consider the following two compounds: c5h11oh (1-pentanol) c5h11sh (1-pentanethiol) which compound has the higher molar mass? which compound has the higher boiling point?

Difference between entropy and free energy:

The Gibbs equation allows us to predict reaction spontaneity directly from enthalpy and entropy measurements. When a reaction is exothermic, the system’s enthalpy is negative, resulting in a negative Gibbs free energy. As a result, all exothermic reactions are considered spontaneous.

What do you mean by exothermic reaction?

A reaction that is chemical in nature and is characterized by the release of energy in the form of heat or light is called an exothermic reaction. Matching a light using a matchstick is one example of this type of reaction where the release is in the form of both heat and light.

The energy dissipated in an exothermic reaction is transferred into the surroundings. Therefore, the change in enthalpy (a quantity that measures the heat content of a system by calculating the change in energy) is negative in such a reaction.

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The difference between entropy and free energy is that entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness of a system, while free energy is the measure of how much energy is available to do work in a system.

What is entropy?

Entropy is a measure of the amount of disorder in a system. It can be used to describe the uncertainty of a system and its ability to exchange energy. Entropy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the state of a system and its ability to exchange energy with its environment. The entropy of a system increases as the amount of disorder increases. Entropy is related to the number of possible arrangements of the particles in the system and the number of ways they can be arranged. Entropy also relates to the amount of energy that can be exchanged between the system and its environment. Entropy can be used to measure the efficiency of a process or system, as well as the amount of energy needed to maintain it.

Entropy is a measure of how much energy is spread out or available to do work in a system. Therefore, a higher entropy means that the energy is spread out more, while a lower entropy means that the energy is more concentrated. Entropy also affects the spontaneity of a reaction, with higher entropy meaning that the reaction is more likely to be spontaneous and proceed in a certain direction.

Free energy, on the other hand, is a measure of how much energy is available to do work in a system. It is calculated by subtracting the enthalpy from the entropy of a reaction, and it is an important factor in determining the spontaneity and direction of a reaction. If the free energy of a reaction is negative, then the reaction is spontaneous and will proceed in the direction of the negative free energy. If the free energy of a reaction is positive, then the reaction is not spontaneous and will not proceed in the direction of the positive free energy.

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If the half-life of the oxygen isotope [tex]O^{20}[/tex] is 15 seconds, then after one minute, 1/16 of a sample of pure [tex]O^{20}[/tex] is still present.

The period of time it takes for one half of a radioactive isotope to decay is known as the half-life. A particular radioactive isotope's half-life is constant; it is unaffected by environmental factors and is unrelated to the starting concentration of that isotope. A half-life is the amount of time it takes for something to go from 100% to 50%. The word is most frequently used in relation to radioactive decay, which happens when unstable atomic particles lose energy. It is known that 29 elements can go through this process.

Assumed:

The [tex]O^{20}[/tex] half-life is 15 seconds.

According to this half-life, the reactant 8s will be reduced by half at this point.

Currently, 60 seconds equal one minute.

Then we will have 4 half-lives in 60 seconds.

Next, [tex]O^{20}[/tex] will be [tex]\frac{1}{2}^4[/tex]

[tex]\frac{1}{2}^4 =\frac{1}{16}[/tex]

As a result, [tex]\frac{1}{16}[/tex] a sample of pure [tex]O^{20}[/tex] is still present after one minute.

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5 gram of nitrogen  P1=3 atm  T=293k    V2=3V1, a) gas volume after the expansion is 4.29L. , b) the gas temperature after the expansion is 606 degree celcius, c) the gas pressure after the decrease is 1 atm, d) final gas pressure is 3 atm.

calculations are a-p1*v1=nRT1= 3*V1 = (5/28) *(0.0821)*293 V1=1.431L so V2 =3V1=3*1.43=4.29L. B- V1/T1=V2/T2=T2=V2/V2 *T1,T2=3*293=879K=606 degree celcius. )P1/T1=P2/T2=3/879 = P2/293= P2=1 atm . d-P1V1=P2V2=  1*4.29=P2*1.43 SO p2=3 atm.The quantity of a system is an essential extensive measurement for describing its thermodynamic state in thermodynamics. gas volume The specific volume, an intensive property, is the volume of the system per unit of mass. The pressure acts perpendicular to the wall (normal); the tangential (shear) component of the force is proportional to the viscosity of the gas. When gas molecules collide with the walls, they produce a force that is perpendicular to the walls. The Gas Pressure is defined as the sum of all such forces divided by the surface area of the container walls. The average linear momentum of the gas molecules is measured by the gas pressure.

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Only reagent (a) can be used to precipitate out the [tex]$\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$[/tex] ion selectively.

Reagents are substances or compounds that are added to a system in order to either start a chemical reaction or assess if one has already occurred. Although the terms "reagent" and "reactant" are sometimes used synonymously, "reactant" refers to a material that is consumed during a chemical reaction.

Among the given ions [tex]$\mathrm{Ag}^{+}, \mathrm{Mg}^{+2}$[/tex] and [tex]$\mathrm{Sr}^{+2}$[/tex].

The selective precipitative of [tex]$\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$[/tex] from the given mixture of ion solution can be carried out by using

a) 0.20 0.20M KBr.

[tex]$$\mathrm{Ag}^{+}(aq)+{Br}(aq) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ag}^{-} {Br}(s)[/tex]

The resultant will be a yellow precipitate.

While the rest of the options [tex]$\mathrm{Mg}^{+2}$[/tex] or [tex]$\mathrm{Sr}^{+2}$[/tex] will be precipitated out.

[tex]$$\left.\mathrm{Mg}_{(aq)}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{OH}^{-}(\mathrm{aq})=\mathrm{Mg}^{+2}(\mathrm{OH)}\right_2{ }{(S)}$$[/tex]

On [tex]$\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4$[/tex] and [tex]$\mathrm{K}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4, \mathrm{Sr}^{+2}$[/tex] will be precipitate out here only.

[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{Sr}^{+2}+\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Sr}^2 \mathrm{SO}_4(s) \\& 3 \mathrm{Mg}^{+^2}+\mathrm{pO}_4^{3-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Mg}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4(s)\end{aligned}$$[/tex]

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The complete question may be like this:

An aqueous solution is known to contain Ag+, Mg2+, and Sr2+ ions. Which reagent should be used to selectively precipitate the Ag+ ion?

a. 0.20M KBr b. 0.20M KOH c. 0.20M K2SO4 d. 0.20M K3PO4

The type of solution made is unsaturated.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent. Note that the solvent is the substance present in the greatest amount. There are many different types of solutions. For example, solutes can be gases liquids, or solids.

A solution is formed when one substance dissolves or decomposes into another substance. A substance that dissolves into a solution is called a solute. A substance in which a solute dissolves is called a solvent. In a sugar, solution sugar is the solute and water is the solvent. A solution is prepared by dissolving a known mass of solute in a given amount of solvent.

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Molality of a lithium chloride solution produced by dissolving 14.40 g of licl (42.39 g/mol) in 115 g of water is 2.96.

Molality is calculated by the formula -

Molality = number of moles of solutes ÷ weight of solvent in kilograms

Number of moles of solute = mass ÷ molecular mass

Number of moles of solute = 14.40/42.39

Performing division

Number of moles of solute = 0.34

Keep the values in formula to find the molality

We know, 1000 gram is 1 kilogram

Mass of water = 0.115 kilograms

Molality = 0.34/ 0.115

Performing division

Molality = 2.96

Thus, molality is 2.96.

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Energy is released (in kj) in the fusion reaction of 2h to yield 1 mol of 3he is  3.204 × 10⁸ kJ / mol.

Calculation:-

              2 ²₁ H -----> ³₂He + ¹₀n

mass     2.041            3.0160  1.008664

mass of product = 2 × 2.0141 = 4. 0282

mass of reactant = 3.0160 + 0.08664 = 4.02464

mass defect = mass of product - mass of reactant

                      = 4.0282 - 4. 2464

                      = 3.56 * 10⁻³ amu

                      = 3.56 * 10⁻³ amu × 1.66 × 10 ⁻²⁷ kg

                      = 5.9115 × 10⁻³⁰ kg

energy released  = mc²

            = 5.9115 × 10⁻³⁰ kg × (3 × 10⁸)²

            = 5.32 * 10 ⁻¹³ J

conversion:-

5.32 * 10 ⁻¹³ J * 6.022 × 10²³ / 1 mol × 1 kj/10³ j

    = 3.204 × 10⁸ kJ / mol

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If ethanol is a fuel option, the bond energies ΔHrxn are -1250 kJ/mol for ethanol combustion.

Over a billion individuals drink ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol) nearly everyday. Yeast, sugars, plus starches are processed to create this kind of alcohol. People have been drinking ethanol-based beverages like beer and wine for generations to alter their mood.

CH3CH2OH(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O

There are 5 C-H bonds, 1 C-O single bond, 1 O-H bond and, 3 O=O bonds and 1 C-C bond in reactants.

6 O-H bonds and 4 C=O bonds in products.

ΔHrxn = energy required to break reactant bonds - energy required to break product bonds.

ΔHrxn = [(5*411)+(1*358)+(1*459)+(3*494)+(1*346)]−[(6*459)+(4*799)]

ΔHrxn = 4700−5950

= -1250 kJ/mol

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a) Solute weight in grams: (25*7.5)/100 = 1.875 gm.

b) Because the weight of a solution is equal to the sum of the weights of the solute and solvent,

Solution weight is 100 grams.

Solvent weight in grams: 100 - 1.875 = 98.125 gm.

Given that water has a density of 1 g/ml, the formula to determine how much solute to add to a solution in weight percent is as follows: grams of solute = (wt% solution) x (ml of water) (100 - wt% solution). The ratio of a solute—a material that dissolves—to a solvent—a substance that does not dissolve—determines the concentration of a solution in chemistry. C = m/V, where C is the concentration, m is the mass of the solute dissolved, and V is the overall volume of the solution, is the accepted formula.

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A chemical conducts electricity when dissolved in water, turns litmus red, and has a sour flavor. The substance in the solution can be acidic.

Depending on how one chooses to view the characteristics of acidity and basicity, the terms "acid" and "base" have different definitions. According to Arrhenius, bases are chemicals that ionize to produce hydroxide ions while acids are compounds that ionize to produce hydrogen ions. According to the Lowry-Bronsted definition, a base is a proton acceptor, whereas an acid is a proton giver.

According to the Lewis definition, bases are described as molecules or ions that can coordinate with unshared electron pairs while also having unshared electron pairs that are accessible for sharing with acids. For a molecule to be acidic in the Lewis sense, it must be electron-deficient. The most inclusive definition of acid and base is this.

All Lowery Bronstead acids are Lewis acids, which also contain a variety of other reagents like boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, etc.

Because amine groups are frequently found in naturally occurring bitter compounds, many bases are in reality bitter chemicals, whereas acidic compounds are supposed to taste sour due to the presence of hydrogen ions. Amine bases can easily break. Acids taste sour due to the pH level.

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Sequences, identified by this tRNA will be 5'-GGA-3' or 5'-GGU-3' or 5'-GGC-3'

In RNA molecules, a wobble base pair is a pairing of two nucleotides that deviates from the Watson-Crick base pair rules. Guanine-uracil (G-U), hypoxanthine-uracil (I-U), hypoxanthine-adenine (I-A), and hypoxanthine-cytosine are the four major wobble base pairs (I-C)

So I can pair with A, U, and C on an anticodon.

Pairings C and G can take place.

A pairs with U while G pairs with C, U and U pairs with A, G.

The specified order is 5′-ICC-3′. As a result, we can state that the tRNA's sequence is 3'-CCI-5'.

I serves as the foundation for this wobbling and can be paired with A, U, or C.

As a result, this tRNA will identify the mRNA with the sequence 5'-GGA-3', 5'-GGU-3', or 5'-GGC-3'.

All these Codons corresponds to the amino acid “Glycine”

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It is clear that as temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the particles in a perfect atomic gas also rises. This also holds true for actual gases and other ideal gases with more intricate molecular structures.

Heat energy is arbitrarily measured as "temperature" (enthalpy). When a system encounters a higher energy source, the temperature of that system rises as a result.

The result is the transmission of energy as heat, regardless of the source. Heat causes molecules to move more quickly (absorb energy), and some or all of the heat energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

Therefore, the result of heating a gas is a quicker rate of molecular motion. Because of the molecules' more frantic, frenetic mobility and subsequent collisions with the container walls, there is a rise in pressure inside the container.

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The differential between freezes point of the pure reagent and or the melting point of the solution is referred to as the depression in the freezing point.

How do melting and freezing points differ?

Definition. The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid under normal air pressure is known as the freezing point. A melting point, on the other hand, is the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid at ordinary atmospheric pressure.

Is the freezing point precisely 32 degrees?

Water frozen at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius, and 273.15 Kelvin, as we have all known. But this isn't always the case. After discovering water vapour at -40 degrees Centigrade inside clouds, scientists have even chilled water as in lab to -42 degrees C.

Briefing:

0.8 - (freezing point of solution)=4×7.82×81.1×1000/162.2×850

                                                 = 0.8-18.4

 freezing point of solution      = -17.6°C

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Answer: 86.14%, 100.86%

Explanation:

The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of the isotopes of the element, taking into account the abundance of each isotope. To determine the percentage abundance of each isotope, we can use the following formula:

Percentage abundance = (isotope mass / relative atomic mass) x 100

For the isotope with mass number 6, the percentage abundance would be:

(6 / 6.94) x 100 = 86.14%

For the isotope with mass number 7, the percentage abundance would be:

(7 / 6.94) x 100 = 100.86%

So the isotope with mass number 6 has an 86.14% abundance, and the isotope with mass number 7 has a 100.86% abundance. The sum of these two percentages is slightly greater than 100 because the relative atomic mass is an average and does not take into account the abundance of each isotope.

The equilibrium constant for the given reaction is K = [H₂]³[NaOH]⁶

The ratio of the concentration of the products raised to their coefficient to the ratio of the concentration of the reactants raised to their coefficients is how the equilibrium constant is defined, as we are aware.

However, specific reaction stages are not included in the formula for the equilibrium constant. These consist of:

Additionally, if the following are present in the reaction, the equilibrium constant expression must include them:

The following equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium constant for the given reaction:

6Na(s) + 6H₂O(l)+⥂6NaOH (aq) + 3H₂(g)

Equilibrium constant, K = [H₂]³[NaOH]⁶

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The formal charge on sulfur in so42- is 0, where the Lewis structure of the ion is attached in the image below.

Formal charge = # of valence electrons -(number of bond pairs)/2 - number of lone pair electrons

So, formal charge on S = 6-(12/2)-0 = 0

Valence electrons are the electrons withinside the outermost shell, or power level, of an atom. For example, oxygen has six valence electrons,  withinside the 2s subshell and 4 withinside the 2p subshell.

Sulfate ion is a very weak base, while HSO−4 is a fairly strong acid, with Ka=0.01. On the other hand, H2SO4 is a very strong acid. Because it is such a weak base, sulfate ion undergoes negligible hydrolysis in aqueous solution.

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The decay rate of an isotope is initially r 0, but after one half-life has gone by, the rate is r 0/2. at the end of the next half-life, The decay rate will be r0/4.

The decay rate of an isotope is a measure of the rate at which the isotope decays or breaks down into another element. The decay rate is typically expressed as the fraction of the isotope that decays per unit of time.

The half-life of an isotope is the time it takes for half of the isotope to decay. After one half-life has passed, the decay rate of the isotope is reduced to half of its initial value (r0/2). At the end of the next half-life, the decay rate will be further reduced to half of its current value, which is r0/2/2 = r0/4.

Therefore, at the end of the next half-life, the decay rate of the isotope will be r0/4.

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in the presence of sulfuric acid, this alcohol is dehydrated to form a pair of alkenes through an e1 mechanism.hence we treat alcohol with H2SO, the main product is elimination. As we can see in the given reaction, the lone pair of oxygen electrons attached to the alcohol form a bond with the hydrogen of H2SO4 in step 1.

In the second step, H2O separates from the parent ring, resulting in a positive charge on the ring. In the third step, hydrogen is removed from the carbon next to the carbonium carbon, resulting in the formation of an alkene. An alkene is a hydrocarbon with a carbon-carbon double bond in organic chemistry. Alkene is frequently used as a synonym for olefin, which is any hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds. Monoalkenes are classified into two types: terminal and internal. The E1 mechanism, also known as unimolecular elimination, typically involves two steps: ionisation and deprotonation. As an intermediate during ionisation, a carbocation is formed. The carbocation loses a proton during deprotonation.

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The answer is 162.24 atm for partial pressure of helium gas.

Reason: Heloix's atmospheric pressure is p0=atm.

Oxygen mole fraction =Xo=0.22

Helium's mole fraction is xHe=1-Xo=1-0.22=0.78.

Dalton's law of partial pressure states that

Heloix's oxygen partial pressure is calculated as follows: p0=p0Xo=208atm0.22=45.76atm

Heloise's partial pressure of helium is pHe=p0XHe=208atm0.78=162.24atm.

Helium gas has a partial pressure of 162.24 atm.

The density of heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, is lower than that of air. In especially in conditions marked by increased airways resistance, inhaling heliox results in a decrease in resistance to flow within the airways and, as a result, a reduction in the work of breathing (WOB).

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Three more trials were conducted and the data was recorded this is one of sentence appropriate for a formal lab report in chm113 lab.

The phrase "three further trials were undertaken and the data was recorded" is appropriate for a formal lab report in the CHM113 lab. Following the recording of these samples' absorbencies, a standard line curve with the concentration equation and an R2 value was produced using the data. To make it simpler to grasp huge amounts of data and the relationships between various series of data, series of numeric data are displayed in a graphical fashion using charts.

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All of the following are significant computer-related concerns that the Bureau of Consumer Protection (BCP) addresses, with the exception of how to increase the number of "cookies".

What is a consumer ?

Consumers are those who buy products for their own needs and utilise or consume them.

Product liability, privacy rights, unfair business practises, fraud, misrepresentation, and other consumer/company interactions are only a few of the many themes covered by consumer protection. Although a customer cannot resell the good, product, or service, he or she may use it to support himself or herself and engage in self-employment.

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The electron configuration of an atom or ion is the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of the atom or ion. It is represented by a list of occupied atomic orbitals in order of increasing energy, with the number of electrons in each orbital given in superscript. The electron configuration of an atom or ion can be used to predict its chemical behavior and reactivity. It is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which determines the number of electrons in the atom or ion, and the arrangement of these electrons in the atomic orbitals. The electron configuration of an atom or ion is written using the Periodic Table and the principles of quantum mechanics.

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In zinc phosphate, zinc makes up 50.84% of the composition. In zinc phosphate, oxygen makes up 32.12% of the total composition.

Composition as a percent Find the compound's molar mass in grams per mole for each element. Calculate the compound's overall molecular weight. Subtract the total molecular mass from the component's molar mass. The number you have now will be between 0 and 1. To obtain the composition in percent, multiply it by 100%.

Divide the change in the burette reading by the initial volume of air in the burette and multiply by 100 to get the percentage of oxygen in air expressed as a percentage of volume.

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Consequently, choice is the right response (D) The symmetry plane of cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane exists. Additional Information: It should be emphasized that an achiral molecule is one that possesses a plane of symmetry. It is possible to superimpose an achiral molecule on its mirror counterpart.

Why is achiral cis-1 2-dimethylcyclohexane?

Instead of having a plane of symmetry, cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane is achiral because it has two enantiomeric conformations that quickly interconvert via ring flipping at room temperature.

There is an enantiomer of cis-1 2-dimethylcyclohexane, right?

Two different chair conformers of cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane are possible. Two conformational enantiomers are present here. Rapid interconversion prevents them from being resolved.

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The atomic number of the resulting nuclide after both processes is Z+1

Define atomic number.

The charge number of an atomic nucleus is the chemical element's atomic number, also known as nuclear charge number (symbol Z).

Three fundamental processes, including the emission of alpha particles, beta rays, and ayos range, are involved in radioactive decay.

An rise in the atomic number of a unit is implied by the emission of a beta ray, which signifies the transition of a neutral into a proton.

Z ----> Z +1

Since the two particles' masses are nearly equal, the atomic mass remains constant, hence an antineutrino must also be released to counteract the reaction.

When the daughter particle emits a gamma ray, it transitions from its execrated state to its base state without changing its atomic mass or number.

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The mass of the nitrogen is 563.11 g.

Let the number of moles be n

T = 30 C = 303 K

V = 0.2 m3

P = 2.5 atm = 253312 Pa

R = 8.314 J/mol-K

n = PV/RT = (253312*0.2}{303*8.314} = 20.11 moles

Mass = moles * molar mass= 20.11 * 28 = 563.11 g

Moles = Sample Mass / Molar Mass By dividing the number of moles by the Avogadro constant, you may get the total number of atoms or molecules in a sample. Atoms or Molecules=Number of Moles / 6.022*10 23 is the formula. The mass in grams of one mole of a nitrogen is its molar mass. The molar mass of a nitrogen may be found by adding the molar masses of its constituent atoms.

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According to Boyle's Law the pressure of a gas is 2.30atm in a 1.80l container. 3.45 atm  is the final pressure of the gas if the volume is decreased to 1.20

Boyle's Law demonstrates the relationship between a gas's pressure and volume. To demonstrate, we press the plunger down to alter the gas's volume. The volume is reduced as a result, and as a result of the gas molecules' reduced space, the pressure is rising:

V1 = 1.80 L, V1 = 2.30 atm, V2 = 1.20 L, and P2 =?

P1V1=P2V2

Rearrange now to compute P2:

P2=P1V1V2 P2=2.30atm×1.80L1.20L=3.45atm

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In accordance with the stated assertion, 1 mol of Cacl₂will dissolve in the solution.

Chemists employ the mole, a highly significant unit of measurement. Like a dozen eggs implies twelve eggs, having a mole of anything indicates we had 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 of that item. For extremely tiny objects as electrons, polymers, or other particles, chemists must quantify using moles. A mole is defined as the mass of a material with the same numbers of elementary particles that are atoms in exactly 12.000 g of 12C.

You are aware that 1L of solution contains 2 moles of Cacl₂.

In 0.500 L of solution there are

0.500 L soln. * 2.0 mol of Cacl₂/1 L soln = 1 mol Cacl₂

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