Answer:
$1.41144
Explanation:
Assuming that distribution of its earning to its shareholder is 30% as against the 0% which is likely a mistake because the tax rate on dividend income of 27% is also given in the question
Earning before tax $13
Less: Corporation tax $5.46
($13 * 42%)
Earnings after tax $7.54
Dividend distribution = $7.54 * 30% = $2.262
After tax dividend = $2.262 * (1-0.27) = $2.262 * 0.78 = $1.7643
Shareholder earnings after Income tax = $1.7643 * (1 - 0.20) = $1.7643 * 0.80 = $1.41144
Therefore, the Shareholder earnings from the Corporation assuming the distribution of its earning to its shareholder is 30% is $1.41144
The National Income and Product Accounts identity states:__________A) Expenditure Production Income.B) Production Expenditure Income.C) Production Expenditure Income.D) Expenditure Production Income.E) Production Expenditure Income.
Answer:
I. National Income Accounting:
National income accounts are an accounting framework is useful in measuring economic activity.
A. Three approaches—all produce the same measurement of the production of the economy.
1. product approach: how much output is produced
2. income approach: how much income is created by production
3. Expenditure approach: how much purchasers spend
B. Why all three approaches are the same: Assumes no unsold goods (at this point) then the market values of goods and services produced must equal the amount buyers spend to purchase them (product approach=expenditure approach). What the seller receives (income) must equal what is spent (expenditure).
II. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A. GDP vs. GNP
GNP= output produced by domestically owned factors or production. (By our people)
GDP= includes production produced by foreign owed factors of production within the countries border and excludes domestically owned production in foreign countries. (On our soil)
1. GDP = GNP – net factor payment from abroad (NFP)
2. How big is the difference?
B. Product approach: The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation during a fixed period of time.
1. Market value: allows comparison between different goods. Has some problems – ignores some goods. underground economy, and government services.
2. Final goods and service: Treatment of inventories; Capital goods; Avoids double counting; Value added.
3. New production: Ignores goods produced in previous periods
C. Expenditure approach: Total spending on final goods and services produced within a nation during a specified period of time.
1. Income expenditure identity and four categories of spending: Consumption (C), Investment (I), government purchases of goods and services (G) and net exports (NX)
Y = C + I + C + NX
2. Consumption(C): Spending by domestic households on final goods and services
a. Consumer durable goods: Long lasting goods
b. Nondurable goods used up quickly
c. Services
3. Investment (I): Spending on new capital goods by business
a. Business fixed investment
b. Residential fixed investment
c. Inventory investment: Changes in the amount of unsold goods, goods in progress and new materials
4. Government purchases of goods and services (G):
a. State and local vs. Federal spending
b. Transfers and interest payments on debt are not counted. They are counted in total government expenditure which is not the same as government purchases of goods and services.
5. Net exports (NX): exports minus imports
a. Need to subtract imports since they are counted in C. I and G can add goods produced within the country purchased by foreign interests (exports).
D. Income approach adds up income received by producers, including profits and taxes paid to the government
1. Income generated by production
a. National income =
compensation of employees
+ proprietors income
+ rental income of persons
+ corporate profits
+ net interest
+ taxes on production
+ business transfers
+ surplus of gov enterprises
b. National income + statistical discrepancy = Net National Product (NNP)
Note: This changed a couple years ago. If you have an old addition, you may see the indirect business tax. It is no long used in this equation!
c. NNP + depreciation = GNP
d. GNP – NFP = GDP
2. Income of private sector and government
a. Private disposable income = income of private sector = private sector income earned at home (Y or GDP) and abroad (NFP) + payments from the government sector (transfers TR and interest on debt INT) – taxes paid to government (T) = Y + NFP + TR + INT – T
b. Government net income = T- TR – INT
III. Saving and Wealth
A. Wealth Difference between assets and liabilities
B. Measures of aggregate savings
1. Saving = current income – current spending; saving rate = saving/current income
2. Private saving (Spvt) Spvt = Y + NFP – T + TR + INT – C
3. Government Saving (Sgovt) Sgovt = T – TR- INT – G
a. Government saving = Government budget surplus (deficit = -Sgovt)
4. National Saving= private saving + government saving
S = Spvt + Sgovt = Y + NFP - C – G = GNP - C – G
C. The uses of private saving
1. S = I + (NX + NFP) = I + CA
CA = NX + NFP = current account balance
2. The use of savings identity
Spvt = I – Sgovt + CA
If the budget deficit increases one or a combination of the following happen
1) private saving must rise
2) investment must fall
3) the current account balance must fall
IV. Prices Indexes, Inflation and Interest Rates
A. Nominal vs. Real variables
Nominal Variables – Measures the economic variable in terms of the current market value.
Real Variable—Measure the variable valued at the prices in a base year.
B. Real vs. Nominal: Calculation the differences
Examples Small country only produces base balls and baseball bats
Explanation:
Which of the following is NOT a role of the closure facilitator?a. Use several questionnaires as a starting point to conduct the post-project retrospectiveb. Get delivery acceptance from the customerc. Elicit a 360-degree view and input from all stakeholders to create a more complete picture of project issuesd. Lead the team in exploring new ways for solving problemse. Create an environment in which stakeholders feel safe to provide input
Question options:
A. Create an environment in which stakeholders feel safe to provide input.b)Get delivery acceptance from the customer.c)Elicit a 360-degree view and input from all stakeholders to create a more complete picture of project issues.d)Use several questionnaires as a starting point to conduct the post-project retrospective.e)Lead the team in exploring new ways for solving problems
Answer:
b)Get delivery acceptance from the customer
Explanation:
The closure facilitator can be the project manager and does not get delivery acceptance from customer in project management. The closure facilitator is the one in charge of ensuring project objectives are met by drafting the agendas and looking for ways to achieve meeting objectives in project facilitation. The project facilitator creates an environment that makes it possible for the group and everyone involved in the project to put heads together to solve problems in the project
g An accelerated depreciation method: Group of answer choices Results in reporting higher earnings every year. Depreciation an asset over a shorter life than does the straight-line method. Recognizes more depreciation expense in the early years of an asset's useful life and less in the later years. Is required for assets that become technologically obsolete before they physically wear out.
Answer:
The correct answer is the third option: Recognizes more depreciation expense in the early years of an asset's useful life and less in the later years.
Explanation:
To begin with, the name of "Accelerated Depreciation" is refered to a method used in the accouting fields in order to determine how much of a permanent asset has been worn out by the time that has passed and to put that amount in the accounts of the company so that there is a record of the money that has been lost for those depreciations. Moreover, in difference with the traditional method, this one uses a process in where the depreciation will be higher in the early years of the asset while in the latest will be less depreciation.
You are in talks to settle a potential lawsuit. The defendant has offered to make annual payments of $18,000, $26,500, $46,000, and $69,000 to you each year over the next four years, respectively. All payments will be made at the end of the year. If the appropriate interest rate is 4.3 percent, what is the value of the settlement offer today
Answer:
Total PV= $140,465.69
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Cash flows:
Cf1= $18,000
Cf2= $26,500
Cf3= $46,000
Cf4= $69,000
The appropriate interest rate is 4.3 percent.
To calculate the present value, we need to apply the following formula on each cash flow:
PV= FV/(1+i)^n
Cf1= 18,000/1.043= 17,257.91
Cf2= 26,500/1.043^2= 24,360
Cf3= 46,000/1.043^3= 40,541.97
Cf4= 69,000/1.043^4= 58,305.81
Total PV= $140,465.69
The typical starting point of any firm's marketing mix is the:____________
A) analysis of what production equipment is available and owned by the company
B) design of the promotion campaign to be used for the product
C) selection of the places through which the good or service will be sold
D) determination of the product's price, enabling future revenues and budgets to be estimated
E) development of the good or service to be sold
Answer: E. development of the good or service to be sold
Explanation:
The typical starting point of any firm's marketing mix is the development of the good or service to be sold. The marketing mix is simply a mix of the marketing strategies that are vital to achieve marketing aims and increase sales.
It should be noted that marketing mix begins with the product and without this, distribution, pricing and the promotion are not relevant.
By using only the aggregate demand curve, what can we determine
this question is in which lesson
Choose the example that is punctuated correctly. Each of the members on the panel was handed a copy of the 30-page proposal. Each of the members of the panel were handed a copy of the 30-page proposal. Each of the members of the panel was handed a copy of the thirty-page proposal. Choose the word that correctly completes the sentence.
Answer: Each of the members on the panel was handed a copy of the 30-page proposal.
Explanation:
The pronoun each is an infinite pronoun as it does not refer to a specific person but still includes all of them. As it is a singular pronoun, it would need to be matched by a singular verb being was instead of were which is a plural verb.
Also, with numbers, it is a general rule that when the number is between one and ten it would be best to write it as a word. When the number is above 11 however, it would be best to write it as numerals. The correctly punctuated example is therefore the first one.
Mize Company provided $45,500 of services on account, and collected $38,000 from customers during the year. The company also incurred $37,000 of expenses on account, and paid $32,400 against its payables. How do these events impact the elements of the horizontal financial statements model
Answer:
Total asset will increase
Explanation:
Equity and Liability Amount Effect
Service Revenue $45,500
Expenses $37,000
Profit $8,500 Increase in equity
Account Payable $4,000 Increase in liability
($37,000 - $32,400)
Total $13,100 Increase in Total assets
Asset
Cash $5,600
($38,000 - $32,400)
Account Receivables $7,500
($45,500 - $38,000)
Total $13,100 Increase in Total assets
Suppose the government sets an effective price floor (that is, a price above equilibrium) in the market for oranges and agrees to buy all oranges that go unsold at that price. The oranges purchased by the government are discarded. Illustrate the number of oranges purchased by the government. Illustrate the gains and losses to all relevant groups of Americans and the dead weight loss.
Answer:
If the market floor is over demand, there is a surplus supply at that point. As a result , the number for oranges bought by the state would be Q1Q2 across the table.
Benefit is to the growers growing oranges as they've been having a better price and the cost is to the customers and community at large as it increases in deadweight losses. The triangular region in the graph reflects a moral hazard, DWL.
Using the information below, calculate gross profit for the period. Sales revenues for the period $ 1,254,000 Operating expenses for the period 234,000 Finished Goods Inventory, January 1 35,500 Finished Goods Inventory, December 31 40,500 Cost of goods manufactured for the period 515,000
Answer:
$744,000
Explanation:
The computation of the gross profit is shown below:
But before that determine the cost of goods sold which is
Cost of goods sold is
= Opening finished goods balance + cost of goods manufactured - ending finished goods balance
= $35,500 + $515,000 - $40,500
= $510,000
now the gross profit is
= Sales - cost of goods sold
= $1,254,000 - $510,000
= $744,000
Which of the following is not true about production possibilities frontiers?a. moving from one point to another on a PPF incurs a tradeoffb. economic growth is shown by shifting the PPF outwardc. unemployment of resources is shown by shifting the PPF inwardd. a PPF can shift inward or outward
Answer:
c. unemployment of resources is shown by shifting the PPF inwards
Explanation:
The production possibilities frontiers (PPF) would be moved from one point to another that represents the trade off between the two goods. In case of the expansion in an economy the PPF would be shift outwards and when there is a loss than the same is to be shifted inward
And, the movement of the shift could be based on the economy condition
Therefore in the given case, the option C should be selected
"Variable costs are expenses that" ________. A. remain constant on a per-unit basis but change in total based on activity level B. decrease on a per-unit basis as activity level increases C. remain constant in total regardless of activity level within a relevant range D. remain constant on a per-unit basis and remain constant in total regardless of activity level
Answer:
A. remain constant on a per-unit basis but change in total based on activity level
Explanation:
In the short run, variable costs only vary according to the total output of the company. E.g. a company's variable cost of manufacturing product X is $10 per unit. If it produces 10,000 units, total variable costs will = $10 x 10,000 = $100,000.
In the long run variable costs will probably vary because production processes will also vary or the cost of inputs change.
All of the following are functions of packaging except:____________.
A) consumer convenience.
B) product protection.
C) entertainment.
D) promotion.
E) added benefits.
Answer:
C. Entertainment
Explanation:
When goods are produced or manufactured, they are usually sealed or placed in containers/boxes, depending on the nature or how big those goods are. Ideally, packaging serves a means of protecting goods from damage. However, packaging also help to facilitate product storage and convenience.
Furthermore, packaging a product could also serve as a means of promoting it by branding the cover either through the producer's logo or any item that will be identified with the producer. There is also the aspect of packaging that facilitate recycling and also help to reduce damage to the environment.
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An elderly father owns a classic car that was purchased many years ago for $7,500. The father dies and bequeaths the car to his son. At the date that the car was bequeathed to the son, the car was valued at $20,000. A few years later, the son sells the car for $22,500. What is the tax consequence to the son
The available options are:
A. No capital gain or loss because the item sold was personal property
B. $2,500 long term capital gain
C. $12,500 long term capital gain
D. $22,500 long term capital gain
Answer:
$2,500 long term capital gain
Explanation:
Given that the classic car, that is an item under consideration is inherited, therefore, the cost basis to the recipient is the market value at the date of death.
Hence, the market value of the date of death is $20,000
The amount the classic car is sold is $22,500
To get the capital gain or loss, subtract the value at the date of death from the amount sold, which is $22,500 - $20,000 = $2,500
Hence, the correct answer is $2,500 long term capital gain
During October, a firm had the following transactions involving revenue and expenses. Paid $1,275 for rent for October Provided services for $2,900 in cash Paid $280 for the October telephone service Provided services for $2,050 on credit Paid salaries of $1,750 to employees Paid $380 for the monthly office cleaning service Calculate the net income or net loss for the period?
Answer:
Net income $1,265
Explanation:
The computation of the net income or net loss is shown below:
Revenues
Cash revenues $2,900
Credit revenue $2,050
Total revenues (a) $4,950
Less:
Expenses :
Rent ($1,275)
Telephone ($280)
Salaries ($1,750)
Office cleaning service ($380)
Total expenses (b) ($3,685)
Net income $1,265 (a - b)
Which of the following is exchange traded?
A. forwards.
B. futures.
C. options.
D. both b and
Answer:
C. options.
Explanation:
Exchange traded funds are mutual funds traded on equity in which the exchanges are based on an index. This aim to reflect the performance of its base index to the investors.
How is it useful to identify emerging patterns in looking for a trends?
Answer:
It is very useful to identify emerging patterns when looking for trends. Emerging patterns help to discover inherent differences in a dataset. They are powerful for constructing accurate and complete classifications of the dataset.
Explanation:
Emerging patterns present themselves as items with frequency changes that are significantly different from one dataset to another. Trends show the general directions of some variables. One discovers emerging patterns by looking at two datasets for two time periods. The trend will show if the pattern has increased or decreased in size, totally disappeared, or new patterns have currently emerged when compared to previous patterns.
There are different kinds of trends. Emerging patterns are useful as they;
They act as a means of knowing or finding out the distinctions present amidst a collection of data group.They are powerful tool for constructing right classifiers.What are Emerging Patterns?Theses are known as the patterns of the groups of items whose frequency changes very well from one dataset to another.
They are known to be very vital in getting the multi-dimensional differences between datasets/ or classes.
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What is one way a person can use technology to automate a process that may be more efficient doing than manually
Answer:
Business process automation is the use of technology to execute recurring tasks or processes in a business where manual effort can be replaced. It is done to minimize costs, increase efficiency, and streamline processes.
Explanation:
hope this helps
Which element of informed consent is not required?
Answer:
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Explanation:
gfghcwvC WV shdvg v GEfgd DCnVqjkhds hmm l BBS xnncssbcshjsvvvhgqgf cfgvv v qvfgcvcvhghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhbhhhhhhhghhj
jhhhhvvhgsvdtg
Imagine you’re an angel investor looking to invest in young companies. What questions would you ask the management team at Project Repat before making a final decision about investing in it?
Strength and weakness of each open/flexible business organization forms
Answer:
The overview of the discussion is mentioned throughout the clarification segment elsewhere here.
Explanation:
There have been lesser supervisors because they can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of service, which tends to increase business income. It has a broader spectrum of influence, making it more difficult to track and handle employees. It has a vague direction to pursue, and workers have uncertain responsibilities that find it difficult to attract staff.Employees would have a much wider workplace satisfaction thanks to their educational and welcoming atmosphere.Halifax Manufacturing allows its customers to return merchandise for any reason up to 90 days after delivery and receive a credit to their accounts. All of Halifax's sales are for credit (no cash is collected at the time of sale). The company began 2021 with a refund liability of $400,000. During 2021, Halifax sold merchandise on account for $13,400,000. Halifax's merchandise costs is 65% of merchandise selling price. Also during the year, customers returned $661,000 in sales for credit, with $365,000 of those being returns of merchandise sold prior to 2021, and the rest being merchandise sold during 2021. Sales returns, estimated to be 5% of sales, are recorded as an adjusting entry at the end of the year. Required: 1. Prepare entries to (a) record actual returns in 2021 of merchandise that was sold prior to 2021; (b) record actual returns in 2021 of merchandise that was sold during 2021; and (c) adjust the refund liability to its appropriate balance at year end. 2. What is the amount of the year-end refund liability after the adjusting entry is recorded
Answer:
actual returns:
refund liabilities 365,000 debit
cash 365,000 credit
inventory 237,250 debit
inventory-returns 237,250 credit
--returns on the previous year--
refund liabilities 296,000 debit
account receivables 296,000 credit
inventory 237,250 debit
inventory-returns 237,250 credit
--returns in the current year--
192,400
adjusting entry:
sales return 670,000 debit
refund liability 670,000 credit
inventory-returns 237,250 debit
cost of goods sold 237,250 credit
--returns in the current year--
Balance of allowance for sales refunds: 409,000
Explanation:
When returning their goods the customer's receivables are canceled.
We also need to calculate the cost of these goods that return to the company's inventory.
365,000 x 65% = 237,250
296,000 x 65% = 192,400
credit-sales: 13,400,000
estimated returns: 5% >> 670,000
estimated inventory-returns 670,000 x 65% = 435,500
We work with our liabilities and return accounts rather than the cost of good sold and sales returns as these are adjusted at year-end based on credit sales.
Balance:
beginning 400,000
returns (661,000)
year-end
adjust 670,000
ending 409,000
Marci is trying to determine the predetermined overhead rate for her company. She knows that the estimated annual overhead costs for the company are $255,000. The Work in Process inventory has amounted to $35,000 for March and April, and the overall estimated direct labor cost is $300,000. If overhead is applied based on direct labor cost, what is the predetermined overhead rate?
Answer:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= $0.85 per direct labor dollar
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
She knows that the estimated annual overhead costs for the company are $255,000.
The estimated direct labor cost is $300,000.
To calculate the predetermined overhead rate, we need to use the following formula:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= total estimated overhead costs for the period/ total amount of allocation base
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= 255,000/300,000
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= $0.85 per direct labor dollar
Exercise 2-12 Analyzing and journalizing transactions involving receipt of cash LO P1 Following are transactions for Valdez Services, a company owned by Brina Valdez. Brina Valdez invested $20,000 cash in the company in exchange for common stock. The company provided services to a client and immediately received $900 cash. The company received $10,000 cash from a client in payment for services to be provided next year. The company received $3,500 cash from a client in partial payment of accounts receivable. The company borrowed $5,000 cash from the bank by signing a note payable. 1. Prepare general journal entries for the above transactions of Valdez Services. 2. Listed below are four reasons why a transaction would not yield a revenue. Match each of the reasons to the transaction it properly describes.
Answer:
1. Date General Journal and Explanation Debit Credit
Cash $20,000
Common Stock $20,000
(To record investment in stock)
Cash $900
Service Revenue $900
(To record revenue earned in Cash)
Cash $10,000
Unearned Service Revenue $10,000
(To record advance receipt)
Cash $3,500
Accounts receivables $3,500
(To record cash received)
Cash $5,000
Notes Payable $5,000
(To record issuance of note)
2. Question missing.
Why do companies use predetermined overhead rates rather than actual manufacturing overhaed costs to apply overhead to job?
Answer:
to avoid delaying the product costing exercise.
Explanation:
The actual overhead costs are usually not readily available when costing a product. Waiting for the actual costs would delay the product costing exercise, thus a company uses estimates (predetermined overhead rates) and later adjust for the over or under - application when actual information is available.
Financing that individuals or institutions have provided to a corporation is: Multiple Choice always classified as a liability. classified as a liability when provided by creditors and as stockholders' equity when provided by owners. always classified as equity. classified as a stockholders' equity when provided by creditors and a liability when provided by owners.
Answer:
classified as a liability when provided by creditors and as stockholders' equity when provided by owners
Explanation:
Corporate finance can be explained as how the revenue, asset as well as is been taken care of in business. The financing could be by individual or institution.
It should be noted that Financing that individuals or institutions have provided to a corporation is classified as a liability when provided by creditors and as stockholders' equity when provided by owners
Marina Corp. applied overhead to jobs during the period as follows: Jobs finished and sold $ 46,000 Jobs started and in process 54,000 Jobs finished and unsold 100,000 The application of overhead has resulted in a $5,600 credit balance in the Factory Overhead account. The entry to dispose of this remaining factory overhead balance is:
Answer: Debit factory overhead $5600; credit cost of goods sold $5600
Explanation:
The journal entry simply has to do with the keeping of records of transactions in a company and it shows both the debit balances and the credit balances of the company.
The factory overhead, also referred to as the manufacturing overhead is simply the total cost that is involved in production which can't be traced to a product directly like the indirect cost and the indirect labor.
The journal entry for the above transaction is:
Debit Factory overhead. 5600
Credit Cost of good sold 5600
Therefore, the entry to dispose of this remaining factory overhead balance is: Debit factory overhead $5600; credit cost of goods sold $5600.
Are the following events recorded in the accounting records? Explain your answer in each case. (a) The owner of the company dies. (b) Supplies are purchased on account. (c) An employee is fired. (d) The owner of the business withdraws cash from the business for personal use. g
Answer:
(a) The owner of the company dies.
This event is not recorded in the accounting records. If the company is a sole-proprietorship, the death of the owner simply causes the end of the firm. If the firm is a corporation, it can continue to operate even if the owner dies, ownership can be transferred.
(b) Supplies are purchased on account.
This event is recorded. Supplies are an asset, and are debited, and because they are purchased on account, the associated liability account is credited.
(c) An employee is fired.
This event is not recorded. Consequences of the firing may be recorded, for example, an indemnization that reduces cash.
(d) The owner of the business withdraws cash from the business for personal use.
This event is recorded. The cash account is debited (decreased), and the personal expenses, or non-operating expenses account is increased.
The most recent financial statements for Alexander Co. are shown here: Income Statement Balance Sheet Sales $ 49,800 Current assets $ 23,400 Long-term debt $ 52,500 Costs 37,900 Fixed assets 90,000 Equity 60,900 Taxable income $ 11,900 Total $ 113,400 Total $ 113,400 Taxes (34%) 4,046 Net income $ 7,854 Assets and costs are proportional to sales. The company maintains a constant 30 percent dividend payout ratio and a constant debt–equity ratio. What is the maximum dollar increase in sales that can be sustained assuming no new equity is issued? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Maximum increase in sales $
Answer:
$4945.14
Explanation:
The computation of the maximum increase in sales is shown below:
But before that we need to do the following calculations
Return on Equity = Net Income ÷ Total Equity × 100
= $7,854 ÷ 60,900 × 100
= 12.9%
And, Dividiend Payaout Ratio = 30%
So, retention ratio = 100% - 30%
= 70%
Now
Sustainable Growth rate equation is
= [(Return on Equity × retention Ratio) ÷ ([1 - (Return on Equity × retention ratio)]
= [(0.129 × 0.7) ÷ [1 - (0.129 × 0.7)]
= [( 0.0903) ÷ [1 -(0.0903)]
= 0.993
= 9.93%
So, Maximum dollar increase in sales os
= $49,800 × 9.93%
= $4945.14
Which of the following statements is true about the audit opinion formulation process presented in this chapter?
a. The audit opinion formulation process is significantly different for the financial statement only audit and the integrated audit.
b. The audit opinion formulation process is based on the premise that management has responsibility to prepare the financial statements and maintain internal control over financial reporting.
c. The audit opinion formulation process is comprised of seven phases.
d. All of the above are true statements regarding the audit opinion formulation process.
Answer:
b. The audit opinion formulation process is based on the premise that management has responsibility to prepare the financial statements and maintain internal control over financial reporting.
Explanation:
The audit opinion formulation generally, is based on the premise that management has responsibility to prepare the financial statements and maintain internal control over financial reporting.
This entails that if there has not been sufficient internal controls to to enable fair presentation of Financial Statements, the entity gets a qualified audit opinion (negative report) otherwise if in place, the company gets a unqualified audit opinion (positive report).