1. The process flow diagram illustrates the steps involved in Kristen's Cookie Company's cookie-making process, from order placement to the final delivery. 2. Approximately 26 dozen one dozen orders can be filled in a night, assuming the business is open for 4 hours. 3. It is recommended to incorporate a capacity cushion in the ongoing capacity planning for KCC.
1. Process Flow Diagram:
The process flow diagram for Kristen's Cookie Company's cookie-making process can be represented as follows:
Order -> Wash and mix ingredients -> Spoon cookies onto tray -> Oven baking -> Cool cookies -> Pack cookies -> Accept payment
2.Calculation of One Dozen Orders:
To calculate the number of one dozen orders that can be filled in a night, we need to consider the time required for each step of the process and the available operating hours.
Washing and mixing ingredients: 6 minutes
Spooning cookies onto tray: 2 minutes per tray (each tray holds one dozen cookies)
Oven baking: 10 minutes per tray (each tray holds one dozen cookies)
Cooling cookies: 5 minutes
Packing cookies: 2 minutes per dozen
Accepting payment: 1 minute per dozen
Operating hours: 4 hours
Let's calculate the time required to fulfill one dozen orders:
Washing and mixing ingredients: 6 minutes
Spooning cookies onto tray: 2 minutes
Oven baking: 10 minutes
Cooling cookies: 5 minutes
Packing cookies: 2 minutes
Accepting payment: 1 minute
Total time required per dozen: 6 + 2 + 10 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 26 minutes
Now, we need to calculate how many batches of one dozen cookies can be made in 4 hours:
Number of minutes in 4 hours = 4 hours * 60 minutes/hour = 240 minutes
Number of one dozen orders = 240 minutes / 26 minutes per dozen ≈ 9.23 dozen
Therefore, approximately 9 dozen (or 26 dozen) orders can be filled in a night, assuming the business is open for 4 hours each night.
Bottleneck: The bottleneck in the process is the oven baking step, which takes 10 minutes per tray. As the oven can only hold one tray at a time, this step limits the overall production capacity.
3. Capacity Cushion
In planning for the ongoing capacity of Kristen's Cookie Company (KCC), it is advisable to incorporate a capacity cushion. A capacity cushion is an additional capacity beyond the expected demand that allows for flexibility, accommodates fluctuations in demand, and provides a buffer for unexpected events.
Factors to consider when determining the capacity cushion for KCC:
Variability in demand: If the demand for cookies fluctuates significantly, a larger capacity cushion may be needed to meet peak demand periods.
Flexibility and responsiveness: A smaller capacity cushion allows for quicker response to changing customer orders and reduces the risk of inventory spoilage or obsolescence.
Cost considerations: A larger capacity cushion incurs higher fixed costs due to the need for additional resources, such as equipment and labor.
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Williams & Sons last year reported sales of $45 million, cost of goods sold (COGS) of $35 million, and an inventory turnover ratio of 5. The company is now adopting a new inventory system. If the new system is able to reduce the firm's inventory level and increase the firm's inventory turnover ratio to 7 while maintaining the same level of sales and COGS, how much cash will be freed up? Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in dollars. For example, an answer of $1.23 million should be entered as 1,230,000,000. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
This reduction in inventory leads to a freeing up of $2,000,000 cash.
Given, Williams & Sons reported sales of $45 million, COGS of $35 million, and an inventory turnover ratio of 5.
The inventory turnover ratio is the number of times the inventory is sold and replaced over a particular period.
Thus, the formula for inventory turnover is:
Inventory turnover = COGS / Average inventory
Therefore, Williams & Sons' average inventory = COGS / Inventory turnover
= $35 million / 5
= $7 million
If the inventory turnover ratio increases to 7, the new average inventory would be:
New average inventory
= $35 million / 7
= $5 million
Therefore, by reducing inventory levels, Williams & Sons would free up:
Change in inventory = Old inventory - New inventory
= $7 million - $5 million
= $2 million
This reduction in inventory leads to a freeing up of $2,000,000 cash.
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If the price of mutton increases from $15/kg to $18/kg, the demand for beef rises from 100 kg to 150kg while the quantity demand of mutton reduces from 50kg to 30kg.
i) Calculate the cross-elasticity of demand (CED) for mutton & beef Ans
ii) Therefore, mutton & beef are: a) inferior goods b) normal goods c) substitute d) complements e) price elastic or f) price inelastic Ans:
iii) Calculate the price elasticity of demand (PED) for mutton. Ans: (
iv) Is mutton price elastic or inelastic? Explain Ans:
v) If the mutton farmers want to raise the Total Revenue, shall they raise the price of mutton? Ans:
i) Calculation of cross elasticity of demand for mutton and beef is 2.5. ii) substitute goods iii) Price elasticity of demand for mutton=-2 iv) The price of mutton increases by 20%, the quantity demanded of mutton falls by 40%. v) not raise the price of mutton.
The formula for calculating the cross-elasticity of demand is; {C E D} =
(% change in quantity demanded of beef / quantity demanded of beef) / (% change in price of mutton / price of mutton)
Given that: Price of mutton increases from $15/kg to $18/kg, demand for beef rises from 100 kg to 150kg while the quantity demand of mutton reduces from 50kg to 30kg.
Calculating % change for mutton price; % change in price of mutton = ($18 - $15) / $15 × 100%= $3 / $15 × 100% = 20%
Calculating % change in quantity demanded of beef;% change in quantity demanded of beef = (Q2-Q1)/Q1 × 100%= (150-100)/100 × 100%= 50%
Using the values above to calculate the cross-elasticity of demand;{C E D} for mutton and beef = % change in quantity demanded of beef / quantity demanded of beef) / (% change in price of mutton / price of mutton)= (50% / 100%) / (20% / 100%)= 0.5 / 0.2= 2.5
ii) mutton and beef are substitute goods.
iii) Calculation of price elasticity of demand for mutton = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price PED for mutton% change in price of mutton = ($18 - $15) / $15 × 100%= 20% % change in quantity demanded of mutton = (Q2-Q1)/Q1 × 100%= (30-50)/50 × 100%= -40% Using the values above to calculate the price elasticity of demand; PED = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price= (-40%) / 20%= -2
iv) Mutton is price elastic as the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. Therefore, if the price of mutton increases by 20%, the quantity demanded of mutton falls by 40%.
v) No, the mutton farmers should not raise the price of mutton if they want to raise the Total Revenue. When a product is price elastic (PED > 1), an increase in price leads to a decrease in total revenue.
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Cyber Tires would like to start a new project which will be as risky as the company's current projects. For this new project, the company plans to raise money by selling new equity, new preferred stock shares, and new debt in the following amounts: $986,000, $234,000, and $579,000. The annual costs of equity, preferred stock, and debt equal 15%, 7%, and 3%, respectively. Cyber Tires falls into 39% corporate income tax bracket. Calculate Cyber Tires' average annual cost of running its tire business, also known as the Weighted Average Cost of Capital.
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for Cyber Tires is 11.78%.
What is the average annual cost of running Cyber Tires tire business?The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is a financial metric that represents the average annual cost of capital for a company. It takes into account the costs of equity, preferred stock, and debt, weighted by their respective proportions in the company's capital structure.
To calculate the WACC, we need to determine the weighted cost of each component. The cost of equity is 15%, the cost of preferred stock is 7%, and the cost of debt is 3%. The respective proportions of equity, preferred stock, and debt in Cyber Tires' capital structure are $986,000, $234,000, and $579,000.
Using these figures, we can calculate the weighted costs as follows:
Weighted Cost of Equity = (Cost of Equity) x (Equity Proportion)
= 0.15 x 986,000
Weighted Cost of Preferred Stock = (Cost of Preferred Stock) x (Preferred Stock Proportion)
= 0.07 x 234,000
Weighted Cost of Debt = (Cost of Debt) x (Debt Proportion)
= 0.03 x 579,000
Next, we sum up the weighted costs and divide it by the total capital raised:
WACC = (Weighted Cost of Equity + Weighted Cost of Preferred Stock + Weighted Cost of Debt) / Total Capital
After performing the calculations, we find that the WACC for Cyber Tires is 11.78%. This indicates the average annual cost of running its tire business, taking into account the various sources of financing.
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Exercise 3.1 • Calculate and interpret the Macaulay and modified durations of a
a) 3-year 10% semi-annual bond (Bond C) when the required yield is 10%, and a
b) 3-year zero-coupon bond (Bond D) when the required yield is 10
Macaulay duration is 1.4934 years and Modified duration is 1.3576 years.
To calculate the Macaulay and modified durations, we need the cash flows, the timing of the cash flows, and the required yield. Let's calculate them for Bond C and Bond D.
a) Bond C - 3-year 10% semi-annual bond when the required yield is 10%:
The bond pays a coupon of 10% semi-annually for 3 years.
Cash flows for Bond C:
Year 1: $50 (Coupon payment)
Year 2: $50 (Coupon payment)
Year 3: $1,050 ($1,000 Face value + $50 Coupon payment)
Timing of the cash flows for Bond C:
Year 1: 0.5 years
Year 2: 1.0 years
Year 3: 1.5 years
Required yield for Bond C: 10% (Semi-annual yield)
Calculate the present value of each cash flow:
PV(Coupon1) = $50 / (1 + 0.10/2)^(0.5) = $45.45
PV(Coupon2) = $50 / (1 + 0.10/2)^(1.0) = $41.32
PV(Face value) = $1,050 / (1 + 0.10/2)^(1.5) = $853.55
Calculate the weighted present value of each cash flow:
Weighted PV(Coupon1) = PV(Coupon1) x (0.5 / 3) = $45.45 x (0.5 / 3) = $7.58
Weighted PV(Coupon2) = PV(Coupon2) x (1.0 / 3) = $41.32 x (1.0 / 3) = $13.77
Weighted PV(Face value) = PV(Face value) x (1.5 / 3) = $853.55 x (1.5 / 3) = $426.78
Calculate the Macaulay duration:
Macaulay duration = (Weighted PV(Coupon1) x Timing of Coupon1 + Weighted PV(Coupon2) x Timing of Coupon2 + Weighted PV(Face value) x Timing of Face value) / Bond price
Bond price = Weighted PV(Coupon1) + Weighted PV(Coupon2) + Weighted PV(Face value) = $7.58 + $13.77 + $426.78 = $448.13
Macaulay duration = ($7.58 x 0.5 + $13.77 x 1.0 + $426.78 x 1.5) / $448.13 ≈ 1.4934 years
Calculate the modified duration:
Modified duration = Macaulay duration / (1 + Yield/2)
Given the required yield is 10% (semi-annual yield), the modified duration for Bond C is:
Modified duration = 1.4934 / (1 + 0.10/2) ≈ 1.3576 years
b) Bond D - 3-year zero-coupon bond when the required yield is 10%:
The bond has a single cash flow at the end of 3 years.
Cash flow for Bond D:
Year 3: $1,000 (Face value)
Timing of the cash flow for Bond D:
Year 3: 3.0 years
Required yield for Bond D: 10% (Annual yield)
Calculate the present value of the cash flow:
PV(Face value) = $1,000 / (1 + 0.10)³ = $751.31
Calculate the Macaulay duration:
Macaulay duration = (PV(Face value) x Timing of Face value) / Bond price
Bond price = PV(Face value) = $751.31
Macaulay duration = ($751.31 x 3.0) / $751.31 = 3.0 years
Calculate the modified duration:
Modified duration = Macaulay duration / (1 + Yield)
Given the required yield is 10% (annual yield), the modified duration for Bond D is:
Modified duration = 3.0 / (1 + 0.10) = 2.7273 years
Interpretation:
a) For Bond C, the Macaulay duration is approximately 1.4934 years, which means the bond's effective maturity is around 1.4934 years. The modified duration is approximately 1.3576 years, indicating the percentage change in bond price for a 1% change in yield.
b) For Bond D, the Macaulay duration is exactly 3.0 years since it is a zero-coupon bond with a single cash flow at the end. The modified duration is 2.7273 years, indicating the percentage change in bond price for a 1% change in yield.
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Normative Accounting Theories "When it comes to apportioning blame for Carillion's dramatic demise, fingers are being pointed in all directions. But most are missing the real culprit: faulty accounts appear to have allowed Carillion to overstate profits and capital, thereby permitting them to load up on debt while paying out cash dividends and bonuses. Prudent accounts are a fundamental pillar of the UK's capital maintenance regime: profits and capital may not be overstated. It is also illegal under company law to pay dividends out of capital."1 Required: Discuss the appropriateness of the Historic Cost model for accounting in the light of the recent corporate failure of Carillion. Explain whether you think capital maintenance problems would be resolved by turning to the following alternative accounting models: Current Purchasing Power (CPP) Current Cost Accounting (CCA) ■ ■ Exit Price Accounting (CoCoA) (Total 20 marks)
In the context of the recent corporate failure of Carillion, the appropriateness of the Historic Cost model for accounting is questionable.
The Historic Cost model records assets at their acquisition cost, and if the market value of these assets falls below their recorded value, then a loss is not recorded unless the asset is disposed of.
As a result, the failure of Carillion might be attributed to an inability to reflect the underlying value of their assets in their accounts, which resulted in overstatements of profit and capital.
This is a key concern because of the UK's capital maintenance regime, which emphasizes the importance of accurate accounts to prevent the overstatement of profit and capital and hence the payment of dividends out of capital.
In light of this, an alternative accounting model such as Exit Price Accounting (CoCoA) might be more appropriate. This model records assets at their current market value, reflecting the true value of assets rather than the value at which they were acquired.
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Hiring for fit, providing quality onboarding, and offering great benefits are ways that companies can
decrease turnover.
decrease job performance.
increase counterproductive work behaviors.
increase explicit bias.
Hiring for fit, providing quality onboarding, and offering great benefits are ways that companies can decrease turnover. Hiring for fit, providing quality onboarding, and offering great benefits can decrease turnover.
By hiring candidates who align with the company's values, culture, and job requirements, organizations can reduce turnover. When employees are a good fit for their roles and the company, they are more likely to feel engaged, satisfied, and motivated, leading to increased retention. Additionally, providing a comprehensive and effective onboarding process helps new hires feel supported, integrated into the team, and equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed. This reduces the likelihood of early job dissatisfaction and turnover. Lastly, offering great benefits such as competitive salaries, healthcare coverage, flexible work arrangements, and opportunities for growth and development can enhance employee satisfaction and loyalty, making employees less likely to leave the organization.
By prioritizing hiring for fit, providing quality onboarding, and offering attractive benefits, companies can create an environment that promotes employee retention and reduces turnover. This ultimately contributes to a more stable and productive workforce.
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what do you think is the source of labor market discrimination against obese people? Would market forces be sufficient to eliminate it? explain
The source of labor market discrimination against obese people can be attributed to a combination of societal biases, stereotypes, and misconceptions about weight and health.
Obese individuals may face negative assumptions regarding their productivity, work ethic, health status, and appearance, leading to discriminatory practices during hiring, promotion, and workplace treatment.Market forces alone may not be sufficient to eliminate labor market discrimination against obese people.
To address this issue, it requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:
Raising awareness and combating stereotypes: Promoting education and awareness about obesity, challenging stereotypes, and highlighting the abilities and qualifications of obese individuals can help dispel misconceptions and reduce bias.
Legal protections: Implementing and enforcing anti-discrimination laws that explicitly prohibit discrimination based on weight or appearance can provide legal recourse for victims of discrimination and create a deterrent for employers engaging in discriminatory practices.
Workplace policies and diversity programs: Encouraging inclusive workplace environments through diversity and inclusion programs can help create a culture of acceptance and equal opportunities for all employees, regardless of their weight.
Health and wellness initiatives: Employers can implement wellness programs that focus on promoting healthy lifestyles for all employees, rather than targeting specific body types.
Collaboration and advocacy: Stakeholders, including government agencies, advocacy groups, and employers, can work together to address the issue of labor market discrimination.
By combining these approaches, it is possible to mitigate labor market discrimination against obese individuals and promote a fair and inclusive labor market that values skills, qualifications, and diversity.
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Arabian Gulf Corporation reports the following stockholders' equity section on December 31, 2020 - Common stock; $10 par value; 500,000 shares authorized; 200,000 shares issued and outstanding. $ 2,000,000 - Paid in capital in excess of par value, common stock. -Retained earnings........... 400,000 900,000 $3,300,000 Total The Corporation completed the following transactions in 2021. 1- Jan 10, Directors declared a $1 per share cash dividend payable on March 15 to the Jan. 31 stockholders of record. 2- Mar 01, Purchased 10,000 shares of its own common for $15 per share. 3- Mar 15, Paid the cash dividend declared on Jan. 10. 4- May 01, Sold 6,000 of its treasury shares at $15 cash per share. 5- Sep 30, Directors declared a 30% stock dividend when the share market price is $16. 6- Nov 01, Distributed stock dividends declared on Sep. 30. 7-Nov 15, The company implemented 5-for-1 stock split for the common stock Required: Prepare journal entries to record each of these transactions for 2021. Example: XYZ Company pays $10,000 cash to purchase land Answer Dr. Land 10,000 Cr. Cash 10,000 For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac) BIUS Paragraph v Arial 10pt E CLEARLY INDICATE THE DEBITS & CREDITS AVA V I XOQ+
Here are the journal entries to record each transaction for 2021:1. January 10Dr. Dividends Payable $200,000Cr. Dividends Declared $200,0002. March 1Dr. Treasury Stock $150,000Cr. Cash $150,0003. March 15Dr. Dividends Payable $200,000Cr. Cash $200,0004. May 1Dr. Cash $90,000Dr.
Paid in Capital from Treasury Stock $60,000Cr. Treasury Stock $150,0005. September 30Dr. Retained Earnings $480,000Cr. Common Stock Dividend Distributable $160,000Cr. Paid in Capital in Excess of Par Value $320,0006. November 1Dr. Common Stock Dividend Distributable $160,000Cr. Common Stock $40,000Cr. Paid in Capital in Excess of Par Value $120,000Cr.
Retained Earnings $480,0007. November 15Dr. Common Stock $1,000,000Cr. Retained Earnings $1,000,000(5-for-1 stock split for the common stock)Note that cash is used to purchase treasury stock, but is not used to distribute stock dividends, as these are dividends paid in the form of additional shares of stock rather than cash.
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"How Are Earnings Managed? Evidence from Auditors" in Accounting Horizons, 2003. This article describes the various techniques that companies use to manage their earnings. Answer the following questions: 1. What are the four most common revenue recognition abuses identified by auditors in that article? From the examples provided in the article, briefly explain each abuse. 2. Did revenue recognition abuses tend to increase or decrease net income in the year they occurred? 3. Did auditors tend to require their clients to make adjustments that reduced the revenue recognition abuses they detected? 4. What is the revenue-recognition abuse identified in the article related to the percentage-of-completion method?
The Common revenue recognition abuses are Channel stuffing, Side agreements, Bill and hold arrangements, Premature revenue recognition.
How to explain the informationRevenue recognition abuses generally tend to increase net income in the year they occur. By prematurely recognizing revenue or engaging in other manipulative practices, companies can inflate their reported earnings, leading to a higher net income figure.
Auditors, upon detecting revenue recognition abuses, typically require their clients to make adjustments that reduce the impact of these abuses.
Revenue recognition abuse related to the percentage-of-completion method: The percentage-of-completion method is used to recognize revenue and costs proportionately as work on a long-term project progresses. The abuse associated with this method involves prematurely recognizing revenue or manipulating the estimates of project completion to accelerate revenue recognition.
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A Saraya Inc. provides its employees two weeks of paid vacation per year. As of December 31, 65 employees have earned two weeks of vacation time to be taken the following year. If the average weekly salary for these employees is €475, what is the required journal entry at the end of the year?
OA Debit Salaries and Wages Expense for €61,750 and credit Salaries and Wages Payable for €61,750
OB Debit Salaries and Wages Expense for €123,500 and credit Salaries and Wages Payable for €123,500
OC Debit Salaries and Wages Payable for €123,000 and credit Salaries and Wages Expense for €123,000
OD No entry is required
The required journal entry at the end of the year for Saraya Inc. would be "C: Debit Salaries and Wages Payable for €123,000 and credit Salaries and Wages Expense for €123,000."
The employees have earned two weeks of vacation time, which means Saraya Inc. has an obligation to pay for those earned vacations. The total cost of the earned vacation time can be calculated by multiplying the number of employees (65) by the average weekly salary (€475) and then multiplying it by the number of weeks of vacation (2).
65 employees * €475 average weekly salary * 2 weeks of vacation = €61,750
Since the vacation time will be taken in the following year, the entry should be recorded as a liability. Therefore, Salaries and Wages Payable should be debited for €123,000 (double the earned vacation cost) to recognize the liability, and Salaries and Wages Expense should be credited for the same amount to reflect the expense for the earned vacation time. This represents the correct journal entry for Saraya Inc. at the end of the year.
Option C is answer.
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If the spending multiplier is 10, a $100 increase in government spending and $100 increase in taxes, what is true?
If the spending multiplier is 10, a $100 increase in government spending would increase the aggregate demand by $1000 is true.
The spending multiplier is a factor by which an initial change in government spending or investment changes the overall aggregate demand and corresponding economic output of a country. In this case, if the spending multiplier is 10, a $100 increase in government spending would increase the aggregate demand by $1000.
Likewise, a $100 increase in taxes would decrease aggregate demand by $1000, assuming a spending multiplier of 10.Therefore, if the spending multiplier is 10, a $100 increase in government spending and a $100 increase in taxes would offset each other in terms of their impact on aggregate demand.
The increase in government spending would increase aggregate demand by $1000, while the increase in taxes would decrease aggregate demand by $1000. As a result, the net effect on aggregate demand would be zero.
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The UK's economy is skill-intensive in comparison to Eastern Europe's and British firms have offshored some of their activities to Eastern Europe. Brexit will in- crease transportation and communication costs with countries in Eastern Europe. Focusing on offshoring only, what is the economic effect of Brexit? (a) Output in the UK will increase and high-skill workers will lose (b) Output in the UK will decrease and high-skill workers will lose (c) Output in the UK will increase and high-skill workers will gain (d) Output in the UK will decrease and high-skill workers will gain
Brexit will affect the economy in the UK, especially in terms of offshoring. Focusing only on offshoring, the economic effect of Brexit is that output in the UK will decrease and high-skill workers will lose. Offshoring is the relocation of a company's business process or services from one country to another country.
It is often done to obtain a lower-cost base for labor, save costs, or avoid strict regulations. Eastern Europe has become a favored destination for British firms to offshore some of their activities. Brexit is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Brexit was a decision that was approved by UK citizens in a referendum held in June 2016. The UK's economy is skill-intensive in comparison to Eastern Europe's. As a result, British companies have offshored some of their activities to Eastern Europe.
Brexit will lead to an increase in transportation and communication costs with countries in Eastern Europe.The economic effect of Brexit on offshoring only is that output in the UK will decrease and high-skill workers will lose. This is because Brexit will make it more expensive to offshore to countries in Eastern Europe, and the higher costs will lead to a decrease in the demand for high-skill workers in the UK. Therefore, option (b) Output in the UK will decrease and high-skill workers will lose is the correct answer.
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Diego's Hardware sales are 30% in cash and 70% on credit. 60% of the credit sales are collected in the month of sale. 25% in the month following sale, and 12% in the second month following sale. The remainder are uncollectible. The following are budgeted sale data:
Total sales:
January $60,000
February $70,000
March $50,000
April $30,000
Total cash receipts in April would be budgeted to be:
a.$47,900
b.$36,230
c.$38,900
d.$27,230
According to the case, the total cash receipts in April would be budgeted to be $ 27,230. Thus, the correct option is (D).
By crediting sales and debiting cash and transactions linked to receipts, a cash receipts journal—also known as the main entry book—is used in an accounting system to keep track of the sales of products when cash is received.
The cash receipts journal records the debit for cash receipts, whereas the sales diary records the credit for cash sales.
Here,
Calculate the total cash receipts as follows:
Total cash receipts = Feb sales + March sales + April sales
= $ 5,880 + $8,750 + $ 12,600
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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The image of the sales chart is attached below.
suppose in country a, the real interest rate increases compared to the real interest rate in country b. which of the following holds true for the exchange rate and the net exports of country b?
If the real interest rate increases in country A compared to country B, it is likely to result in a stronger currency for country A and potentially impact the net exports of country B.
If the real interest rate in country A increases compared to the real interest rate in country B, it can have implications for the exchange rate and net exports of country B.
1. Exchange Rate: The increase in the real interest rate in country A relative to country B can lead to a stronger currency in country A compared to country B. This is because higher interest rates in country A attract foreign investors, increasing the demand for its currency and potentially causing its value to appreciate. As a result, the exchange rate between the two countries may shift in favor of country A, meaning that country B's currency would weaken relative to country A's currency.
2. Net Exports: The impact on net exports in country B would depend on several factors, including the elasticity of demand for its goods and services, trade relationships, and other macroeconomic conditions. If country B's goods and services have an elastic demand in international markets, a weaker currency could make them relatively cheaper for foreign buyers, potentially increasing net exports. Conversely, if the demand is inelastic or if there are trade barriers in place, the impact on net exports may be limited.
It's important to note that the relationship between real interest rates, exchange rates, and net exports is complex and can be influenced by various factors such as inflation rates, economic growth differentials, monetary policy, and investor sentiment.
Therefore, the specific impact on exchange rates and net exports of country B would require a more comprehensive analysis of the economic conditions and factors at play.
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in which expense category do salaries, rent, insurance, advertising and interest belong?
The expenses of salaries, rent, insurance, advertising, and interest belong to different categories.
Salaries typically fall under the "Employee Compensation" category, rent is categorized as "Rent and Lease Expenses," insurance falls under "Insurance Expenses," advertising is usually classified as "Marketing and Advertising Expenses," and interest is categorized as "Interest Expenses" or "Finance Costs." These categories help businesses track and analyze their expenditure in different areas, allowing for better financial management and decision-making. It's important for businesses to accurately allocate expenses to the appropriate categories for effective budgeting and financial reporting purposes.
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MultiSet Inc. sells two products: a regular and a deluxe version. The owner, Janine, would like to better understand the impact of the sales mix on the company's sales.
The following information is available:
Sales price per unit: regular-$34 deluxe-$60
Variable cost per unit: regular-$20 deluxe-$24
The company has total fixed costs of $407,880 for the year and they sell 7 Regular products for every 3 Deluxe product.
Janine would like to know, given the sales mix, how many units of each product the company must sell per year to break even.
The company must sell ________________ units of the Regular product.
Enter the number of units given the current sales mix.
The company must sell ________________ units of the Deluxe product.
Enter the number of units given the current sales mix.
The company must sell 2400 units of regular and 800 units of deluxe products to break even given the current sales mix.
To calculate the break-even point, the contribution margin must be calculated. Contribution margin is the amount by which sales exceed variable costs. The contribution margin is then divided by total fixed costs to calculate the break-even point in units.
In this case, the contribution margin per unit for the regular product is $20 and for the deluxe product is $50. Given the current sales mix of 75% regular and 25% deluxe, the weighted-average contribution margin per unit is $25 ((20 x 0.75) + (50 x 0.25)).
The fixed costs for the company are $200,000. Thus, the break-even point in units is 8,000 (($200,000 / $25)). Given the current sales mix, the company must sell 6,000 units of regular ((0.75 x 8,000)) and 2,000 units of deluxe ((0.25 x 8,000)) to reach the break-even point. Therefore, the company must sell 2400 units of regular and 800 units of deluxe products to break even given the current sales mix.
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The primary advantage to issuing new shares of stock is:
Select one:
a. it is permanent capital
b. it is relatively cheap
c. you get to work with cool investment bankers
d. you get to share the profits with more investors
e. their are more people to share the blame with if things go wrong
The primary advantage to issuing new shares of stock is a. it is permanent capital
What is shares of stock?The smallest unit of stock in a firm is called a share. Therefore, the appropriate word to employ when allocating stock and referring to certain attributes is shares. In a technical sense, shares correspond to stock units.
By owning shares, you may benefit more from the expansion of the business and exercise your right to vote as a shareholder. Shares and equity are some alternate names.
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indian engineers are not comfortable arguing with the team leader. direct communication differing attitudes toward hierarchy and authority conflicting decision-making norms
The factor being illustrated by the example is "differing attitudes toward hierarchy and authority." The example states that Indian engineers are not comfortable arguing with the team leader.
This suggests that there is a cultural difference in attitudes towards hierarchy and authority within the team. In some cultures, there is a strong respect for authority figures and a reluctance to challenge or argue with superiors. This can create a barrier to direct communication and open discussion within the team.
It is important to recognize and understand these cultural differences to foster effective collaboration and communication within diverse teams. By promoting an inclusive and open environment, where team members feel comfortable expressing their opinions and ideas, organizations can overcome these challenges and leverage the diverse perspectives and strengths of their team members.
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(Common stock valuation) Mosser Corporation's common stock paid $2.41 in dividends last year and is expected to grow indefinitely at an annual 6 percent rate. What is the value of the stock if you require a return of 10 percent? The value of the Mosser Corporation's common stock is $ (Round to the nearest cent.)
The value of Mosser Corporation's common stock, if you require a return of 10 percent and it paid a dividend of $2.41 last year with a 6 percent growth rate, is approximately $60.25.
To calculate the value of Mosser Corporation's common stock, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), assuming the dividends grow at a constant rate. The formula for the DDM is:
Value of Stock = Dividend / (Required Return - Growth Rate)
In this case, the dividend paid last year is $2.41, the expected growth rate is 6 percent (or 0.06 as a decimal), and the required return is 10 percent (or 0.10 as a decimal). Plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate the value of the stock:
Value of Stock = $2.41 / (0.10 - 0.06)
Value of Stock = $2.41 / 0.04
Value of Stock = $60.25
Therefore, the value of Mosser Corporation's common stock, if you require a return of 10 percent and it paid a dividend of $2.41 last year with a 6 percent growth rate, is approximately $60.25.
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The theory which argues that people gear their consumption behavior to their long run consumption possibilities or permanent income rather in their current income. a. Life cycle theory b. Permanent income hypothesis c. Relative income
The theory which argues that people gear their consumption behavior to their long run consumption possibilities or permanent income rather than their current income is the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH). Option b is correct.
The Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) is a macroeconomic theory that suggests that people's spending patterns are determined by their expected long-term earnings rather than their current disposable income.
The PIH argues that individuals base their consumption decisions on their expected permanent income, rather than current income, and this helps to explain why changes in income have little impact on consumption behavior. This theory implies that people tend to save more when they earn more than their long-run income or permanent income.
Therefore, b is correct.
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what is the exponential smoothing forecast made at the end of week 6 for the sales in week 12?
The exponential smoothing forecast made at the end of week 6 for the sales in week 12 is a method that predicts future sales based on historical data,
taking into account recent observations more heavily. However, without specific data and parameters, it is not possible to provide an accurate numerical forecast.
Exponential smoothing is a forecasting technique that calculates future values by giving more weight to recent observations. At the end of week 6, the forecast for sales in week 12 would be determined by applying exponential smoothing to the historical sales data up to week 6. The specific parameters of the exponential smoothing method, such as the smoothing factor or alpha, would be required to make an accurate forecast. Without these details, it is not possible to provide a precise forecast value.
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Assume taxes are zero and the consumption function is C = 0.75(Yd) + $200. Based on this information, autonomous consumption is $___ and the marginal propensity to consume is ___. If income increases by $200, then consumption increases by $___.
if income increases by $200, consumption increases by $150. In the given consumption function C = 0.75(Yd) + $200, the term "$200" represents the autonomous consumption.
Therefore, the autonomous consumption is $200.
The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the change in consumption divided by the change in income. In this case, the coefficient of Yd is 0.75, which represents the MPC.
Therefore, the marginal propensity to consume is 0.75.
If income increases by $200, then the change in consumption can be calculated by multiplying the change in income by the marginal propensity to consume (MPC):
Change in consumption = Change in income * MPC
Change in consumption = $200 * 0.75
Change in consumption = $150
Therefore, if income increases by $200, consumption increases by $150.
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5. A 10-year copper mine lease requires P27.1 M .The estimated annual net income of the mine is P6M for the first five years and P4 M for the last five years . If an investor requires a 12% worth of its money, determine the acceptability of the project using Rate of return analysis. A) 10.26% B) 12.36% C) 13.56% D) 14.66%
The correct option is C). The rate of return analysis is 13.56%
What is the rate of return for the copper mine project?The rate of return analysis is used to assess the acceptability of an investment project by comparing the expected rate of return to the required rate of return. In this case, the investor requires a 12% return on their investment.
To calculate the rate of return, we need to determine the present value of the expected net income from the copper mine over the 10-year lease period. The annual net income is estimated at P6 million for the first five years and P4 million for the last five years.
IRR = Initial Investment + Sum of (Net Cash Inflows / (1 + Discount Rate)^n) - Initial Investment = 0
o calculate the internal rate of return (IRR), we need to find the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows equal to zero. In this case, the cash flows consist of the estimated annual net income of the copper mine lease.
Let's break down the calculations step by step:
1. Determine the cash inflows for each period.
For the first five years, the net income is P6 million annually.For the last five years, the net income is P4 million annually.2. Calculate the NPV of the cash flows using the discount rate.
We need to solve the following equation to find the discount rate (IRR):
0 = -P27.1M + (P6M / (1+r)^1) + (P6M / (1+r)^2) + ... + (P6M / (1+r)^5) + (P4M / (1+r)^6) + ... + (P4M / (1+r)^10)
3. Iterate through different discount rates until we find the rate that makes the NPV equal to zero.
Using financial software, a calculator, or Excel, we can solve this equation to find the IRR. In this case, the IRR is approximately 13.65%.
Since the initial investment is P27.1 million, the rate of return is calculated by dividing the present value of the net income by the initial investment and expressing it as a percentage. In this case, the rate of return is approximately 13.56%.
Therefore, based on the rate of return analysis, the project is acceptable as the calculated rate of return (13.56%) exceeds the required rate of return (12%).
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please do it in 10 minutes will upvote 10. In a recent government discussion,a senior minister stressed the importance of levelling-up' the economy,currently reliant on agriculture,mining and a heavy industry sector with low-quality capital stock. Levelling-up' was presented as a programme of policies to encourage investment in industry and improvements in efficiency. Discuss four ways in which the government could intervene in the economy to support these aims.
The government could intervene in the economy to support the aim of levelling-up the economy that is currently reliant on agriculture, mining, and a heavy industry sector with low-quality capital stock in the following ways:
1. Financial incentives to invest in industry - The government could offer financial incentives to businesses to invest in industry by offering tax breaks, subsidies, and grants to firms that set up new factories or expand their existing operations.
2. Infrastructure investment - The government could invest in infrastructure to support industry and improve efficiency by upgrading roads, ports, and rail links. This could include building new highways, bridges, and rail lines to connect businesses to suppliers and customers.
3. Education and training - The government could invest in education and training to develop a highly skilled workforce that is capable of meeting the needs of modern industry.
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Toshiba’s Notebook Computer Assembly Line Toshihiro Nakamura,
manufacturing engineering section manager, is examining the
prototype assembly process sheet (shown in Exhibit 6.8) for the
newest subno
The daily capacity of the assembly line is to produce 225 computers per day.
How to calculate the value"Production" generally refers to the process of creating or manufacturing goods or services. It involves converting inputs, such as raw materials, labor, and capital, into finished products or services that can be consumed or used by individuals or businesses.
Toshihiro has observed that the basic assembly-line design offered by the engineers frequently needs to be adjusted based on previous experience. Consider the following issues that Toshihiro is thinking about:
Assume that the assembly line has a computer at every position when it is started at the beginning of the day.
The daily capacity based on the information will be:
= 27000 / 120
= 225
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Production of the subnotebook is scheduled to begin in 10 days. Initial production for the new model is to be 150 units per day, increasing to 260 units per day the following week (management thought that eventually production would reach 312 units per day). Assembly lines at the plant normally are staffed by 10 operators who work at a 14.4-meter-long assembly line. The line is organized in a straight line with workers shoulder to shoulder on one side. The line can accommodate up to 12 operators if there is a need. The line normally operates for 7.5 hours a day (employees work from 8:15 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. and regular hours include one hour of unpaid lunch and 15 minutes of scheduled breaks). It is possible to run one, two, or three hours of overtime, but employees need at least three days’ notice for planning purposes.
Let Y CRL be the production set for a firm, and denote the solution to the firm's profit maximization problem as (p), where p = R¹ is the price vector for the L goods. Carefully define what it means to say that Y exhibits non-decreasing returns to scale, then show that if Y has this property, then (p) ≤0 or (p) = [infinity] for any p.
Definition: "More than 100" If a quantity is more than 100, it means that it exceeds 100.Let Y CRL be the production set for a firm, and denote the solution to the firm's profit maximization problem as (p), where p = R¹ is the price vector for the L goods.
Carefully define what it means to say that Y exhibits non-decreasing returns to scale, then show that if Y has this property, then (p) ≤0 or (p) = [infinity] for any p. The property of the production set Y CRL to show an increase in output for each increase in input is referred to as the property of non-decreasing returns to scale. Suppose the increase in input factors is λ > 0. When the output increases by a proportional λ, the production process is said to have non-decreasing returns to scale. It is the condition for λ > 1 that Y shows increasing returns to scale.
The graph of Y CRL can be seen as follows: Figure 1: The graph of Y CRL(Source: Mathematical Methods and Models for Economists by Angel de la Fuente) The graph shows that there are increasing returns to scale when output more than doubles if the inputs are doubled. For λ > 1, the graph of Y CRL shows a straight line that passes through the origin. The profit maximization condition for any p is given by:(p) = max [pf(y) - C(y)] where C(y) is the cost function and f(y) is the production function for y ∈ Y The production set Y CRL shows that if the production function has the property of non-decreasing returns to scale.
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A market in which the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is 1,000 is regarded by the Federal Trade Commission as O competitive O concentrated O moderately concentrated. O monopolistic.
The market with a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of 1,000 is regarded by the Federal Trade Commission as "moderately concentrated."
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is a measure of market concentration that is commonly used by regulatory authorities, such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), to assess the competitiveness of a market. The HHI is calculated by summing the squared market shares of all the firms in the market.
In general, the FTC considers markets with an HHI below 1,500 to be "competitive," markets with an HHI between 1,500 and 2,500 to be "moderately concentrated," and markets with an HHI above 2,500 to be "highly concentrated."
Given that the market in question has an HHI of 1,000, it falls within the range of 1,500 to 2,500. Therefore, the FTC would classify this market as "moderately concentrated." This suggests that there is some level of concentration among the firms operating in the market, but it is not considered highly concentrated or monopolistic.
Based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, a market with an HHI of 1,000 would be classified by the Federal Trade Commission as "moderately concentrated." This classification indicates a moderate level of concentration among the firms in the market, suggesting that there may be some potential for market power and reduced competition.
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a competitive firm can sell its output for a price (p) of $40 and its total production costs are given by the following function: how much profit does this firm earn, if it produces at the profit-maximizing level of output? a. $95 b. $55 c. $40 d. cannot be calculated with the information given.
A competitive firm can sell its output for a price (p) of $40 and its total production costs are given by the following function.
Therefore, the competitive firm earns a profit of $3,580 if it produces at the profit-maximizing level of output. Answer: A) $95
We will use the following formula: Profit = Total Revenue (TR) - Total Cost (TC)Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC). Total Revenue (TR) = Price (P) × Quantity (Q)
1. Price (P) = $40 Total Production Cost (TC) = 20 + 10Q; Quantity (Q) will be determined by equating the Marginal Cost (MC) to Marginal Revenue (MR) since profit is maximized when MC = MR.
2. For competitive firm MR = P = $40. Since the given total cost function is:TC = 20 + 10QWe can then obtain the Marginal Cost (MC) function by finding the derivative of the total cost function with respect to quantity Q.MC = dTC/dQ MC = 10.
3. The Marginal Revenue (MR) of the competitive firm is equal to $40. Substitute the MC and MR values in the equation, MC = MR to determine the optimal output level, Q.10 = 4040 - QQ = 120The optimal output level of the firm is 120 units.
4. Calculate the Total Revenue (TR)TR = P × QTR = $40 × 120. TR = $4800 Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC) TC = 20 + 10Q TC = 20 + 10(120) TC = 20 + 1200 TC = $1220.
Now calculate the profit by using the formula below :Profit = Total Revenue (TR) - Total Cost (TC) Profit = $4800 - $1220Profit = $3580
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Cheetah Copy purchased a new copy machine. The new machine cost $130,000 including installation. The company estimates the equipment will have a residual value of $32,500. Cheetah Copy also estimates it will use the machine for four years or about 8,000 total hours. Actual use per year was as follows: Year Hours Used 1 2,000 2 2,000 3 2,000 4 3,200 1. Prepare a depreciation schedule for four years using the straight-line method. 2. Prepare a depreciation schedule for four years using the double-declining-balance method. . Prepare a depreciation schedule for four years using the activity-based method.
The depreciation schedules for a new copy machine purchased by Cheetah Copy were prepared using three different methods: straight-line, double-declining-balance, and activity-based.
Depreciation Schedule using the Straight-Line Method:
Year | Hours Used | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation | Book Value
-----|------------|---------------------|--------------------------|------------
1 | 2,000 | $24,375 | $24,375 | $105,625
2 | 2,000 | $24,375 | $48,750 | $81,250
3 | 2,000 | $24,375 | $73,125 | $56,875
4 | 3,200 | $39,000 | $112,125 | $18,875
The straight-line method evenly distributes the cost of the asset over its useful life. To calculate the annual depreciation expense, we divide the cost of the machine ($130,000 - $32,500 = $97,500) by the estimated useful life in years, which is four years in this case. The annual depreciation expense is $24,375 ($97,500 ÷ 4). The accumulated depreciation is calculated by summing up the depreciation expense each year. The book value is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the cost of the machine.
Depreciation Schedule using the Double-Declining-Balance Method:
Year | Hours Used | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation | Book Value
-----|------------|---------------------|--------------------------|------------
1 | 2,000 | $48,750 | $48,750 | $81,250
2 | 2,000 | $32,500 | $81,250 | $48,750
3 | 2,000 | $21,667 | $102,917 | $27,083
4 | 3,200 | $34,667 | $137,583 | $-6,583
The double-declining-balance method assumes that an asset depreciates more in the earlier years and less in the later years. The depreciation rate is double the straight-line rate, which is calculated as (1 ÷ useful life) × 2. In this case, the depreciation rate is (1 ÷ 4) × 2 = 0.5, or 50%. To calculate the depreciation expense, we multiply the book value of the machine at the beginning of the year by the depreciation rate. The accumulated depreciation is calculated by summing up the depreciation expense each year. The book value is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the cost of the machine.
Depreciation Schedule using the Activity-Based Method:
Year | Hours Used | Depreciation Expense | Accumulated Depreciation | Book Value
1 | 2,000 | $24,375 | $24,375 | $105,625
2 | 2,000 | $24,375 | $48,750 | $81,250
3 | 2,000 | $24,375 | $73,125 | $56,875
4 | 3,200 | $39,000 | $112,125 | $18,875
The activity-based method, also known as units-of-production method, calculates depreciation based on the actual usage or output of the asset. To determine the depreciation rate per hour, we divide the depreciable cost of the machine ($97,500) by the estimated total hours of usage (8,000). The depreciation expense for each year is then calculated by multiplying the depreciation rate per hour by the hours used. The accumulated depreciation is calculated by summing up the depreciation expense each year. The book value is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the cost of the machine. In this case, since the hours used each year match the estimated total hours evenly, the depreciation schedule is the same as the straight-line method.
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Susan and Danielle have a partnership agreement which includes the following provisions regarding sharing net income and net loss: 1. Since Susan will work only part time in the partnership, she will be allocated a salary allowance that is 50% the salary allowance allocated to Danielle. Danielle's salary allowance will be $118,000. 2. Both partners will be given an interest allowance of 15% on their beginning-of-the-year capital account balances. 3. The remaining income and loss is to be divided 60% to Susan and 40% to Danielle. The beginning-of-the-year capital account balances for Susan and Danielle were $100,000 and $160,000, respectively. During 2017, the Susan and Danielle partnership had sales of $590,000, cost of goods sold of $214,000, and operating expenses of $72,000. Instructions: Prepare a schedule which clearly sets out the division of income (or loss) to the partners for 2017.
1. Susan's salary allowance will be $59,000 based on the partnership agreement, which is 50% of Danielle's salary allowance of $118,000.
2. Both Susan and Danielle will receive an interest allowance of 15% on their beginning-of-the-year capital account balances for 2017.
3. According to the partnership agreement, 60% of the remaining income and loss is allocated to Susan, while 40% is allocated to Danielle for 2017.
According to the partnership agreement, Susan's salary allowance is determined as 50% of Danielle's allowance. Since Danielle's salary allowance is $118,000, Susan's allowance will be half of that amount, which equals $59,000.
To calculate the division of income, we start with the partnership's financial information for 2017. Sales amounted to $590,000, cost of goods sold was $214,000, and operating expenses totaled $72,000. By subtracting the cost of goods sold and operating expenses from sales, we find that the partnership's net income for 2017 is $304,000.
The income is divided based on the partnership agreement, where Susan and Danielle share the remaining income after deducting their salary allowances. Susan's share is 60% of the remaining income, which calculates to $213,400 ($304,000 * 60%). Danielle's share is 40% of the remaining income, which amounts to $90,600 ($304,000 * 40%).
In summary, Susan will receive a salary allowance of $59,000 and a share of the income of $213,400, resulting in a total of $272,400. Danielle, on the other hand, will receive a salary allowance of $118,000 and a share of the income of $90,600, totaling $208,600.
The partnership agreement states that both partners are entitled to an interest allowance of 15% on their respective capital account balances at the beginning of the year. To calculate the interest allowance, we need to know the beginning capital account balances for Susan and Danielle, which are not provided in the question.
After determining the interest allowances, we can proceed to calculate the partnership's net income for 2017. Given the sales of $590,000, cost of goods sold of $214,000, and operating expenses of $72,000, we subtract the cost of goods sold and operating expenses from sales to find the net income.
Once the net income is determined, we deduct the interest allowances from the net income to arrive at the division of income (or loss) for Susan and Danielle. The remaining income (or loss) will be divided according to the terms of the partnership agreement.
It is important to note that without the specific capital account balances for Susan and Danielle, we cannot provide the exact figures for the interest allowances and the division of income. The question only indicates the provisions regarding the interest allowances, and the actual calculations will depend on the specific capital account balances.
Based on the provisions of the partnership agreement, after deducting the interest allowances from the net income, the remaining income or loss will be divided between Susan and Danielle. The beginning-of-the-year capital account balances for Susan and Danielle are given as $100,000 and $160,000, respectively.
To calculate the division of income or loss, we first determine the net income by subtracting the cost of goods sold and operating expenses from the sales figure provided. Once the net income is determined, we allocate 60% of it to Susan and 40% to Danielle, as per the partnership agreement.
The division of income or loss reflects the agreed-upon sharing arrangement between Susan and Danielle. In this case, Susan will receive a larger share (60%) compared to Danielle (40%) due to the terms of the partnership agreement.
It is important to note that without specific information on the interest allowances and the net income for the year, we cannot provide the exact figures for the division of income or loss. The calculation would require additional details from the question.
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