform healthy cells into malignant ones when they are altered. The HRAS and NRAS genes are two more members of the Ras group of oncogenes, which also contain the KRAS gene.
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Answer to this required:
Ileum is the last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine i.e. the part between the jejunum and large intestine.
The ileum helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.
Finger-shaped structures called villi line the entire small intestine so as to aid the process of absorption into the bloodstream. A slow moving blood will also allow for adequate time to absorb substances.
Therefore, for question 1, the presence of a coiled tube will not aid the fast absorption of substances in the ileum.
Oesophagus is the tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. This suggests that oesophagus carries food from the mouth to the next organ, which is the stomach.
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chapter 29 which of the following is a mode of conceptus nutrition before week 8 of development? check all that apply.
A mode of conceptus nutrition before week 8 of development is uterine milk ,trophoblastic nutrition ,decidual cells .
What is meant by decidual cell ?A unique cell population known as decidual cells is found in the mammalian endometrium during pregnancy. With the right triggers, their appearance can also be generated in the hormone-primed pseudo regnant uterus.
Transcriptional regulators, morphogens, cytokines, cell cycle regulators, and signaling pathways interact in a complicated fashion to cause decidualization.
Prolactin, relaxin, renin, and at least three IGF-binding proteins are all synthesized and released by human decidual tissue, the specialized endometrium of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle during pregnancy.
Hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are secreted by the decidua. For example, it has receptors for growth hormone, progesterone, oestrogen, and others. Its products include hormones like cortisol, CRF, GnRH, prolactin, and relaxin that are frequently linked to other organs.
The complete question is : Which of the following is a mode of conceptus nutrition before week 8 of development? Check all that apply.
uterine milk
trophoblastic nutrition
decidual cells
all of the above
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three species of north american frogs, leopard frogs, green frogs, and wood frogs, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different mating calls. this is a specific example of a barrier, called . group of answer choices prezygotic ... temporal isolation prezygotic ... gametic isolation prezygotic ... behavioral isolation postzygotic ... behavioral isolation
The three species of North American frogs, leopard frogs, green frogs, and wood frogs, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly due to their different mating calls, which is an example of prezygotic behavioral isolation.
Prezygotic isolation is a reproductive barrier that prevents mating between species, or prevents the fusion of gametes, and is caused by external behaviors that prevent mating. In this case, the different mating calls of the three species act as a barrier, keeping them separate when they are in the same pond.
Behavioral isolation is a type of prezygotic isolation in which two species do not mate because their courting behaviors are different. The different mating calls of the three frog species are a form of behavioral isolation because the frogs are unable to recognize each other as potential mates, due to the difference in their mating calls. This barrier keeps the species from interbreeding, even when they are in the same pond.
In contrast to prezygotic isolation, postzygotic isolation occurs after mating and is caused by physiological or developmental differences that prevent the fertilized egg from developing into a viable offspring. In the case of the three frog species, there are no postzygotic barriers, as they are all able to mate successfully, and their offspring can develop into viable frogs.
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The process during which potassium and hydrogen ions, penicillin, and some toxic substances are put into the urine by active transport is called
A) tubular secretion
B) reabsorption.
C) filtration.
D) countercurrent multiplication.
a
Tubular secretion is the mechanism by which penicillin, potassium and hydrogen ions, as well as some hazardous compounds, are actively transported into the urine.
What is reabsorption in the production of urine?The process by which the nephron takes water and solutes from the tubular fluid (pre-urine) and returns them to the circulating blood is known as reabsorption or tubular reabsorption in the field of renal physiology.
What method eliminates potassium from the blood?To maintain a healthy balance of this mineral in the body, the kidneys remove too much potassium through the urine. Your kidneys might not be able to excrete the right quantity of potassium if they are not functioning properly. Potassium may consequently accumulate in the blood.
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The increase in global population due ultimately to agriculture may cause which of the following negative effects? A) increased crowding, leading to poor sanitation B) increased spread of infectious disease C) more rainforests as a result of warming D) an overall cooling of Earth’s atmosphere, causing a new Ice Age to occur
Poor sanitation as a result of increased crowdedness - As human population density rises, the sanitation infrastructure will experience increasing strain.
Which of the following describes how a growing human population affects society?The expansion of the human population has a range of effects on the Earth system, including: increasing the amount of environmental resources being extracted. These resources include minerals, plants, water, and fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal).
What occurs as population growth picks up?The need for food, water, housing, healthcare, transportation, and other resources will rise the population grows. And all consumption increases the likelihood of major catastrophes like pandemics, and degrades the environment.
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accessory muscles including the upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and sternocleidomastoid will assist in:
Accessory muscles including the upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and sternocleidomastoid will assist in: Inspiratory Accessory Muscles
The diaphragm and external intercostals are the main respiratory muscles used during quiet, typical breathing. When the chest is unable to expand or contract sufficiently to meet ventilation demands, accessory muscles of respiration aid the primary muscles. Conditions that impair adequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs include advanced age, stress, bad posture, COPD, pneumonia, and sickness.
Inspiratory accessory muscles include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, and upper trapezius.
Rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, and internal intercostals are the exhalation accessory muscles.
Many of these muscles help with posture, thus strengthening them can not only improve postural alignment but may also help with improved chest expansion and contraction to promote breathing. Additionally, auxiliary expiratory muscles can help clear the airway and cough with force.
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You can use the Punnett square to see what would happen to the distribution of phenotype frequencies if one of the three genes were lethal when homozygous recessive. Select (Figure 3) from the drop-down menu. Notice that bb has been used as an example of a lethal genotype. Because bb individuals would not survive, those squares have been crossed out.
Now what are the phenotypic frequencies of the surviving offspring?
the phenotype that is brought about by having three dark-skinned alleles. There are cross-outs on the squares.
What is a phenotypic?phenotype, all of an organism's observable traits that emerge from of the interaction of it's own genotypes (genetic variation inheritance) and environment.
What does phenotype versus genotype mean?Genotype is the individual's unique DNA pattern. The multiple alleles a person acquired for a single gene are more specifically referred to by this phrase. The clinical presentation of a patient's condition is the observable expression of this genotype.
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Of the following events that occur during meiosis, which contributes most to genetic diversity in the human population? Select one: a. Alignment of sister chromatids at the metaphase plate during meiosis 11 b. Recombination between homologous chromatids during meiosis 1 c. Separation of sister chromatids during meiosis II d. Condensation of chromatin during meiosis
Of the following events that occur during meiosis, (b) Recombination between homologous chromatids during meiosis 1 contributes most to genetic diversity in the human population.
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis, a kind of cell division, causes a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Human body cells, or somatic cells, are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
The egg and sperm that combine during fertilization must have a single pair of chromosomes, or be haploid, in order to sustain this condition. During meiosis, each diploid cell splits twice to create four haploid daughter cells called gametes.
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question at position 4 which of the following is currently the best hypothesis for the ecological and evolutionary success of dinosaurs relative to other archosaurs after the triassic period?
Most other lineages of archosaurs went extinct at the end of the Triassic and dinosaurs did not.
Although most groups had vanished by the end of the Triassic, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and pterosaurs managed to live and flourish during the Jurassic and Cretaceous eras. Different forms of locomotion emerged in the two branches of archosaurs. The Triassic saw the first widespread diversification of archosaurs.The pseudosuchians walk stretched out and have an ankle that is often crocodile-like and flexes in the middle to allow the foot to twist against the ankle. Although pterosaurs and other dinosaurs were extinct by the end of the Cretaceous, crocodiles and birds survived because they developed in the Late Jurassic.However, as shown in crocodiles, this ankle joint can also tighten, causing the animal to walk with a high gait. The ornithischians, on the other hand, are compelled to walk erect and put one foot in front of the other like birds because they have an ankle that swings in just one plane (fore and aft).To know more about dinosaurs check the below link:
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The first step in the process of the photoreception is
a. the bleaching of cones
b. absorption of a photon by a visual pigment
c. release of neurotransmitter
d. the bleaching of rods
e. inhibition of the sodium pumps
The first step in the process of photoreception is the absorption of a photon by a visual pigment (Option b).
What is the process of photoreception?The process of photoreception makes reference to all phenomena that occur from photoreceptor cells in the eye being excited as a consequence of an environmental visual stimulus until the processing of the image in the brain.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of photoreception is initiated by the stimulation of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which contain pigments that serve to sense photon signals.
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a botanist studied a population of grasses in an area of erratic rainfall. she found that plants with curled leaves reproduced better in dry years, and those with flat leaves reproduced better in wet years. this situation would . group of answer choices lead to directional selection in the grass population lead to uniformity in the grass population cause gene flow in the grass population preserve the variability in the grass population
If the grass plants with alleles for flat leaves reproduced better in wet years, then the situation will lead to d)preserve the variability in the grass population. So, correct option is d.
As indicated by the inquiry, the region where the grass plant develops is described by unpredictable precipitation.This actually intends that in the locale both dry and wet environment endures.Thus, it is important for the grass plants to adjust to both the kind of environment, that is to say, dry and wet.In the dry environment, the grass plants which produce twisted leaves to forestall abundance water misfortune because of happening gets by.In the wet environment, the grass plants which produce level passes on to increment food creation because of the accessibility of enough water and furthermore for eliminating abundance water by the course of happening, makes due.The differentiating variety in environment which continues nearby in various time stretches forestalls the total regenerative strength or progress of one assortment of grass plant (twisted leaved) over the other (level leaves).Subsequently, both the twisted leaf and flat leaf assortment of grass plant exists nearby and the number of inhabitants in one or the other increment or lessening relying upon the climatic state of the area.Hence,correct option is d.
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(Complete question) is:
a botanist studied a population of grasses in an area of erratic rainfall. she found that plants with curled leaves reproduced better in dry years, and those with flat leaves reproduced better in wet years. this situation would . group of answer choices
a)lead to directional selection in the grass population
b)lead to uniformity in the grass population
c)cause gene flow in the grass population
d)preserve the variability in the grass population
microtubules pull the lined-up chromosomes apart :prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis the cytoplasm divides, forming 2 identical daughter cells the cell begins to prepare for replication the spindle lines up the chromosomes down the center of the cell two new nuclei form, chromosomes unravel and spread out microtubules pull the lined-up chromosomes apart
Within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the _______; in nonvascular plants it is the _______.
A. gametophyte; sporophyte
B. sporophyte; gametophyte
C. gametophyte; gametophyte
D. sporophyte; sporophyte
E. None of the above
Within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the _______; in nonvascular plants it is the _______: B. sporophyte; gametophyte.
Plants have haploid and diploid stages in which the age and shift occur. The haploid period of the plant is known as the gametophyte and the diploid period of the plant is known as the sporophyte. The sporophyte creates spores in the plants while the gametophyte produces the gametes in the plants.
Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Sporophytes
Sporophytes utilize the course of meiosis
Brings about the arrangement of spores
Sporophytes are diploid plants
Sporophytes have two arrangements of chromosomes
Sporophytes repeat asexually
Diploid spore mother cell goes through meiosis and results in the arrangement of haploid (n) meiospores
Gametophytes
Gametophytes utilize the course of mitosis
Brings about the creation of gametes
Gametophytes are haploid plants
Gametophytes have a solitary arrangement of chromosomes
Gametophytes produce sexually
The gametes partake in treatment or breaker, which leads to diploid (2n) zygote
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Some cofactors participating in reactions of the citric acid cycle are given. Identify the position or positions each cofactor has in the cycle by selecting the appropriate letter or letters designating that position in the cycle diagram.
NADH+H+
FADH2--> H
GTPNADH+H+--> BDJ
FADH2--> H
GTP--> F
The cofactor and the appropriate letter or letters showing the position in the cycle diagram are:
NADH+H+ - BDJ
FADH2- H
GTP - F
A cofactor is known to be a kind of chemical compound that is said to be non-proteinous in nature. It is also known to be a metallic ion that is often needed in any reaction as a kind of catalyst in that chemical reaction.
Note that the Cofactors is often seen as the "helper molecules" that boast biochemical transformations and as such the letters that show the position in the cycle diagram are the ones given above.
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To measure 2 ml of a liquid (e.g., water), which would be more accurate, a 10 ml graduated cylinder or a 5 ml pipette? Why
Use the smallest pipet or erlenmeyer flasks appropriate for the task for measuring volume to reduce inaccuracy. For instance, a 5 mL pipet will be more precise than even a 10 mL pipet if you needed to scoop exactly 4.5 mL of liquid.
What makes water essential for life?Our bodies are made up of around 60% water, and without fluids, we can only survive for three to five days. Water is essential for digestion as well as many other vital bodily functions, including as cleaning out waste and controlling body temperature.
What does water have to offer?Human development, food security, energy supply, the maintenance of cities, and ecosystems all depend on water. Overuse, degradation, and climate science are posing an increasing danger toward the world largest rivers and streams today. Extreme weather, droughts, and floods are affecting communities all around the world.
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In general, freshwater animals tend to: A) lose water and gain ions B) gain water and ions C) gain water and lose ions D) lose water and ions
Because they obtained water via a process known as US osmosis, Option C, which states that they gain water and lose ions, is the accurate response.
What is water that is fresh?
Freshwater is defined as water with less than 1,000 milligrams of dissolved particles per liter, most frequently salt. Earth's surface water bodies are often seen as renewable resources because they are a part of the water cycle, despite the fact that they rely heavily on other water cycle components.
What types of freshwater are there?
Glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands, and even groundwater all contain fresh water. Although they make up less than 1% of the world's surface, these freshwater environments are home to up to 40% of all known fish and 10% of all known animals.
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3. Based on the information in the unit, explain how some prisms create rainbows as light passes
through them.
Explanation:
When light passes through a prism, it is bent, or refracted, by the different layers of the prism. This causes the light to separate into its different colors, creating a rainbow. The specific colors that are produced depend on the angle at which the light hits the prism and the index of refraction of the prism material. The index of refraction is a measure of how much the light is bent as it passes through the material. Different materials have different indices of refraction, which can affect the colors that are produced by the prism. For example, a prism made of glass will produce different colors than a prism made of water, because glass and water have different indices of refraction.
FILL IN THE BLANK. dr. watson is interested in the effects that higher than normal amounts of testosterone have on the gender of embryos. dr. watson favors the___approach.
Dr. Watson is interested in the effects that higher than normal amounts of testosterone have on the gender of embryos. Dr. Watson favors the biological approach.
Does testosterone levels affect baby gender?In mammals, high parental testosterone levels present around the time of conception are thought to skew offspring sex ratio toward sons. The second to fourth digit ratio is now widely accepted as a negative correlate of prenatal testosterone.Testosterone can contribute to individual differences within each sex in gender-related characteristics, as well as to differences between the sexes, and the influences of testosterone are generally linear and graded, with increasing doses of testosterone producing increasingly large effects. Thus amount of testosterone will affect gender of embryos.Learn more about determine baby gender here: brainly.com/question/3216782
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connect here to help me understand this question
1) Note that in a dialysis Machine, the part that prevents the loss of plasma protein and red blood cells is the Semipermeable membrane. in the image above, this is labeled as the dialysis membrane.
2) During dialysis, the normal glucose concentration of the blood is typically maintained by adding glucose to the dialysis solution. The dialysis solution is typically held in a large, hollow fiber membrane called a dialyzer, also known as an artificial kidney.
3) Two waste substances that are removed from the blood by the dialysis machine are:
Creatinine; andUrea.What are creatinine and Urea?Urea is a waste product created by the body when protein is broken down. It is generally eliminated in the urine by the kidneys after being taken from circulation.
Creatinine, on the other hand, is a waste product generated by the body that is generally eliminated by the kidneys. It is created by the breakdown of muscle tissue and is generally present in modest levels in the blood.
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when a nucleotide is added to a growing nucleic acid strand during dna replication, the incoming monomer is and the energy required to drive the polymerization is derived from . please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices a nucleoside triphosphate; dna polymerase an rna primer; cleaving a pyrophosphate dna; rna a nucleoside monophosphate; cleaving atp a nucleoside triphosphate; cleaving a pyrophosphate
When a nucleotide is added to a growing nucleic acid strand during DNA replication, the incoming monomer is a nucleoside triphosphate and the energy required to drive the polymerization is derived from cleaving a pyrophosphate.
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from a single original DNA molecule. DNA replication is the most important component of biological inheritance and occurs in all living organisms. This is required for cell division during growth and tissue repair, as well as for each new cell to receive its own copy of the DNA. The cell has the unique ability to divide, which necessitates DNA replication.
DNA is a double helix with two strands that are complementary to one another. The double helix describes the appearance of double-stranded DNA, which is made up of two linear strands that run opposite each other and twist together to form the double helix.
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which of the following events in transcription initiation likely occurs last? view available hint(s)for part e which of the following events in transcription initiation likely occurs last? tbp is recruited to the promoter. regulatory transcription factors bind to enhancers. basal transcription factors form a basal transcription complex. rna polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene.
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene, events in transcription initiation likely occurs last.
A DNA fragment is copied into RNA during transcription. Messenger RNA is created when specific DNA sequences are translated into RNA molecules that can encode proteins (mRNA). Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that contain copies of other DNA sequences (ncRNAs). Only 1% to 3% of all RNA samples are mRNA. A minimum of 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed (in one or more types of cells), with the bulk of this 80% being ncRNA. In contrast, less than 2% of the human genome can be transcribed into mRNA. The RNA is known as messenger RNA (mRNA) if the stretch of DNA is translated into an RNA molecule that encodes a protein. The mRNA then acts as a template for the translation of the protein. Other DNA stretches may be translated into larger non-coding RNAs like ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and long non-coding RNA as well as smaller non-coding RNAs like microRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), or enzymatic RNA molecules called ribozyme. Overall, RNA is essential for carrying out tasks within a cell since it aids in the synthesis, control, and processing of proteins.
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When grown anaerobically on glucose, yeast (S. cerevisiae) converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using electrons from NADH.
a. Write the coupled half reactions, and the combined reaction representing the 2n6 step of fermentation mentioned above ("reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using electrons from NADH") b. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25"C, given the standard reduction potentials shown In Table 13.7 (page 521). Show vour work: c. Large-scale industrial fermenters generally require constant, vigorous cooling: Why? Support with information from your earlier answer.
Chemical formula
Alcohol Dehydrogenase is C2H5OH + NAD+ and CH3CHO + NADH + H+.
(Acetldehyde) (Ethanol) (Ethanol)
Ecell equals ereduction minus eoxidation
= -1.97 - (-3.20) (-3.20)
= 1.23 V
Nernst equation under normal circumstances Ecell equals 0.0592/n X (log K)
N (electron number) = 2
= 1.23 = 0.0592/2 Xlog K
= 1.23 = 0.0296 X log K
log K = 1.23 / 0.0296
log K = 41.55
K = 1041.55
K = 3.54 X 1041
3.54 X 1041 is the equilibrium constant (K).
When there is a shortage of oxygen (O2), glucose is converted to lactate through anaerobic glycolysis. Only during brief, intensive exercise, lasting between 10 seconds and 2 minutes, is anaerobic glycolysis a viable method of generating energy.
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Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
A. potassium
B. iron
C. bicarbonate
D. chloride
The correct answer is (A) potassium.
While potassium and phosphate are the major ions in the intracellular fluid, sodium chloride makes up the majority of the extracellular fluid. What ion does intracellular fluid contain? The main cation and anion in extracellular fluid, respectively, are sodium and chloride. In the intracellular fluid, potassium is the main cation. The ECF's main nonpenetrating solute is NaCl. The charge on its ions prevents them from smoothly passing through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Although some does enter cells, ATPases pump out at a rate that is about equal, rendering this substance effectively impenetrable. The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution is measured by osmolarity. Chemists may refer to it as a "collaborative" characteristic of the solution.
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