Option A, chlorofluorocarbons(CFC) react to destroy ozone. This leads to various harmful activities on the earth like global warming.
When gaseous CFCs slowly ascend into the stratosphere, are oxidized by strong UV light, release chlorine atoms, and then interact with ozone molecules, they can weaken the ozone layer. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) come into touch with the Ozone layer as they rise upward and toward the stratosphere. As a result, the chlorofluorocarbons(CFC) molecules are split apart by UV light, releasing chlorine atoms that can destroy ozone molecules in a chemical process. The stratospheric ozone protects against ultraviolet rays.
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calculate the freezing point of a 0.09500 m aqueous solution of glucose. the molal freezing-point-depression constant of water is 1.86oc/m
The freezing point of a 0.09500 m aqueous solution of glucose is -0.1767 °C.
Let's use the freezing point depression's accumulative feature.
ΔT=Kf.m.i
i= Van't Hoff factor (number of ions dissolved). Due to the non-electrolyte nature of glucose, I = 1
m = molality (mol of solute/kilogram of solvent).
We have these numbers → is 0.095 m
The freezing-point-depression constant for water Kf is 1.86 °C/m when
ΔT = T° freezing pure solvent - T° freezing solution
(0° - T° freezing solution)= 1.86 °C/m for . 0.095 m. 1
T° of freezing solution= 1.86 °C/m. 0.095 m . 1 → -0.1767°C
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a 100 ml solution containing 0.100 m nahco3 is treated with excess acid, producing carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere. how much work (in j) is done by the co2 if this reaction occurs at 298k and 1 atmosphere of pressure?
If the reaction occurs at 298K and 1 atmosphere of pressure, the work done by the CO₂ is -24.8 Joules.
How to calculate work (in joule) is done by the CO₂ if the reaction occurs at 298K and 1atm of pressure?Work is the energy required to move something against a force. The energy of a system can change due to work and other forms of energy transfer such as heat. Gases do expansion or compression work with the equation W = - P * ΔV.
From the question given
molarity of (NaHCO₃) = 0.1m
Volume of NaHCO₃ (V) = 100ml * 10⁻³ L / 1 ml = 0.1L
T (temperature) = 298k
P (pressure) = 1atm
moles of NaHCO₃
= molarity * Volume in Liters
= 0.1m * 0.1L = 0.01L
NaHCO₃ + HCl -> CO₂ + H₂O + NaCl
moles of CO₂ = moles of NaHCO₃ * (coefficient of CO₂ / Coefficient of NaHCO₃)
= 0.01L * 1/1
= 0.01 mol (moles of CO₂)
so, initial moles of CO₂ = 0
final moles of CO₂ = 0.01mol (based from the calculation)
Δn 0.01 - 0 = 0.01mol
Now, let's use work formula (as mentioned above on explanation part)
Work = - P * ΔV
= - Δn * R *T
Where R = 8.314J / mol.K
= - ( 0.01mol * 8.314 J / mol*K * 298K)
= -24.8J
Therefore, the work done by the CO₂ on this 100ml solution is -24.8Joules.
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is there evidence of the diffusion of iodine molecules? if so, what is the evidence and in which direction did iodine molecules diffuse?
Yes, Water moves through osmosis as it transitions from a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis via the dialysis tube was demonstrated by the fact that there was an increase in liquid in the dialysis bag and a decrease in water and iodine solution in the cup.
Osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane, and movement occurs continuously. A membrane is not required for diffusion, which is the movement of molecules.
They both transition from a high concentration to a low concentration, they don't require energy, and they happen in both plants and animals.
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please explain why bulk polymerization are rarely adopted for large scale free radical polymerization?
Bulk polymerization is rarely adopted for large scale free radical polymerization because the process is not easily controlled
Bulk polymerization is an open system in which the reactants are not isolated from the surrounding environment, making it possible for external sources to influence the reaction conditions. In bulk polymerization, the entire mixture of monomers, initiator, and catalysts is placed in a single vessel and the reaction proceeds in a single, large-scale batch. This can lead to a number of problems, including uneven heat distribution, oxygen depletion, and uncontrolled reaction rates. Moreover, it is difficult to separate the desired product from the unreacted monomers and other byproducts, which can lead to product contamination. Additionally, bulk polymerization is usually limited to lower molecular weight poly This type of polymerization makes it difficult to maintain a constant monomer concentration and reaction temperature, both of which are crucial components in regulating free radical polymerization. In addition, bulk polymerization is more likely to produce byproducts that degrade the polymer's quality. All of these problems make bulk polymerization an ineffective and potentially hazardous choice for large-scale free radical polymerization.
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the inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s]. Explain this observation.
The inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s] because kcat/kM = 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland.
Uncompetitive inhibition is an example of a reversible inhibition.
At [S] > KM the effect of the inhibitor on reducing Vmax is apparent because as [S] increases, V approaches Vmax / α′
At [S] < KM the effect of the inhibitor is minimal because as [S] decreases, V approaches Vmax[S] / KM.
kcat = Vmax/[Etotal]
= ( 164*10-6 (mol/L)min-1 )/(1*10-9 mol/L)
= 1.64 x 10^5 min-1
kcat/kM = ( 164000 min-1 / 32*10-6 M
= 5125*106 (M.min)-1
= 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
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which of the following is the correct order of boiling points for kno3, ch3oh, c2h6, ne?
Answer:
Ne < C2H6 < CH3OH < KNO3
Explanation: Boiling point is highest in Ne and least in KNO3
Benzoyl chloride, c6h5cocl, reacts with water to form benzoic acid, c6h5cooh, and hydrochloric acid. This first-order reaction is 25% complete after 26 s. How much longer would one have to wait in order to obtain 99% conversion of benzoyl chloride to benzoic acid?.
390 seconds are required for the conversion of benzoyl chloride to benzoic acid.
What is benzoyl chloride?Benzoyl chloride is also known as benzene carbonyl chloride. Benzoyl chloride has the chemical formula C7H5ClO. It is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 198° and a strong odour in moist air.
It has a strong odour and causes excessive watering of the eyes and nose. It is practically insoluble in water.
Benzoyl chloride is used for the following purposes:
Tear gases containing benzoyl chloride are used to disperse mobs.Benzoyl chloride is primarily useful in the production of peroxides.It is also useful in the production of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.It's also used in photography and tanning.Learn more about Benzoyl chloride
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What is the electrical charge of a neutron in coulombs (C)?
Atoms from more than 100 elements make up all the matter in the universe. The atoms of two or more elements can come together to make a molecule. When molecules come together, they make a chemical compound. They can form in many different ways and there are millions of compounds that have already been discovered. In chemical reactions, compounds can also be broken down and changes can be made to the way the atoms bond. Compounds have many different characteristics. Compounds can be classified as molecular or ionic. They can also be classified as organic or inorganic. Organic and inorganic compounds can be further classified into subclasses. Is this an accurate summary? Why or why not? (A) Yes; the summary clearly and precisely highlights important facts about how chemical compounds form and other characteristics. (B) Yes; the summary correctly identifies common chemical compounds and explains how to make formulas using compounds. (C) No; the first sentence of the summary incorrectly explains that atoms make up all matter found in the universe. (D) No; the last sentence falsely states that both organic and inorganic compounds can be divided into subclasses when only organic compounds can be.
The summary clearly and precisely with accuracy highlights important facts about how chemical compounds form and other characteristics.
What are compounds?Compound is defined as a chemical substance made up of identical molecules containing atoms from more than one type of chemical element.
Molecule consisting atoms of only one element is not called compound.It is transformed into new substances during chemical reactions. There are four major types of compounds depending on chemical bonding present in them.They are:
1)Molecular compounds where in atoms are joined by covalent bonds.
2) ionic compounds where atoms are joined by ionic bond.
3)Inter-metallic compounds where atoms are held by metallic bonds
4) co-ordination complexes where atoms are held by co-ordinate bonds.
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Which factor causes a decrease in the rate of dissolution?decreasing the amount of soluteincreasing the stirring of the solutiondecreasing the surface area of the soluteincreasing the temperature of the solvent.
lessen the solute content slow down the rate of dissolution.
what is dissolution?By dissolving the solute in the solvent, a solution is created. Dissolution is the process through which solutes that have been dissolved into a solvent form a solution. A solution of the gas, liquid, or solid in the original solvent is created during this procedure.
Solution stirring: Solution stirring results in a greater interaction between the solvent and the solute, speeding up the rate of dissolution.
The solute's surface area is: It is easier for the solute to interact with the solvent when the solute has a lower surface area. Therefore, the rate of disintegration increases with decreasing surface area.
Temperature of the Solvent Because the solvent's molecules have more energy at higher temperatures, more substances often dissolve in it, which increases the amount of molecular interaction between the solvent's and solute's molecules.
Because there is less solute in the solution, there will be less contact between the solute and the solvent, which will result in a slower rate of dissolution (even though a solution will still be formed).
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What are the important things about the periodic table?
The periodic table is a chart that arranges elements in a useful and logical manner. Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, lined up so elements that exhibit similar properties are arranged in similar rows or columns as others.
There is a total of about 94 elements on the periodic table that occur in nature. Remaining all of the other elements are strictly human-made. Some sources state most elements occur naturally because heavy elements may transition between elements as they undergo radioactive decay.
The First artificially made element was Technetium. Technetium is the lightest element that has only radioactive isotopes (none are stable).
The rows in the periodic table are called periods.
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8) estimate how many ml of 0.100 m naoh would be needed to back titrate an analytical solution containing at most 200 mg of mg(oh)2 (fw 58.32) to which 45.0 ml of 0.225m hcl was added?
Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] + 2HCl [tex]- >[/tex] HgCl[tex]\\_{2}[/tex] +2H[tex]_{2}[/tex]O
200Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] = 200/58.32 of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] = 3.429 mol of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex]
1 mole of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] reacts with 2 moles of HCl = 10.125 moles of HCl
therefore result from the above equation is 6.858 moles of HCl .
Excess remaing HCl in the solution is 3.267 moles
we have to titrate the solution with 0.100M of NaOH.
HCl +NaOH [tex]- >[/tex] NaCl+ H[tex]_{2}[/tex]O
therefor the amount of NaOH required is 3.267/0.100
it is 32.67 ml
32.7ml of 0.100 m naoh would be needed to back titrate an analytical solution containing at most 200 mg of mg(oh)2 (fw 58.32) to which 45.0 ml of 0.225m hcl was added
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the correct formula for the compound formed from mg and s is ________.
Answer:
MgS thus, magnesium sulphide
retinal damage can be caused by light between 445 nm and 470 nm. what is the energy in kj/mol of photons with a wavelength of 457.5 nm?
2.17x10^-33kj/mol of energy is damaged by the photons which are caused by the light.
The Energy of Proton:
The energy of a photon has a direct relationship with the frequency of the photon. It can be defined as the energy a single photon carries.
The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength.
Given that:
The light lies between 445nm and 470nm. so the value of c is 15nm
wavelength=4577.5nm
If the photon's wavelength is known, the photon's energy can be calculated using the formula :
[tex]E=\frac{h c}{wavelength}[/tex]
h is Planck's constant,h=6.626x10^-34 c is the speed of light and the wavelength of the radiation are all represented in the equation.
Now substitute the values in the formula,
[tex]E=\frac{ 6.626*10^-34*15}{457.5}[/tex]
E=2.17x10^-33kj/mol
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an organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be
organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be C10H12O2
73.14% C , 7.37% H , 19.49 % O
lets say there are 100g of compound then there are 73.14g C , 7.37g H , 19.49g O
no of moles of C = 73.14 / 12.01 = 6.09 mol
no of moles of H = 7.37/1.0079 = 7.31 mol
no of moles of O = 19.49/15.9994 = 1.22 mol
now divide by the smallest no of moles( 1.22 mol) for each
we get C:H:O = 4.99 : 5.99 : 1.00
therefore C5H6O is the empirical formula
molecular formula = n ( C5H6O)
n = molecular mass / empirical mass of compound = 164.2 / 82 = 2
molecular formula =2( C5H6O) = C10H12O2
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identify the acid and conjugate base pair in the following: hso3- + cn- ® hcn + so32-
Here the correct conjugate acid-base pair will be: [tex]\mathrm{HSO}_3^{-} \:and\: \mathrm{SO}_3^{2-}[/tex]
Option (a) is the correct choice.
A conjugate acid-base pair, according to the Brnsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, consists of two substances that are distinct only in that they contain a proton (H+). When a proton is supplied to a base, a conjugate acid is created, and vice versa when a proton is taken away from an acid, a conjugate base is created.
An illustration of a conjugate acid-base pair is HOCN and OCN-. There is only one proton (H+) that separates the two. Every base has a conjugate acid, and every acid has a conjugate base.
In the given chemical equation:
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{HSO}_3{ }^{-}+{{\mathrm{CN}^-} \longrightarrow \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\mathrm{HCN}+\mathrm{SO}_3^2}^{2-} \\& \text { acid base } \text { conjugate base } \text { conjugate acid} \\& &\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
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The complete question should be like:
Identify the acid and conjugate base pair in the following:
[tex]$$\mathrm{HSO}_3{ }^{-}+\mathrm{CN}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{HCN}+\mathrm{SO}_3{ }^{2-}$$[/tex]
[tex](a) \:\mathrm{HSO}_3^-$ and $\mathrm{SO}_3{ }^{2-}\\(b) \:\mathrm{HCN}$ and $\mathrm{SO}_3{ }^{2-}\\(c) \:HSO_3^-$ and $CN^-\\(d)\: \mathrm{CN^-}$ and $S0_3{ }^{2-}[/tex]
Glucose, C6H12O6 is a sugar found in fruits and honey. is the molar mass of fructose?
Answer:
C6H12O6 is molar mass of fructose
Explanation:
the major component of honey is fructose.180.16g/mol
Which of the following forces is the strongest?
a
ion-dipole interaction
b
hydrogen bonding
c
dipole-dipole interactions
d
London Dispersion Forces
Look at the following reaction:
2Al(s) + 3CuCl₂(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3Cu(s)
This is an example of what type of reaction?
O Single replacement
O Double replacement
ODecomposition
O Synthesis
Answer:
Single replacement
Explanation: Al is replacing Cu
An organic compound contains 20.0 % Carbon, 6.66% Hydrogen, 47.33% Nitrogen and the rest was Oxygen. Its molar mass is 60 gm. The molecular formula of the compound is? (A)
C
H
4
N
2
O
(B)
C
H
2
N
O
2
(C)
C
2
H
6
N
O
(D)
C
H
18
N
O
A molar empirical mass of 60 g is present ( same as the given molar mass ). Consequently, the molecular formula is CN2OH4.
How is an organic molecule's percent yield calculated?After dividing the actual yield produced in the lab by the predicted theoretical yield, multiply the result by 100 to determine the yield percentage.
How do you figure out the recovery percentage?Percent recovery is calculated as the difference between what you actually gathered and what you were expected to collect. Consider that after recrystallization, you obtained 7.0 g of dry pure material from 10.0 g of impure material. Your recovery rate is then 70% (7/10 x 100).
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Which equations represent precipitation reactions? na2s febr2 → 2nabr fes mgso4 cacl2 → mgcl2 caso4 lioh nh4i → lii nh4oh 2nacl k2s → na2s 2kcl agno3 nacl → agcl nano3
• 2KOH(aqueous) + CaCl2(aqueous)—Ca(OH)2(aqueous) + 2KCl
• AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous)—AgCl(precipitate) + KNO3(aqueous)
• NaCl and aqueous AgNO3 (aqueous) AgCl + NaNO3 in water;
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl in water; MgCl2 (aqueous) + 2H2O(l)
How do you recognize a precipitation reaction in an equation?
Usually, only net ionic equations are used to describe precipitation reactions. A net ionic equation cannot be stated if all products are watery since all ions cancel each other out as spectator ions. As a result, there is no precipitation response.
An illustration of a precipitate equation
Precipitation reaction examples include adding 2 KI (aq.), 2 KNO3 (aq.), and PbI2 (s/ppt). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and insoluble barium sulfate are produced by the reaction of barium chloride (BaCl2) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) (BaSO4).
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a chemist mixes solid agcl, cucl2, and mgcl2 in enough water to give a final volume of 50.0 ml.
Because AgCl is insoluble in water. But Cu2Cl2, MgCl2 are soluble in water.
Silver chloride, AgCl, is a white crystalline solid with a poor water solubility. AgCl occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite. When exposed to sunshine or heat, silver chloride oxidises to silver and chlorine.
AgCl has various disinfecting and antiseptic qualities and is also used to treat mercury toxicity. This substance is used in antimicrobials, wound healing products, personal deodorants, water treatment, and antidotes.
Ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact are all harmful. Prolonged exposure can cause argyria, a blue discoloration of the skin. Irritating to the eyes and skin. Dangerous to the environment.
Light sensitive compounds include silver chloride. They may also respond to light extremely quickly and lose their characteristics. As a result, they must be stored in dark bottles to prevent light from entering.
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an element e has the electron configuration [ar]3d104s24p2. what is the formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be?
The formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be EF4.
Define electron configuration.
The most common nomenclature for describing an atom's electronic configuration is its electron configuration. We allow each electron to occupy an orbital under the orbital approximation, which can be solved by a single wave function.
Since the valency of the element E is 4 and and the valency of flourine is 1, the compound of these two elements will have the formula EF4.
Therefore, the formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be EF4.
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why don't we see hydrogen balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k?
These stars are so cool that nearly all of the hydrogen atoms are in the ground state that's why don't we see hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k.
What are hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra?The hydrogen emission spectrum includes the Balmer series as a subset. In the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, only these lines are present. The hydrogen Rydberg constant has a value of 109,677 cm. The section of the hydrogen emission spectrum known as the Balmer series is essentially where an electron is energised to go from the second shell to any other shell. Other transitions follow suit and have their own series titles. Here is a list of a few of them:
Lyman series: The changes from the first shell to any other shell.Balmer series: The change from any other shell to the second shell.Paschen series: Third shell to any other shell transition.Brackett series: Fourth shell to any other shell transition.Pfund series: Fifth shell to any other shell transition.To learn more about Hydrogen Atoms here:
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What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions? How do they affect the enthalpy and the temperature of the system and the surroundings?
The enthalpy of a system refers to the heat content of the system. In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system increases because heat is being absorbed from the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system decreases because heat is being released to the surroundings.
The temperature of the surroundings can also be affected by endothermic and exothermic reactions. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases because heat is being absorbed by the system. In an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings increases because heat is being released by the system.
In summary, endothermic reactions absorb heat and have a positive enthalpy change, while exothermic reactions release heat and have a negative enthalpy change. The temperature of the system and the surroundings will change in opposite directions in endothermic and exothermic reactions.
what is the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution containing 9% (by weight) ethylene glycol (62 g/mol) at 25oc. ph2o
A solution of 9% (by weight) ethylene glycol (62 g/mol) in water at 25 °C has a vapor pressure of 23.1 torr.
Raoult's Law.
Consider a 100 g solution.
Ethylene glycol mass is 9 g
water mass is 100 g - 9 g = 91 g moles.
Ethylene glycol = 9 g times 1 mole/62 g =0.1451 moles.
moles water = 9 g x 1 mole/18 g = 5.0555 moles water
Total moles are equal to 0.1451 + 5.0555 = 5.2006 moles
the mole percentage of water = 5.0555 moles/5.2006 moles = 0.9720
Vapor pressure is equal to the mole percentage of water times the pure water vapor pressure (0.9720)(23.8 torr) = 23.1359 torr.
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If the free energy change delta G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:A) at equilibrium.B) endergonic.C) endothermic.D) exergonic.E) exothermic.
The reaction is exergonic. that is the free energy change delta G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is exergonic.
Chemical thermodynamics, exergonic reactions are chemical reactions in which the change in free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy).
This shows the spontaneous reaction when the system is closed and the initial and final temperatures are the same.
Reactions can be endergonic or exergonic. Endergonic reactions require heat or energy input. The exergonic reaction is the opposite. it gives off heat. Answer and Explanation:
Reactions with negative values of G are exergonic, meaning they release heat.
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What is the energy of a wave with a wavelength of 7.3E-9 m
The energy of a wave with a wavelength of 7.3E-9 m is 2.72 x 10^-17 Joules.
What is wavelength?The wavelength is described as the spatial period of a periodic wave the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
To calculate the energy, we use the Planck's equation
E = h x c / λ
substitute the values of the given parameters, we have
Planck's constant in joules (h = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ J⋅s),
speed of light (c = 299792458 m/s).
λ = 7.3E-9 m
Energy = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ x (299792458/ 7.3E-9 m)
Energy = 2.72 x 10^-17 Joules.
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1. in this experiment, why 3-sulfolene was used instead of 1,3-butadiene? explain thoroughly for full credit.
Starting with solid 3-sulfolene and decomposing was easier than starting with gaseous 1,3-butadiene.
3-Sulfolene is used to produce 1,3-butadiene by decomposition with maleic anhydride in solution. The solution should be heated slightly to decompose all the sulfolene to butadiene which reacts with the anhydride.
Diene is produced in a reaction vessel by heating butadiene sulfone until it decomposes into 1,3-butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The Diels-Alder reaction involves the replacement of four pi electrons from the diene and two pi electrons from the dienophile. This reaction is used to generate vitamin B6. The activation energies for these processes are reached only at high temperatures.
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according to ice core and fossil evidence, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are higher now than at any time for at least the last years. a) 65 b) 65,000 c) 650,000 d) 6.5 million e) 65 million
At any time for at least the last years C) 65,000 years.
To protect the climate and to mitigate climate change, firstly we have to control the emission of the greenhouse gases. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum etc releases a huge quantity of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, reducing the greenhouse gas emission is important to mitigate or stop climate change.
C) 650,000 years
Over the past 650,000 years, there has been almost seven cycles of glaciation(glacial advance and retreat) leading to excessively high carbon dioxide levels.
Thus, option C is the correct choice.
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