Answer:
The preceding section reviewed the major metabolic reactions by which the cell obtains and stores energy in the form of ATP. This metabolic energy is then used to accomplish various tasks, including the synthesis of macromolecules and other cell constituents. Thus, energy derived from the breakdown of organic molecules (catabolism) is used to drive the synthesis of other required components of the cell. Most catabolic pathways involve the oxidation of organic molecules coupled to the generation of both energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADH). In contrast, biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways generally involve the use of both ATP and reducing power (usually in the form of NADPH) for the production of new organic compounds. One major biosynthetic pathway, the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O during the dark reactions of photosynthesis, was discussed in the preceding section. Additional pathways leading to the biosynthesis of major cellular constituents (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) are reviewed in the sections that follow.
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Carbohydrates
In addition to being obtained directly from food or generated by photosynthesis, glucose can be synthesized from other organic molecules. In animal cells, glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) usually starts with lactate (produced by anaerobic glycolysis), amino acids (derived from the breakdown of proteins), or glycerol (produced by the breakdown of lipids). Plants (but not animals) are also able to synthesize glucose from fatty acids—a process that is particularly important during the germination of seeds, when energy stored as fats must be converted to carbohydrates to support growth of the plant. In both animal and plant cells, simple sugars are polymerized and stored as polysaccharides.
Gluconeogenesis involves the conversion of pyruvate to glucose—essentially the reverse of glycolysis. However, as discussed earlier, the glycolytic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is an energy-yielding pathway, generating two molecules each of ATP and NADH. Although some reactions of glycolysis are readily reversible, others will proceed only in the direction of glucose breakdown, because they are associated with a large decrease in free energy. These energetically favorable reactions of glycolysis are bypassed during gluconeogenesis by other reactions (catalyzed by different enzymes) that are coupled to the expenditure of ATP and NADH in order to drive them in the direction of glucose synthesis. Overall, the generation of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate requires four molecules of ATP, two of GTP, and two of NADH. This process is considerably more costly than the simple reversal of glycolysis (which would require two molecules of ATP and two of NADH), illustrating the additional energy required to drive the pathway in the direction of biosynthesis.
Suppose DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA at a rate of 1000 bases per minute in a newly discovered bacteria and that bacteria replicates 50% of their chromosome every 40 minutes. Calculate the total number of nucleotides in the bacterial chromosome.
Answer:
320000 nucleotides
Explanation:
Given that:
The rate of synthesis by DNA polymerase = 1000 bases per minute
The time taken to replicate 50% of their chromosome = 40 min
Thus, the time taken for one complete round of replication = (40 × 2) min
= 80 min
∴
The total number of nucleotides in the newly synthesized strand = 1000 pairs/min × 80 min × 4
= 320000 nucleotides
The total number of nucleotides in the bacterial chromosome is equal to 80000 bp (80 kb).
Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms whose genome consists of a single circular chromosome.In this case, it is possible to obtain the duration of DNA replication from data:
40 minutes (min) >> 50% bacterial chromosome40 x 2 = 80 minutes (min) >> 100% bacterial chromosomeThe length of the bacterial chromosome can be easily calculated:
DNA replication rate = 1000 base pairs (bp) per minuteTotal chromosome length: 80 x 1000 bp = 80000 base pairs (bp)A kilobase (kb) is equal to 1000 base pairs (bp) of DNA, thereby in this case the bacterial genome is equal to 80 kb.In conclusion, the total number of nucleotides in the bacterial chromosome is equal to 80000 bp (80 kb).
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significance of active transport in food processing
Answer:
Why do we need active transport?
Moving Against a Gradient
Small substances constantly pass through plasma membranes. Active transport maintains concentrations of ions and other substances that living cells require in the face of these passive movements. A cell may spend much of its metabolic energy supply maintaining these processes.
Explanation:
Hope That helped
Study the diagram, which represents the general
equation for photosynthesis.
What do the letters Y and Z represent?
+
O Y - glucose
Z-oxygen
O Y - glucose
Z - carbon dioxide
O Y - carbon dioxide
Z - hydrogen
O Y - carbon dioxide
Z - oxygen
Answer:
Y- carbon dioxide
Z- oxygen
Explanation:
good luck:)
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Catfish are freshwater fish that have "whiskers" with taste buds, as well as a keen sense of smell for locating prey in murky water. Catfish are best adapted for life in the _______ ecosystem.
Answer:
Stream Ecosystem
Answer:
the answer is Steam
Explanation:
I took the test
If right I’ll mark brainliest
Answer:
Its blocked for me cause im on a school website can you right it out plz
Explanation:
What are 5 producers in the ocean?
What is the difference between sleet and hail? What conditions are needed to make each?
Answer:
Sleet forms in winter storms, while hail is a warm-season type of precipitation. As noted above, sleet forms when snow melts in a warm layer and then refreezes into ice pellets as it falls though a cold layer. Hail, however, forms in spring, summer or fall thunderstorms.
Explanation:
I put this question before and got this one so I think it will be this answer. Hope this helps. :)
Example on one of the 3 laws of motion
Answer:
Newton's First Law of Motion
Explanation:
A body at rest persists in its state of rest, and the body in motion remains in uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by a net external force.
The atmospheric net carbon increase is the result of
Answer:
Explanation:A. Photosynthesis
Answer: a photosynthesis
Explanation:
Do green leaves absorb the maximum amount of light? If not, what color of leaf would
absorb more light?
Answer:
Chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis. As we can see,chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue wavelengths to a higher extent. Green light isn't rejected but rate of photosynthesis is more with red and blue wavelengths of light.
Explanation:
The spectral absorbance of photosystems and chloroplasts is lowest for green light...
All plants, however, has chlorophyll a, which absorbs most strongly at ~450 nm, or a bright blue color.
what is some advice you would give to someone who doesn’t know the importance of carrying capacity
Answer:
For someone who doesn't know the importance of carrying capacity, i would advice him to understand what carrying capacity mean, and then tell him that he should not overcrowd the population of animals or be part of humans overcrowding as it can destroy the ecosystem or resources.
Explanation:
This is because, carrying capacity is the population size that can conviniently live in an habitat with the available resources..
It's very important because, it will ensure that the population size that the resources can sustain can live in the environment so as to prevent degradation of the ecosystem or the environment due to increase in population size.
What happens when a photon of light hits photosynthesis
Answer:
Chlorophyll strikes a photon of light, allowing an electron to be energized. the electron transport chain, the free electron passes, and the electron's energy is used to inject hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, transferring the energy to the electrochemical gradient.
Explanation:
Explain whether an experiment or an observational study would be more appropriate to investigate whether meditation is effective in lowering blood pressure.
Answer:
Experiment.
Explanation:
An experiment would be more appropriate method to investigate whether meditation is effective in lowering blood pressure because experiment has a control group as well as a testable group. Due to control group and testable group, we can easily find out the effect of meditation in lowering blood pressure if we apply meditation techniques to the testable group and compared it with the control group, we get results.
Which property of proteins BEST allows them to perform an enormously diverse range of functions?
a. Their large, chemical-energy reserve
b. Their large, stored-electric potential I
The complexity of their folded structure c.
d. The wide variety of cements they include Proteins
Answer: The complexity of their folded structure
Explanation:
Proteins are usually made up of chains of amino acids. They are also colorless and are spherical in shape and tasteless as well.
Thw property of proteins that allows them to perform an enormously diverse range of functions is the complexity of their folded structure.
The type of equipment that is used to store food at -18°C or bellow
Answer: Refrigirator
Explanation: Food at -18°C or -0.4°F are stored in the frigde to avoid spoilage
pls help
In chemistry, elements ___
choices are :
have distinct chemical characteristics
are rarely found in ionic form
are the primary form of energy
readily change from one form to another
Answer:
d
Explanation:
i do be smart
Describe how different perspectives in society can affect scientists: |
3. What happens during each of the four phases
of mitosis? Write one or two sentences for
each phase
Answer:
After DNA replicates and the cell is about to divide, the DNA condenses and coils into the X-shaped form of a chromosome. During this process, sister chromatids separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell. This happens in four phases, called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Mitosis is a process of division in which a parent cell is divided to form two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis completes into 4 steps:
Prophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophase.What is the process of mitosis?The process of mitosis division completes into four stages:
Prophase – The chromosome is condensed and compact. The spindle fiber forms.Metaphase – The nuclear membrane dissolve, and the spindle fiber aligns all the sister chromatids (chromosome) in one line.Anaphase – The sister chromatids separated from each other and centromere. The spindle takes each strand to the opposite pole.Telophase – the nuclear membrane appears again around each set of the chromosome. The chromosome uncoil and the cytoplasm divide into two cells, and this process is called cytokinesis.Thus, this is the process of mitosis.
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If
you were given information to identify an biome, which would be the most helpful?
the number of different species
the stability of the ecosystems
the complexity of the food web
the average temperature and rainfall
please help asap 10 points screenshot attached
i did this question in my biology class. ill text u the answers
(for anyone confused, ik him irl)
have a good day :)
After a successful launch and return of a rocket, NASA and SpaceX noticed a strange gel like substance on the wing. Under the microscope the strange thing has fibers, but no cells. When introduced to water the substance tends to move around. When exposed to warm temperatures it seems to grow in mass.
nonliving the heat from the hot plate is causing the gel like substance to move it's the same thing with liquid nitrogen how it seems to bounce off the floor it's because liquid nitrogen is super cold and the heat basically excites the electrons in the liquid nitrogen making it bounce off the floor same with the gel like substance the electrons in the gel substance are getting excited by the heat and jumping up and down but the substance itself is not alive
The following are disadvantages of sexual reproduction
A. Need for a mate
B. Takes more time
C. Parents are genetically identical to offspring
D. Takes more energy
Using the Gizmo, determine how coal and petroleum (oil) are formed. Describe the steps required to form each fuel from atmospheric CO2.
Answer and Explanation:
Petroleum and coal are fossil fuels. The degradation of the earliest plants forms them. These dead plants started to pile up and form peat. Then the pressure and heat from various geological procedures convert peat into coal. Coal is a combustible rock which contains 50% carbon. Anthracite, Lignite and bituminous are the types of coal, and the formation of coal depends upon the quantity of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. Petroleum exists naturally in liquid form and formed by decomposed organic matter. Fossil fuels can be refined into usable substances. Gasoline, tar, lubricants and many other products are obtained from petroleum. There are two steps, which required to form fuel from atmospheric carbon dioxide. In first step carbon dioxide is converted into carbon monoxide. In the second step, carbon monoxide combines with hydrogen to form hydrocarbon fuels. The formation of fuel is a natural process when animals respire carbon dioxide release in the atmosphere.
Which statement is true about clear-cutting?
A)
It increases erosion.
B)
It causes the soil to lose nutrients.
C)
It can regenerate desirable species.
D)
All of the above
Answer:
all of the above
Explanation:
if trees are cutted then all of the above things will happen so we should not cut the tree
Answer:
D.) All of the above
Explanation:
got it right on edge 2021
What is the cell cycle?
Answer: This is the cell cycle
Explanation:
Which cell is a plant cell?
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Your team must design an area in your school where students can relax between classes. You need to choose a material for a walkway. The materials you need to consider are in the table.
Which material should you use so that the area is cool in terms of temperature?
asphalt
red bricks
concrete
soil
Answer:
red bricks
Explanation:
The best or cool material to use in the area that will best represent temperature is red bricks.
What is temperature?
Temperature is the measure of the degree of the hotness or coldness of the body.
Color to represent temperatureA cool color in terms of design to represent temperature is red.
Thus, we can conclude that the best or cool material to use in the area that will best represent temperature is red bricks.
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What is a convergent boundary?
Answer:
A convergent boundary is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The subduction zone can be defined by a plane where many earthquakes occur, called the Wadati–Benioff zone.
Explanation:
Which is the classification of any naturally occurring solid inorganic substance characterized by a crystal structure? A. fossil B. metal C. mineral D. rock
Answer:
C. mineral
Explanation:
In science, matter can be defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Any physical object that is found on earth is typically composed of matter. Matter are known to be made up of atoms and as a result has the property of existing in states. The three (3) classical states of matter are;
1. Liquid: is the state of matter in which the physical substance can be poured and takes the shape of its container. Also, liquids generally have a definite volume. Examples of liquids are urine, water, milk, blood etc.
2. Gas: is the state of matter in which the physical substance has no definite shape or volume and as a result fills all available space. Also, gases are easily compressible, takes the shape of its container and can flow. Examples of gases are hydrogen, oxygen, argon, nitrogen etc.
3. Solid: is the state of matter in which the physical substance has a definite shape and fixed volume but not compressible. Examples of solids are pen, screwdriver, television, car etc.
Mineral is the classification of any naturally occurring solid inorganic substance characterized by a crystal structure. Also, minerals are homogeneous in nature with a defined chemical composition and characterized by a crystal structure comprising of ions, atoms, or molecules in an orderly arrangement.
Some examples of minerals are iron, copper, aluminum, tin, coal, quartz, feldspar, mica, etc.
13. The orthopedic surgeon says that the distal region of the humerus is
broken. What area is he describing?
A. Endosteum
B. Epiphysis
C. Perichondrium
D. Diaphysis