Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the 250,000 bp CFTR gene. The mature CFTR mRNA is only 6129 nucleotides.
a. Why is the mature mRNA so much shorter than the gene from which it was transcribed?
b. What is the minimum number of nucleotides required to encode the 1480 residue CFTR protein?

The sequence of bases of a particular gene cannot be obtained from an individual's karyotype.

A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, which allows for the determination of the number and types of chromosomes present, as well as the ploidy (number of sets of chromosomes) of the individual. However, it does not provide information about the specific sequence of bases within a particular gene. This information would require genetic testing or sequencing of the individual's DNA.

A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes arranged in a specific order according to their size, shape, and other characteristics. It provides a complete set of an individual's chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes (X and Y) and the autosomes (chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes). Karyotyping is a commonly used technique in genetics and cytogenetics to identify genetic abnormalities or chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. The process involves obtaining a sample of cells, usually from blood or amniotic fluid, and then staining and photographing the chromosomes to create a karyotype.

A karyotype provides information about an individual's chromosomes, such as the number of autosomes and the types of chromosomes present. However, it cannot provide information about the sequence of bases of a particular gene or the ploidy of the individual.

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Renal tubular epithelial cells are specialized cells that line the renal tubules in the kidneys.

When these cells contain lipids, it may indicate a condition called lipid nephrosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of lipids within the renal tubular epithelial cells. This can lead to kidney damage and impaired kidney function. Treatment typically involves managing underlying conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, and in some cases, medications to reduce lipid accumulation. These cells play an important role in the process of urine formation and help to maintain the body's electrolyte balance. They are responsible for reabsorbing water, ions, and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate, and for secreting waste products and excess ions into the urine. Dysfunction or damage to these cells can result in various kidney disorders, such as acute or chronic kidney injury, renal tubular acidosis, and other electrolyte imbalances.

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Which genes are turned on or off as the cell develops depends on both internal and external factors. Genes regulation is a mechanism wherein the past of a cell can influence the genes that are produced by the cell.

Proteins are controlled by genes, which determine how cells function. Thus, the millions of genes that are expressed in a certain cell determine the capabilities of that cell.

Additionally, because DNA must be unwound from its tightly coiled shape in order to be translated and transcribed, only a portion of the genes are expressed by each cell. This conserves space.

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Answer: B

Explanation:

A block of ice that has been contaminated can be detected by discoloration in the geometric center. Option b is Correct.

Foodborne infections can be brought on by contaminated ice just as readily as contaminated food. Airborne particles, tainted water, filthy utensils, and particularly careless ice handling are all ways that contaminants might enter a food supply. Coliforms, enterobacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, and other bacterial species as well as chemical agents can contaminate ice.

Both can be unhealthy for humans to consume and can make your clients ill. There are two basic causes of ice contamination: using polluted water. A person might become ill from several extremely prevalent food sector pathogens that could travel on an ice cube. There are two common foodborne illnesses: norovirus and E. coli. Option b is Correct.

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Correct Question:

Contamination in a block of ice can be identified by ______ in the geometric center.Choose one answer.

a. air bubbles

b. discoloration

c. crystallization

d. separation of the core section

Postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system are called cholinergic fibers because they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system and is responsible for promoting rest and relaxation in the body.

The cholinergic system plays an important role in regulating various bodily functions such as digestion, urination, and heart rate. When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine, which binds to cholinergic receptors on target organs and tissues.

Cholinergic fibers are also found in the sympathetic nervous system, where they play a role in regulating certain functions such as sweating and blood vessel dilation. Overall, the cholinergic system is a crucial component of the autonomic nervous system and plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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Osmosis is a method by which molecules of solvent flow from an inexpensive solution to an extremely concentrated solution via a membrane with a Adding salt to cucumber slices pulls out excess moisture from the veggie.

The correct answer is :C.

In transferring across the cells into the salt solution, the water present in cells of cucumber aims to level off the unequal quantities. As a result of this, the cucumber lose water and turns mushy. This is commonly referred to as a hypertonic environment.

Because the content of water inside a cucumber is approximately 98%, we can estimate that solutes such as vinegar, salt, and alumina will have to diffuse into the cucumber. Water, on the different hand, which makes up 98% of a a cucumber, is released by osmosis.

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Fetal undergrowth from any cause is commonly referred to as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It is a condition in which a fetus does not grow at a normal rate during pregnancy, resulting in a smaller-than-expected size at birth.

This condition can occur due to various reasons, including maternal factors such as high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, smoking, alcohol consumption, and malnutrition. Fetal factors that can lead to IUGR include chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, and structural abnormalities.

Placental insufficiency, where the placenta is not able to supply enough nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus, is also a significant cause of IUGR. IUGR can have long-term consequences for the baby, including an increased risk of developmental delay, learning difficulties, and chronic health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.

It is crucial to diagnose and manage IUGR early to prevent these long-term complications. This includes close monitoring of fetal growth, optimizing maternal health, and delivery at the appropriate time to minimize the risk of stillbirth or neonatal morbidity.

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The process by which water that has fallen on land finds its way back to the oceans is called "run-off." The correct option is C.

The process by which water that has fallen on land finds its way back to the oceans is called "run-off." Run-off refers to the movement of water over the land surface or through the soil, ultimately reaching streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans.

This process is driven by gravity and occurs when precipitation exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil, or when the soil is saturated. In addition to run-off, water can also return to the atmosphere through evaporation from land and water surfaces or transpiration from plants. However, in the context of the given question, the correct answer is run-off, as it specifically refers to the movement of water from land to the oceans.

The correct option is C.

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Blood is a mixture that contains insoluble particles that are large enough to be visible, such as blood cells and platelets. Blood is a suspension.

Blood is a solution of salts, glucose, urea and a few other small compounds. It is a colloid of plasma proteins, including albumin, transport proteins and antibodies. It is also a suspension of blood cells and platelets. Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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The citric acid cycle produces [tex]CO_2[/tex], NADH, [tex]FADH_2[/tex], ATP, and guanosine triphosphate, which are important for generating ATP via the electron transport chain and supporting photosynthesis.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in the cellular respiration process, generating energy in the form of ATP molecules.

The outputs per 1 citric acid cycle are:

Two molecules of carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_2[/tex])

Three molecules of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

One molecule of [tex]FADH_2[/tex] (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

One molecule of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

One molecule of guanosine triphosphate

These outputs are important because they are used in the subsequent electron transport chain, where NADH and [tex]FADH_2[/tex] donate electrons produce a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, which ultimately leads to the synthesis of many more ATP [tex]CO_2[/tex] leased into the atmosphere and used by plants in photosynthesis.

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The component of a homeostatic system that perceives changes in some parameter of the environment is the sensor. Therefore the correct option is option B.

The component of a homeostatic system that perceives changes in some parameter of the environment is the sensor.

The sensor detects changes in the internal or external environment and sends this information to the integrator, which compares it to the set point and initiates a response if necessary.

The effector carries out the response to restore the parameter to the set point. Together, these components make up the homeostatic feedback loop, which helps to maintain stable conditions in the body. Therefore the correct option is option B.

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Answer:

Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants to study the inheritance of traits. He crossed different varieties of pea plants and observed the characteristics of their offspring. Mendel's experiments involved the controlled breeding of pea plants, where he would manually transfer pollen from one plant to another. He then analyzed the traits of the offspring and concluded that certain traits were dominant over others. He also observed that traits were inherited independently of each other. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics and helped establish the laws of inheritance.

Explanation:

In the experiment measuring diffusion rates of dye through an agar gel, the process of diffusion was observed.

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The agar gel served as a semi-solid medium through which the dye could disperse.  To begin the experiment, a small amount of dye was introduced to the agar gel. Over time, the dye molecules spread out within the gel, demonstrating the diffusion process. The rate of diffusion was influenced by factors such as the size of the dye molecules, the concentration gradient, and the temperature. By measuring the distance the dye traveled in a given time, the diffusion rate could be calculated, providing insights into how these factors affect molecular movement in a semi-solid medium like agar gel.

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The food itself, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and moisture all have an impact on bacterial development. To thrive, most bacteria require nutrients. They consume food to get these nutrients.

Vomiting and/or diarrhoea are classic signs of foodborne infection, and they normally persist for 1 to 7 days. The list of other symptoms may include weariness, nausea, fever, and joint or back pain.

Nutrient content, temperature, gas availability, pH, salt concentration, and water availability are the six parameters that influence bacterial development.

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Sensory information is conveyed from sensory neurons to the CNS through the process of transduction. In transduction a stimulus is converted into an action potential.

This occurs when gated ion channels on the sensory neuron's membrane are opened or closed by the stimulus, causing a change in membrane potential that results in an action potential. The action potential then travels along the sensory neuron to the CNS.

Sensations are differentiated by the type of sensory receptor activated and the location of the receptor in the body refers to the ability of sensory neurons to increase the sensitivity of their response to a stimulus.

Adaptation refers to a decrease in sensitivity to a continuous or repeated stimulus over time. Intensity of sensation is coded through the frequency and number of action potentials generated by sensory neurons.

Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, touch, and vibration. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli such as taste and smell. Electromagnetic receptors respond to electromagnetic radiation such as light. Nociceptors respond to noxious or painful stimuli. Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature.

Sound waves in the environment are detected by hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. The hair cells are displaced by the waves, causing ion channels to open and depolarizing the hair cell.

The depolarization triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which generates an action potential in the auditory nerve.

Different sound frequencies are detected based on the location of the hair cells within the cochlea that are stimulated.

Aquatic animals have similar mechanisms for detecting sound waves, but with adaptations for detecting sound in water.

In terrestrial animals, body position and movement are detected through the use of mechanoreceptors such as muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.

In aquatic animals, body position and movement are detected through adaptations of the lateral line system, which detects water flow over the body. The lateral line system contains mechanoreceptors called neuromasts that are sensitive to water displacement.

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Note to expert reviewer:

Each question has been addressed and answered. To avoid the confusion Each question is answered first followed by explanation then the answer proceeds to next question with same pattern.

Sensory information is conveyed from sensory neurons to the CNS through a series of events. Firstly, sensory stimuli activate gated ion channels on the dendrites of sensory neurons. These channels allow ions to flow into the neuron, causing depolarization of the membrane potential. If the depolarization is strong enough, it reaches the threshold potential and triggers an action potential which propagates down the axon of the neuron to the CNS.

Sensory amplification and adaptation play crucial roles in the processing of sensory information. Amplification increases the strength of the sensory signal, while adaptation helps to filter out irrelevant or repetitive stimuli. The intensity of a sensation is coded by the frequency of action potentials fired by sensory neurons, with stronger stimuli producing higher frequencies.

Different types of receptors are specialized for detecting different types of stimuli. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli, such as pressure or touch, while chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli, such as taste or smell. Electromagnetic receptors are specialized for detecting light or electromagnetic radiation, and nociceptors respond to painful or noxious stimuli. Thermoreceptors are sensitive to changes in temperature.

In terrestrial vertebrates, sound waves in the environment are detected by the inner ear. Vibrations from sound waves cause hair cells in the cochlea to bend, which opens ion channels and generates action potentials in the sensory neurons. Different sound frequencies are detected and distinguished by the position of the hair cells along the cochlea, with high-frequency sounds causing hair cells at the base of the cochlea to bend, and low-frequency sounds causing hair cells at the apex to bend.

In aquatic animals, sound waves are detected differently. Fish have specialized organs called otoliths that detect changes in pressure caused by sound waves. In contrast, whales and dolphins use echolocation, which involves emitting sound waves and detecting the echoes that bounce back from objects in their environment.

Body position and movement are detected differently in terrestrial and aquatic animals. Terrestrial animals use mechanoreceptors in their muscles, tendons, and joints to detect changes in body position and movement. In contrast, aquatic animals use specialized sensory organs called lateral lines to detect changes in water pressure and movement. These organs consist of hair cells that respond to changes in the flow of water over the body.

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The energy from ATP, the electrons, and hydrogen ions from NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle's reduction phase to transform carbon dioxide into simple carbohydrates like glucose.

In order to deliver electrons to decrease carbon dioxide, water molecules are divided during this process. The splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent processes of photosynthesis is where the hydrogen atoms in these water molecules came from.

Water molecules are split into oxygen, hydrogen ions (H+), and electrons (e-) in the light-dependent processes. In the stroma of the chloroplast, during the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle, these hydrogen ions are then employed to convert carbon dioxide into sugar molecules.

As a result, the splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent processes of photosynthesis is where the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water molecules that are created during the reduction phase.

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Answer:

In 2018, the percentage of persons of all ages who had a cold during the past 2 weeks was 16.6% in January–March, 8.5% in April–June, 7.0% in July–September, and 13.7% in October–December. Across all calendar quarters, colds were more common in younger persons than in older persons

Explanation:

The statement that is supported by this ecological pyramid is (C) "There is more energy available at the vulture's trophic level than at the lower levels."

The ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the flow of energy through an ecosystem. In this particular pyramid, we can observe the different trophic levels, which are the different levels of the food chain. This is supported by the fact that as we move up the pyramid, from the producers (grasses) to the primary consumers (prairie dogs) to the secondary consumers (coyotes) and finally to the tertiary consumers (vultures), the amount of energy available decreases.

This is because energy is lost at each trophic level through metabolic processes such as respiration and heat loss. For example, the grasses convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis and store it as biomass. When the prairie dogs consume the grasses, they obtain a portion of that energy.

However, only a fraction of the energy from the grasses is transferred to the prairie dogs because some energy is lost as heat during respiration and digestion. Similarly, when the coyotes consume the prairie dogs, they obtain a smaller amount of energy compared to the prairie dogs. And when the vultures consume the coyotes, they receive an even smaller amount of energy.

Therefore, the vulture's trophic level has the highest amount of energy available compared to the lower levels. This is because the vultures are positioned at the top of the food chain and receive the least amount of energy loss from the previous trophic levels. The correct answer is C.

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Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural or human-caused events, such as a disaster that randomly kills a large portion of the population. This is known as the bottleneck effect, which results in a large portion of the genome suddenly being wiped out. The bottleneck effect can have a significant impact on the genetic diversity and population density of a species, making it more vulnerable to further environmental changes and reducing its adaptability.

The blank can be filled with "bottleneck effect". Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population due to chance events. The bottleneck effect occurs when a population undergoes a significant reduction in size, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity. This can happen due to natural disasters, human-caused events, or other factors that randomly kill a large portion of the population. When a bottleneck occurs, the surviving individuals may have a different genetic makeup than the original population, leading to changes in allele frequencies. The effect is magnified in populations with low genetic diversity and high density, making it an important consideration in conservation biology. In summary, the bottleneck effect is a type of genetic drift that can have a significant impact on the evolution of a population.

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The bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike as A) plants in both groups have vascular tissue as both bryophytes and seedless vascular plants use xylem and phloem for conduction.

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) are small, vascular plants that grow close to the ground and do not have true roots, stems, and leaves. Instead, they have simple structures that perform similar functions. Bryophytes also have a dominant gametophyte generation, and the sporophyte is typically smaller and dependent on the gametophyte.

Seedless vascular plants (ferns, horsetails, and club mosses) have vascular tissue that allows them to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. They have true roots, stems, and leaves and are typically larger and more complex than bryophytes. Seedless vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation, which produces spores in structures called sporangia.

While both bryophytes and seedless vascular plants have unique characteristics and differences, they are similar in that they both have vascular tissue, which distinguishes them from non-vascular plants like mosses.

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Darwin explained that the many different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands had evolved from a single ancestral species through a process of natural selection. Differences in the shape of their beaks,  were shaped by their environment and the availability of food.

During his famous voyage on the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin observed many different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, each with a slightly different beak shape that was adapted to the specific food source available on their respective islands.

Darwin proposed that these different beak shapes were the result of natural selection, a process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, this can lead to the accumulation of genetic changes that result in the formation of new species.

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Misfolded proteins can be transported to multiple locations for degradation, including the cytosol, nucleus, ribosome, and secretory vesicles. Thus, the correct answer is "Misfolded proteins can be degraded in all of these locations" (Option E).

The specific location may depend on the type of misfolded protein and the cellular machinery available for degradation. For example, chaperones in the cytosol can help refold some misfolded proteins, while the proteasome can degrade misfolded proteins in the nucleus and cytosol. Additionally, misfolded proteins in the secretory pathway may be transported to secretory vesicles for degradation or retrotranslocation back to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation.

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Invasion is not an example of a disturbance that could change the successional directions in a community. Therefore the correct option is option D.

While fire, flooding, and drought are all physical disturbances that can affect the structure and composition of a community, invasion refers to the introduction of non-native species into a community, which can have an impact on the community through competition or predation but is not always a physical disturbance.

However, the introduction of invasive species can still have a substantial impact on a community's ecological succession and change its course. Therefore the correct option is option D.

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The lowest total fertility rates might be found in countries that are experiencing high levels of economic development and urbanization, such as Japan, South Korea, and many European countries.

The lowest total fertility rates might be found in highly developed countries .fertility is the ability to conceive a child. The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individuals lifetime and is quantified demographically. Conversely, infertility is the difficulty or inability to reproduce naturally. Some of the factors cited for the low fertility rate are expensive housing, gender and social inequality, low levels of social mobility, and the huge expense of raising children in a highly competitive and expensive education system. Korean women are also having children later in life.

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The incidence of tuberculosis in English laboratory workers working with M. tuberculosis was reported to be c. 5 times higher than for the general population.

Historically, laboratory workers who handle Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, have been at increased risk for contracting the disease. This is because exposure to the bacteria in the laboratory can occur through inhalation of infectious aerosols or accidental injury with contaminated needles or other sharp instruments. Studies have shown that laboratory workers who handle M. tuberculosis are at higher risk of developing tuberculosis than the general population. One study conducted in England in the 1980s found that the incidence of tuberculosis among laboratory workers was approximately five times higher than in the general population.

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The location of the cardiorespiratory and vasomotor control centers in the brain is in the medulla oblongata.

This area is responsible for regulating the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

The medulla oblongata contains nuclei that control respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate, among other vital functions.

The vasomotor center regulates blood pressure by controlling the diameter of blood vessels, while the cardiorespiratory center controls the rate and depth of breathing and heart rate.

The hypothalamus also plays a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system, but it is not directly involved in cardiorespiratory and vasomotor control.

The rami communicantes are nerve branches that connect the spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk, which is a chain of ganglia that runs parallel to the spinal cord and helps control sympathetic nervous system functions. Therefore, the correct option is C, medulla oblongata.

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Answer:

No it does not. The effects of global warming have taken drastic effects on Earth and the carbon dioxide is not good whatsoever in the Earth's atmosphere. It may play a role but having a larger quantity is not good.

Explanation:

Most plants have a sweet spot for photosynthesis between 85 and 95 F. Below this, and chemical reactions are slower, above this, and the plant starts shutting down because it's losing water too rapidly. (Plants in very humid climates can do better this way). So plants in areas that have cool summers will generally do better -- as long as it isn't *so* much warmer that they are no longer adapted. Plants that are in warmer areas will do worse -- they spend more time, on average at temps too high to photosynthesize.

But WAIT, there's MORE.

With more CO2 plants grow faster. This is used in greenhouses, and they will run the CO2 up to a thousand parts per million.

There are two classes of photosynthesis referred in the literature as C3 and C4. Turns out that C3 plants don't benefit much from increased CO2, but C4 plants do. A lot of our food crops are C3. Most of our weed crops are C4. So increased CO2 overall helps the weeds at the expense of the crops.

THAT's not ALL

If you don't act now, we will include at NO EXTRA CHARGE, Shifting Rainfall Patterns. Your farm can have a different amount of rain than everyone is used to.

Even in places that get the same average rainfall each year, the variance may be different. E.g. June rain records for 10 years:

3, 3.5, 3, 4, 3.5, 4, 5, 2.5, 3, 2.5 = average 3.4

2, 5, 2,3, 3, 2, 6, 2.5, 5, 1.5 = average 3.4

(if I've not screwed up my arithmetic) But look at how much more variation there is in the second one. The century from 1880 to 1980 was one of the most stable ones in history. This means more crop failures. More heat waves AND more cold snaps -- but with the heatwaves over balancing the cold snaps overall. More droughts and more floods. Take a look where you live. If you live on a flood plain, think about moving. If your street has ever had a rain that was more than the storm drains could cope with; if you are on a coast that has *ever* been hit with a hurricane, or paralyzing winter storm that brought the city to a halt and created wide spread property damage; if you live in a region subject to evacuations for forest fire then give some thought to how you are going to cope with the next natural disaster.

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Now to the main center: Does a higher concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance photosynthesis?

It can. It’s not the only factor, but everything else being equal, an increase in CO2 from the pre industrial level of 280 PPM up to current 420 PPM does help plants grow faster.

Everything else isn’t always equal though, so the entire Earth isn’t getting greener, contrary to what some people claim. Parts of the Earth are less green as a result of the increase in CO2. Some parts are flooded by salt water and the soil is harmed. Some parts are drier and prone to increased drought or wild fires, or prone to larger temperature shifts, so it’s not all good news. Not even close. In fact, climate change brings significantly more harm than benefit.

But to the specific question, higher CO2 can increase the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of plant growth, which can also lead to less nutrition in those plants if they are being grown for food.

The frequency of this light was found to be 5.17 x 10¹⁴ Hz and is expressed with the correct number of significant digits.

The frequency of the light with a wavelength of 579 nm can be determined by the equation: frequency (f) = speed of light (c) divided by the wavelength (λ). In this equation, c is a constant with a value of 2.9979 x 10⁸ m/s.

To determine the frequency of the light with a wavelength of 579 nm, the equation would be solved as follows: f = 2.9979 x 10⁸ m/s / 579 nm = 5.17 x 10¹⁴  Hz. This value is the frequency of the light with a wavelength of 579 nm and is expressed with the correct number of significant digits.

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