Clonal selection occurs with both T cells and B cells.
Define clonal selection.
To respond to infections, the body creates B and T cells through a process known as clonal selection. These cells can recognize particular viruses because they each have a different set of receptors. The B and T cells that can identify the intruder grow quickly to produce an army of cells to combat the infection when it enters the host.
Random mutations during clonal expansion result in the development of B cells with higher antibody-binding affinity for their antigens during clonal selection. Secondary immune responses are so successful at preventing reinfection by the same pathogen, which may be explained by the clonal selection hypothesis.
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if the genotype aa is embryonic lethal and the genotype aa is fully viable but sterile, what genotype frequency would be found in adults in an equilibrium population for a heterozygous genotype?
Due to their sterility and lethality, AA and AA are unable to breed. Because all AA would perish, only heterozygotes would produce 2/3 Aa and 1/3 aa. The idea of random mating is not required.
A person having the genotype Aa can produce both A and a gametes. Given that this is a random process, the person will typically produce an equal quantity of each gamete. (For each gamete, the frequency is half.)
Homozygotes are people having the genotypes AA and aa (i.e., they have two copies of the same allele).
People who have the genotype Aa are heterozygotes (i.e., they have two different alleles at the A locus).
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Which of the following is the biodiversity hot spot?OceansRiversDesertsForests
Answer:desert
Explanation:
PLEASE HELP!!
Come up with another myth about the classification of organisms. Then, give two to three reasons why the myth is untrue. Use complete sentences and support your answer with evidence, using your own words.
6. Your myth:
Fact:
Evidence:
A myth about the classification of organisms and two to three reasons why the myth is untrue are:
Myth: All organisms can be classified into just two categories: plants and animals.Why the myth is untrue?This myth is untrue for a few reasons:
There are more than two categories of organisms: While plants and animals are two of the major categories of organisms, they are not the only ones. Other categories include fungi, protists, and bacteria, which are all distinct groups of organisms with their own unique characteristics.Not all plants and animals are the same: Within the categories of plants and animals, there is a great deal of diversity. There are many different types of plants (e.g., trees, shrubs, flowers) and animals (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles) with their own unique characteristics.Lastly, the classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships: The classification of organisms is based on the evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms. This means that organisms are classified based on their shared ancestry and the evolutionary changes that have occurred over time.
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the most common type of regenerated fiber, which is derived from cellulose and is mostly plant in origin, is rayon.
in the absence of chromosomal rearrangements, what are the most likely karyotypes of a newborn baby with 47 chromo- somes? with 45 chromosomes?
The chromosomal rearrangements in the baby with karyotypes of 47 chromosomes will be XXY and 45 chromosomes will be XO.
The presence of 47 chromosomes in the baby is characteristics of trisomy that is Klinefelter syndrome and that of 45 chromosome is characteristics of Turners syndrome. It is a condition caused by monosomy because during chromosomal movement, the unequal distribution of chromosomal pairs takes place and one of the gamete gets more chromosome while it is reduced for another. In XXY pairs, the gender of baby is male with some features of females such as enlarged breasts, thick thighs etc. In XO pair, the gender of baby is female but the features are not developed well in adult.
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During a
solar eclipse, the Moon completely covers the
in the sky. This can only happen when the Sun, Earth, and
are in a straight line during a
Moon phase. During a total solar eclipse, an observer on Earth would be in the Moon's
, while an observer on Earth n the Moon's
would see a partial solar eclipse.
When the Moon moves just through the Earth's shadow, the lunar eclipse will takes place. Only during the period of full moon, when the Moon has on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, does this condition occur.
What will be the solar eclipse observed from earth?When the Moon will moves through the Earth's shadow, the lunar eclipse will take place. Only during the condition of full moon, when the Moon has on the opposite side of the Earth just from the Sun.
When the Sun have to covers the Moon with the Earth's shadow, the lunar eclipse use to occurs. The Sun, Moon, as well as the Earth must all be in the same plane of orbit for this to occur, with the Earth physically between them.
Therefore, When the Moon moves just through the Earth's shadow, the lunar eclipse will takes place. Only during the period of full moon, when the Moon has on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, does this condition occur.
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what is the likelihood that the progeny of iv-3 and iv-4 will have the trait?
The likelihood that the progeny of iv-3 and iv-4 will have the trait is 50%.
Understanding how to predict the probability of going to inherit specific traits is the valuation of studying genetics. This can assist animal and plant breeders in developing more desirable varieties. It may also assist individuals explain and predict inheritance patterns in family lines.
The genotype of an offspring seems to be the outcome of the combination of genes inside the sex chromosomes as well as gametes that came together during conception. Each parent contributed one sex cell. Sex cells typically have only one copy of each gene for every trait. Placing each of the two copies in its own box gives them a 50% chance of being inherited.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. a thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a __________.
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a Histological Section.
Utmost histological sections are 2D slices, from a 3D piece of towel. Exactly what will be seen on the microscope slide depends on the aeroplane of the section; that is, the position of the microtome cut, in relation to the anatomical structures in the towel.
Clinicians attempt to cut apkins in a aeroplane that allows the beginning structure of that towel to be seen and interpreted most fluently. For illustration, sections of the intestine and skin are generally cut in transverse section( across the tube), so that all layers of the towel are visible. also, skin sections are cut vertical to the face of the skin. Situating the towel before bedding and knowing its exposure are, thus, critically important, so that the sectioning is done in the correct aeroplane .
For vivisection samples there's no latitude for deciding the aeroplane of the section, as the direction of the needletract determines what towel is available and how it's acquainted. Pathologists anticipate to view sections in their stylish exposure as this also gives them the stylish occasion of relating abnormalities. numerous anatomical structures aren't readily visible in thin, 2D sections, simply because utmost of the structure isn't present. In this case, the 3D structure needs to be interpreted from what can be seen.
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Enzyme are added to a chemical reaction to lower the activation energy. What i an enzyme claified a?
a catalyt
an inhibitor
an accelerator
a depreant
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process.
Enzymes are molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. Activation energy is the amount of energy that is required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are classified as catalysts, inhibitors, accelerators, or depressants, depending on their function in the reaction. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being changed in the process. This is the most common type of enzyme, and they are responsible for the majority of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms. Inhibitors are molecules that reduce the rate of a reaction by binding to the enzyme and slowing or stopping its activity.
Accelerators are molecules that increase the rate of a reaction by increasing the binding affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. Depressants are molecules that reduce the rate of a reaction by decreasing the binding affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
Enzymes are important components of all biochemical reactions, as they are responsible for lowering the activation energy of the reaction and increasing the rate at which it occurs.
Without enzymes, many biochemical reactions would simply not occur in living organisms, as the activation energy required for them to occur would be too high. By adding enzymes to a chemical reaction, the activation energy is lowered and the reaction can occur more quickly and efficiently.
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What steps could help refine the researchers' experiment to modify only the two target genes? Select all that apply.
1. Engineer a version of Cas9 that demonstrates higher fidelity to the target sequence.
2. Inject the plasmids into younger mouse embryos so more cells are modified.
3. Insert more Cas9 and sgRNA during the initial introduction of the components.
4. Make stable transgenic lines so the cutting by Cas9 is not transient.
5. Screen the rest of the mouse genome to be sure the 20-bp targets do not appear elsewhere in the genome.
To refine the researchers' experiment and modify only the two target genes, the following steps could be taken: Engineer a version of Cas9 that demonstrates higher fidelity to the target sequence, Inject the plasmids into younger mouse embryos so more cells are modified, Make stable transgenic lines so the cutting by Cas9 is not transient. Therefore option 1, 2, and 3 is correct.
1. Engineer a version of Cas9 that demonstrates higher fidelity to the target sequence: By improving the specificity of Cas9, it will be more accurate in targeting only the intended genes, reducing off-target effects.
2. Inject the plasmids into younger mouse embryos so more cells are modified: Performing the experiment at an earlier stage of development allows for greater modification efficiency, increasing the likelihood of targeting only the desired cells.
3. Make stable transgenic lines so the cutting by Cas9 is not transient: Stable transgenic lines ensure that the modifications made by Cas9 are maintained over time and not lost during subsequent cell divisions.
Therefore option 1, 2, and 3 is correct.
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few natural rabbit predators exist in australia. why would the introduction of a non-native predator species only add further problems?
feral cats and foxes are natural predators of rabbits in australia. if we introduce non native predators, it may cause ecological imbalance.
introduction of non native predators of rabbit includes many protocol of import. it increase the cost of rabbit control. introduced predators may cause new problems such as spreading new disease to the native wild animals. it also be a predator for some other species in australia. other than that it severely affects the ecological balance in the location. controle of such introduced predator become additional problem for the government. we cannot predict the behaviour of the non native predators in australia.
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Your friend Rohan believes that deviant behavior has to exist for a society to properly function. With which person would he MOST likely agree?
A.
Robert Merton
B.
Karl Marx
C.
Emile Durkheim
D.
Howard Becker
Answer:
c, Emily Durkheim believed that deviance is a necessary part of a successful society.
the hereditary determinant of a trait or a section of dna that codes for a protein. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
Gene: A segment of a DNA molecule (a sequence of bases) that codes for a particular protein and determines the traits (phenotype) of the individual. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism.
What patterns, if any, are formed by the rates of
evolution in different lineages?
Answer:
There are several patterns that have been observed in the rates of evolution in different lineages. One of the most notable patterns is the concept of molecular clock, which is the idea that certain molecular changes in DNA occur at a constant rate over time. This allows scientists to estimate the amount of time that has passed since two species diverged from a common ancestor by comparing the differences in their DNA. Other patterns that have been observed include the idea of punctuated equilibrium, which is the idea that evolution occurs in bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stasis, and the Red Queen hypothesis, which suggests that species must constantly evolve in order to keep up with their constantly changing environments.
at a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitter is the neuron. multiple choice question. presynaptic postsynaptic
what are chromosomes made of? a dna and euchromatin b dna, rna, and proteins c dna and proteins d dna e dna, heterochromatin, and histone proteins
Answer:
E. dna, heterochromatin, and histone proteins
FILL IN THE BLANK. if a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal that has ______ chromosomes.
If a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal that has 16 chromosomes.
This is because the animal's sperm cells and egg cells (also known as gametes) contain half the number of chromosomes as the animal's somatic cells (also known as diploid cells). During fertilization, the sperm cell and egg cell combine to form a zygote, which contains the full complement of chromosomes for the animal. For example, a human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes, and a human egg cell contains 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes in the fertilized egg.
What is the difference between an order and a class?
The main difference between order and class is order is a collection or group of connected families whereas a class is a collection of connected orders.
Difference between an order and class.
In taxonomy, An order is made up of a collection of related families with a greater number of similarities, such as the dog and cat families. They are both members of the Carnivora Order.
Class, on the other hand, is a collection of related orders or groups that share fewer characteristics. For instance, the Order-Rodentia (Rat) and Primata (Human, Monkey, Gibbon) both belong to the class Mammalia since they have mammary glands and body hair.
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Lesson Two
Cell structure (P2) (89
1- Which of the following organelles is less affected by the lipid solvents?
c) Lysosome.
d) Plastid
a) Mitochondrion.
b) Ribosome.
C) Lysosome
Lysosomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are small, spherical vesicles that contain a range of hydrolytic enzymes, which are enzymes that break down molecules by adding water. These enzymes help the cell to digest and recycle its own molecules, as well as to break down foreign substances that enter the cell.
One of the key characteristics of lysosomes is that they are relatively resistant to the effects of lipid solvents, such as alcohols and detergents. This is because the membrane of a lysosome is composed of a special type of lipid called sphingomyelin, which is more resistant to these solvents than other types of lipids.
In contrast, the other organelles listed (mitochondria, ribosomes, and plastids) are more susceptible to the effects of lipid solvents. The membranes of these organelles are composed of more common types of lipids, such as phospholipids, which are more easily disrupted by solvents. Therefore, lysosomes are less affected by lipid solvents than the other organelles listed.
Scientists remove the gene Gclc from T-cells in a mouse. Which of the following will happen?
a.The mouse will make too much glutathione.
b.The mouse will die.
c.The mouse will make normal glutathione.
d.The mouse will not make glutathione.
The removal of GCLC gene from the T cells of the mice will result in: (d.) The mouse will not make glutathione.
HCLC gene encodes the information for the synthesis of the enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase. This enzyme is crucial as it catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the process of synthesis of glutathione. Hence, if the gene in knocked out from the mice, no glutathione will be formed.
Glutathione is an antioxidant made from the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acids. It helps in protecting the body of living organisms from harmful substances like reactive oxygen species, free radicals, peroxides, etc.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. in the accompanying figure, the chance that individual iii-2 is a heterozygous carrier is ________.
in the accompanying figure, the chance that individual iii-2 is a heterozygous carrier is 100%.
'What is heterozygous carrier?'
The words "hetero" and "zygous," which refer to a fertilized egg or zygote respectively, are combined to form the word "heterozygous."
In Heterozygous, Each pair of chromosomes in a diploid animal contains two alleles, one from the father and one from the mother, for each gene that determines a trait. A gene can exist in two or more different forms, known as alleles, and they can all be present at the same location, or locus, on a chromosome. The term "heterozygous" describes the presence of several alleles for a given trait. You have a heterozygous genotype for that gene if the two versions differ from one another. Which qualities are expressed depends on how the two alleles are related.
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In a genome-wide expression study using a DNA microarray assay, each well is used to detect the?
Each well is used to identify the expression of a by a cell in a genome-wide expression analysis utilizing a DNA microarray test.
The amino acid functions as a corepressor if a certain operon encodes the enzymes needed to produce an essential amino acid and is controlled similarly to the trp operon. Each well in a DNA microarray experiment is used to identify the location of a protein generated by a cell in a genome-wide expression investigation. a gene's position within a cell. a cell's expression of a certain gene. destiny of a cell's generated proteins. type of chemical alteration applied to a cell's generated.
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Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves and their conversion to fluid waves through the ear and hearing apparatus.
auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleous, incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, scala tympani, secondary tympanic membrane
Auricle, auditory canal, malleous, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlear duct, scala tympani, secondary tympanic membrane, and tympanic membrane
Why is the auditory canal necessary?The external auditory meatus of the ear receives the sound waves and directs them there to be amplified. The flexible, oval membrane known as the eardrum, or tympanic membrane, is situated at the outer end of the ear canal.
What happens if the tympanic membrane is hurt?When the eardrum ruptures, there is a hole or tear in the thin tissue separating the ear canal from the middle ear (tympanic membrane perforation) (eardrum). An eardrum rupture may lead to hearing loss. This could make the middle ear more prone to infections.
What is the main function of the cochlear duct?The cochlea, a hollow spiral-shaped bone found in the inner ear, is crucial to hearing and participates in auditory transduction. The brain transforms sound waves into distinct sound frequencies using electrical impulses.
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when hormones act locally rather than being secreted into the bloodstream, their actions are termed:
Autocrine and paracrine. When hormones act locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone, the action is called paracrine.
What is Paracrine?
Cells can communicate with one another through a process known as "paracrine signaling," which involves the release of signaling molecules that attach to and activate neighboring cells. The number of neighboring cells that each cell may interact with to coordinate their responses depends on the distance that this molecule travels, known as the "paracrine communication distance". It is unclear, however, how paracrine signaling affects cell variability or what restrictions there are on the paracrine communication distance.
When cells are wounded, they quickly release an ATP molecule that serves as a danger signal to kick-start the wound-healing process in the neighboring cells. A spatial gradient of released ATP from injured cells induces the production of chemicals known as growth factors, which are necessary for the healing process, in the healthy cells around them.
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How are bacteria cells different from cells of other organisms?
a) they dont have a flagella
b) they dont have a nucleus
c) they dont have cytoplasm
d) they dont have a cell membrane
Explanation:
They don't have a Cell membrane and a well defined nucleus.
but in this question answer will be option D
Which of the following is example of chemical mutagen *?
A.Ethyl methane sulphonate and X-rays
B.Sodium azide and UV rays
C.Ethyl methane sulphonate and Sodium azide
D.X-rays, gamma rays and UV rays
Ethyl methane sulphonate and Sodium azide are the example of chemical mutagens. Even while some compounds have the potential to become mutagenic via biological mechanisms, all mutagens have distinctive mutational signatures.
A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently alters an organism's genetic material, often DNA, according to genetics. As a result, the frequency of mutations increases beyond the background level of natural mutations. Such mutagens may be carcinogenic since many animal mutations, albeit not necessarily all of them, have the potential to cause cancer. DNA modification is referred to as "mutagenesis." Not all mutations are brought on by mutagens; some so-called "spontaneous mutations" result from flawed DNA replication, repair, and recombination procedures, as well as from unregulated hydrolysis.
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large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs which convey air to and from the lungs; consist of primary, secondary or tertiary and right and left bronchioles
The trachea splits into the right and left main bronchi at the carina, which is where it finishes. The bronchi split into secondary or lobar bronchi, followed by tertiary or segmental bronchi, which are even smaller branches. The bronchi have the same partial cartilage rings and smooth muscle anatomy as the trachea. Up to the tertiary bronchi, which are fully made of smooth muscle, there is less cartilage and more smooth muscle as the bronchi become narrower.
The bronchi can become constricted by the smooth muscle, obstructing airflow. In order to create terminal bronchioles, the bronchi continue to branch and develop tiny bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles that split out from the terminal bronchioles join with the alveolar ducts.
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Evidence to why cetaceans closest living relative is the hippopotamus
The closest living relatives of the hippopotamus are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc. ), from which they diverged about 55 million years ago.
Hippopotamus and whales may look different in so many ways, but they are actually each others' closest living relatives, sharing a common ancestor that lived about 55 million years ago. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the hippopotamoids are cetaceans.
All cetaceans, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises, are descendants of land-living mammals. Cetaceans evolved from a group of mammals that include hoofed or “even-toed” ungulates such as cattle, deer, and sheep. The hippopotamus is the closest living ancestor to the cetacean group.
Whales and hippos share several adaptations to life in an aquatic environment, including oil-producing skin glands, the lack of hair, and the use of underwater vocalizations for communication.
Comparison of even-toed ungulate and cetaceans genetic material has shown that the closest living relatives of whales and hippopotamuses is the paraphyletic group Artiodactyl. Studies have suggested that the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) might be more closely related to the order Artiodactyl.
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what is the term for the concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche simultaneously and continuously?
The term for the concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche simultaneously and continuously is called the competitive exclusion principle.
When there are two species that have exactly the same functions and positions in an ecological niche, then this means that these species cannot co-exist in that ecosystem. Such a competition between two species is referred to as the competitive exclusion principle.
According to the competitive exclusion principle, the two species have the same position in the ecological niche which means that they will fight for the same resources and space. Hence, it is not possible for these two species to survive together in an ecological niche.
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if a cell in g1 has 22 unduplicated chromosomes (11 pairs), then how many total chromatids will the cell have during the g2 phase of the cell cycle?
If a cell in g1 has 22 unduplicated chromosomes (11 pairs), then there are 12 chromosomes present in the G1 phase. DNA doubles in size during the S phase of the cell cycle. As a result, there are still 12 chromosomes towards the conclusion of the second growth phase or premitotic gap period, but there are 24 sister chromatids.
The number of chromosomes does not change even while the number of chromatids doubles. The number of chromatids will be 24 and the number of chromosomes in the G 2 phase will be the same as 12. As a result, choice A is the right response.
The second gap phase, also known as the end subscript phase, is a period of increased cell growth, production of proteins and organelles, and internal structure remodeling as the cell gets ready for mitosis.
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