cellulose is not highly branched because it ________.
Cellulose is not highly branched because it does not have alpha(1-->6) linkages.
Long chains of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages are known as polysaccharides. Glucose makes up starch, glycogen, and cellulose, three significant polysaccharides. In plants and animals, respectively, starch and glycogen serve as temporary energy reserves. Glycosidic linkages bind together the glucose monomers.
A linear polymer glucan, cellulose is made up of over 100,000 glucose units connected by -beta (1-4)-glycosidic bonds. The cellulose chain's regular arrangement of hydroxyl groups causes the formation of H-bridges, which results in a fibrillar structure with crystalline properties.
Hydrogen bonds are used to bind the parallel-arranged cellulose molecules together. When combined with other cellulose molecules, these long, cable-like structures create the robust support structure.
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how does the central nervous system integrate incoming information
Answer:
Explanation:
The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The nervous system is the most complex and highly organized body system. It receives information from the sensory organs via nerves, transmits the information through the spinal cord, and processes it in the brain.
Coral reefs look like they are made of rocks. They are actually made of animals. The animals are tiny.
Coral reefs are huge underwater structures composed of the skeletons of colonial marine invertebrates called coral.
The coral species that constructed reefs are known as hermatypic, or "hard," corals because they draw out calcium carbonate from seawater to produce a hard, durable exoskeleton that safeguards their soft, sac-like body.
Other species of corals that are not intricated in reef-building are known as soft corals. These types of corals are pliable organisms often similar to plants and trees and comprise species such as sea fans and sea whips.
Each coral is referred to as a polyp. Coral polyps thrive on the calcium carbonate exoskeletons of their ancestors, putting their exoskeleton to the existing structure.
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Which of the following physical features would characterize an area that has low access to freshwater or limited rainfall?
O Dry
O Wet
O Cold
O Mountainous
Answer: O Dry
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer would be dry.
Explanation:
It would be dry because, let’s say it was the desert… the dessert does not get much rainfall. Also it has barely any access to freshwater
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How have human impacted the ecosystem?
Answer:
Humans have impacted the ecosystem greater than any other organism on earth. Human life has done tremendous amount of damage. Humans have caused air pollution threw cars, buses/automobiles. The use of powerplants and production line seriously effects the eco system to a greater extent. I u have heard u leave a carbon footprint wherever you go which leaves a big impact on the ecoystem.
Explanation:
A cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many daughter cells are created? [a] each daughter cell has [b] chromosomes.
When a cell with prior 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, it has 2 daughter cells with 18 chromosomes later.
Mitosis is one of the two types of cell division in which the cell which undergoes this process is divided into two daughter cells which in turn have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Here, we had one parent cell which means that after mitosis it is going to be divided into two daughter cells. The parent cell has 18 chromosomes at first and since this is the process of mitosis, the daughter cells are going to have 18 chromosomes each after undergoing mitosis as well.
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a research team used a culture of lymphocytes with radioactively labeled t nucleotides to study the cell cycle. they found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher rate after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the results?
They concluded that infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.
A lymphocyte is a white blood cell type. Cells of the blood White blood cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets are all found in blood. The arteries and veins transport blood throughout the body. In adults, lymphocytosis is generally defined as a count of more than 3,000 lymphocytes per microliter of blood. The threshold for lymphocytosis in children varies with age. It can reach a maximum of 9,000 lymphocytes per microliter.
Vitamin C stimulates the production of B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes assist body's immune system in fighting cancer as well as foreign viruses and bacteria (antigens). Lymphocytes assist the immune system in remembering every antigen with which it comes into contact. Following an encounter, some lymphocytes transform into memory cells.
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depressants are ________ of the gaba neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
Depressants are agonists of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
Sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics are examples of Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants. These medications have the ability to slow brain activity, making them useful for treating anxiety, panic attacks, acute stress reactions, and sleep disorders. Arousal and stimulation are reduced by depressant substances. They have an effect on the central nervous system, slowing messages between the brain and the body.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that serves as the central nervous system's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. It works by inhibiting nerve transmission to reduce neuronal excitability. It slows down your brain by blocking specific central nervous system signals. GABA is known to have a calming effect.
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During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ___________, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from _____________.
During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ______light_____, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from ______NADH/FADH₂_______.
What are the steps in photosynthesis?The first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophyll bound to chloroplast thylakoid proteins. The absorbed light energy is used to remove electrons from electron donors such as water to form oxygen.The electrons are then transferred to the primary electron acceptor, quinine (Q.). Electrons are further transferred from the primary electron acceptor to the final electron acceptor (usually NADP⁺).Proton transfer from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma via the F₀F₁ complex generates ATP from ADP and Pi.The NADP and ATP produced in steps 2 and 3 provide the energy, and the electrons power the process of reducing the carbon to a six-carbon sugar molecule.The first three steps of photosynthesis, are directly dependent on light energy and are thus, called light reactions, while the reactions in the last step are independent of light and thus are termed dark reactions.
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Giant tube worms living near vents on the ocean floor do not have a functioning intestine. Instead they have a modified gut full of bacteria that provide the worms with carbohydrates. What is the energy that the bacteria use to make the carbohydrates?.
The energy that bacteria use to make carbohydrates by consuming small bacteria that, through a process known as chemosynthesis, obtain all of their energy from the substances in the water, because of the dark hue of the material that these hydrothermal vents emit, they are also referred to as "black smokers."
Prior to the discovery of odd hydrothermal vents by scientists examining the deep Pacific Ocean floor, the enormous tube worm, also known as Riftia pachyptila, was completely unknown to science. These vents circulate water that seeps down through fractures or faults in the rock and is heated by volcanic activity. The water that comes out of the vent is incredibly chemical and mineral-rich. Scientists were startled to see entire ecosystems of species surviving near these vents because this deadly soup of chemicals would be fatal to the majority of animals.
These critters were prospering in total darkness despite the water's temperature being close to boiling. Because they do not rely on sunlight for energy, the species that dwell close to these vents are distinct from all other living beings on earth. Instead, the several smaller species of tube worms that live in shallower waters are closely linked to the big tube worms.
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Though dolphins are more closely related to humans than they are to sharks, dolphins and sharks have both evolved bodies adapted to an aquatic environment. This is an example of.
Sharks and dolphins both have evolved bodies that are adapted to a water habitats, despite the fact that dolphins are more similar to humans than sharks are.
Why are people called humans, exactly?
The word "human" first appears in writing in the middle of the 13th century and derives from the Middle French humain, which means "of or belonging to man." That word itself derives from the Latin word humanus, which is supposed to be a cross between the words for "man" and "earth" (homo and humus). In contrast to birds, planes, and even celestial spirits, a human.
How does the Humans TV series end?
Niska makes the decision to go against her own, so Fred and the synths go without them. As her old owners leave to go home, Mia bids the Hawkins an emotional farewell. Once Karen has left, Pete meets her and they unwillingly depart together. Niska is shown in the closing scene reading one copy of the file while riding a train.
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Sharks and dolphins both have evolved bodies that are adapted to a water habitats, despite the fact that dolphins are more similar to humans than sharks are.
Why are people called humans, exactly?
The word "human" first appears in writing in the middle of the 13th century and derives from the Middle French humain, which means "of or belonging to man." That word itself derives from the Latin word humanus, which is supposed to be a cross between the words for "man" and "earth" (homo and humus). In contrast to birds, planes, and even celestial spirits, a human.
How does the Humans TV series end?
Niska makes the decision to go against her own, so Fred and the synths go without them. As her old owners leave to go home, Mia bids the Hawkins an emotional farewell. Once Karen has left, Pete meets her and they unwillingly depart together. Niska is shown in the closing scene reading one copy of the file while riding a train.
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How are humans classified within a food chain
How are humans classified within a food chain:
Humans are secondary consumers within the food chain
[ 2.2 on the Trophic level ]
Explanation:
They obtain their food from producers (plants) and other animals (herbivores and consumers)
explain transformation of force
Answer:
THE TRANSFORMATION OF FORCE FROM A SYSTEM (S) WHERE A PARTICLE IS MOVING AT A SPEED (V) TO ANY SYSTEM (S) WHOCH IS MOVING RELATIVE SYSTEM. I HOPE THIS IS HELPFUL.
The rate at which a specific allele for red flower color appears within a population is known as its.
The rate at which a specific allele for red flower color appears within a population is known as its allele frequency .
Phenotype frequency: what is it?Phenotype is the term used to describe how DNA manifests physically. The phenotypic ratio only describes the physical traits, or phenotypes, that are present in a population. The term "genotype" broadly refers to an organism's genetic make-up, or, to put it another way, the entire collection of its genes. The phrase can also be used more specifically to describe to a gene's alleles, or variant versions, that an organism carries.
The frequency of a particular allele in a population is known as the allele frequency (or gene frequency). The term "evolution" in population genetics refers to a shift in an allele's frequency within a population.
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Why does a shaved camel standing in the sun require more water than an unshorn camel?.
In order to lower the bog, sweat essentially cools the air around the body as it evaporates. The shaved camel needs more water because it dries out more quickly than an onshore camel.
What justifies the process of evaporation?The process of evaporation causes a liquid to become a gas. The phenomenon is easy to visualize when raindrops "vanish" on a hot day and when wet clothing dry in the sun. In these situations, the liquid water isn't truly dissipating; instead, it's evaporating into such a gas known as the water vapor. We experience global evaporation.
Why is it called evaporation?Evaporation occurs on surfaces. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon because it occurs when molecules with higher kinetic energy from the top layer of the liquid escape into the air.
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when the viral dna is incorporated into the host cells chromosome the viral dna is referred to as a
when the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cells chromosome the viral DNA is referred to as a capsid
what is virus ?
A virus is a connecting link between living and nonliving organism, depend on living host cell for their survival, a chain of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) which and use different parts of the cellular machinery to reproduce, and releases the replicated nucleic acid chains
A virus has a protein coat or protein envelope, which allows the virus to survive between hosts act as a protective covering, do not have cells and lack a cell wall .
it is surrounded by protein coating called the capsid, genetic element present and is characterized by the evolution of the virus and the host.
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A bacterial infection of the lining or valves of the heart is known as bacterial.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and heart valves is known as endocarditis (endocardium). A bacterial infection is to blame.
A bacterial infection of the heart's inner layer or its heart valves is known as bacterial endocarditis. There are four heart valves. These valves facilitate the passage of blood from the heart and lungs to the rest of the body. These valves could malfunction in a person with bacterial endocarditis.
The heart may have to work harder, as a result, to pump blood to the body. The heart occasionally struggles to pump enough blood. A dangerous condition called bacterial endocarditis occasionally results in death.
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Some researchers suggest that ______ molecules were the first information molecules formed on early earth.
Answer: RNA
Explanation:
The RNA world hypothesis suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself.
what is the term that refers to the way the muscle fibers grow within the bundle?
organisms that use co2 as their source of carbon are called multiple choice organotrophs. heterotrophs. autotrophs. chemotrophs.
Organisms that convert inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic carbon compounds are autotrophs.
Autotrophic organisms derive this essential element from carbon dioxide.
Mostly, Autotrophs are responsible for capturing the carbon dioxide from the air and use them in making organic compounds such as glucose. On the other hand Heterotrophs, or the one who feeds on others for example humans, consume the organic molecules, and the organic carbon is passed through food chains and webs.
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Protists include?
a. yeasts and molds.
b. algae and protozoa.
c. helminths.
d. all of these choices are correct.
Protists consist of algae and protozoa. accurate choice is b. algae and protozoa. Algae are plant-like organisms that may be both unicellular or multicellular, and derive electricity through photosynthesis.
Protozoa are unicellular organisms with complicated mobileular structures; maximum are motile. Microscopic fungi consist of molds and yeasts. Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms. In the protist kingdom, there are important groups: protozoa (which might be normally heterotrophic) and algae (which might be normally autotrophic).
The essential distinction among protozoa and algae is that protozoa are heterotrophic, at the same time as algae are autotrophic. This manner that protozoa ought to locate and ingest their meals from their environment, at the same time as algae are photosynthetic and are capable of make their personal meals.
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During adaptation to lower temperatures, an organism may increase its production of lipids with less saturated acyl chains.
a. True
b. False
It is wrong, because lipids are formed with more saturated acyl chains. During adaptation to low temperatures, organisms may increase the production of lipids with more saturated acyl chains. So it's false.
As temperature decreases, the composition of membrane lipids (phospholipid fatty acids) is expected to become more unsaturated to maintain homeostasis. Although they differ in function, storage lipids (triacylglycerol fatty acids) are expected to respond to temperature changes in a similar manner.
When saturated fatty acids are compressed by a drop in temperature, they are compressed together to form a dense and fairly hard membrane. When unsaturated fatty acids are compressed, their terminal 'kinks' displace adjacent phospholipid molecules, maintaining membrane fluidity.
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in bacteria, a partially diploid strain may result from . . . choose one or more:a.acquisition of an f' factor.b.natural transformation (not electroporation).c.acquisition of f factor.
In bacteria, a partially diploid strain may result from acquiring an F' factor and specialized transduction.
Specialized transduction and the acquisition of an F' factor lead to the emergence of a partly diploid strain in bacteria. Due to this, some of the bacteria's genetic components can exist in duplication (2 copies) (Chromosomes). One of those copies can be discovered on the bacteria's chromosome, while the other copy can be found in its plasmid.
Merodiploids are bacteria that have been found to have the partial diploid strain.
A genetic mechanism called specialized transduction allows genes to be transferred between bacteria. The F factor is also a plasmid that encourages bacteria to conjugate with one another and exchange genetic material.
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which of the following conditions is more common in women than in men
a. The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food
b. The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.
c. The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food.
d. The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food.
Cystitis conditions is more common in women than in men.
The medical name for bladder inflammation is cystitis (sis-TIE-tis). An area of your body that is swollen and heated is said to be inflamed. It could also hurt.
The majority of the time, cystitis results from a bacterial infection. UTI is the medical term for this (UTI). A bladder infection can be uncomfortable and unpleasant. If the infection spreads to your kidneys, it might develop into a significant health issue.
Additionally, several medications or radiation treatments might cause cystitis. Cystitis can also be brought on by things that occasionally irritate the bladder, such as feminine products, spermicide jelly, or prolonged catheter use. Cystitis can also develop as a side effect of another condition.
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If the size of an ecosystem decreases because of a hurricane, how are the organisms living in the ecosystem affected?
A. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem increases because there are more resources, decreasing competition among organisms.
B. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem decreases because there are more resources, decreasing competition among organisms.
C. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem decreases because there are fewer resources, increasing competition among organisms.
D. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem increases because there are fewer resources, decreasing competition among organisms.
If the size of an ecosystem decreases because of a hurricane, then the organisms living in the ecosystem are affected since the carrying capacity of the ecosystem decreases because there are fewer resources, increasing competition among organisms (Option C).
What is the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?The carrying capacity of the ecosystem makes reference to the ability to support a given number of organisms and populations in a particular region.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the carrying capacity depends on the ability to have resources in an ecosystem.
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The polymerase chain reaction can only be used to amplify genes that have already been cloned and sequenced. Why is this true?.
This is True as the primers for the gene must first be obtained in order to abundantly segment a gene using PCR.
Genomic DNA (gDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), and plasmid DNA are only a few examples of the types of DNA sources that may be used as PCR templates for replication. However, the DNA's structure or complexity influences the ideal input levels for PCR amplification. The sample is heated in order to cause the DNA to denature, or separate into two pieces of single-stranded DNA before the PCR is used to amplify a section of DNA.
Then, using the first two strands of DNA as templates, an enzyme called "Taq polymerase" creates or constructs two new strands of DNA. Instead of amplifying DNA using PCR, this method creates circles by cloning a collection of DNA fragments onto a retroviral vector.
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the diagram shows a beaker of water and molecules of black dye at the beginning of an experiment (time 1) and the same beaker of water and molecules of black dye after 30 mins (time 2)
a. b. molecules of water moved by osmosis from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
b. a, molecules of black dye moved by diffusion from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
c. d, molecules of water moved by osmosis from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration
d. a, molecules of black dye by diffusion from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration
Answer: D
Explanation:
You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mrnas with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mrnas, but not the large subunits. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?.
According to the study, the drug arrest translation of proteins in the initiation stage. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Translation?Translation is the process of formation of proteins from the mRNA which is synthesized by the DNA in the nucleus of cell. Here, the drug which blocks translation in bacteria and the small ribosomal subunit (30S) binds to the mRNA but not the large ribosomal subunit (50S). So we can say that large ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA after the formation of the 30S initial complex. However, if it was treated with the drugs such as (clindamycin, macrolides, etc) in the translation process then this drug bind to the large ribosomal subunit (50S) and blocks the peptide bond formation between the amino acid and thus stop the initiation step of the translation.
So, we can say that if we use the drug in the bacterial translation process then the drug bind to the large ribosomal subunit and stop the initiation step of the translation.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mrnas with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mrnas, but not the large subunits. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?
A. Initiation
B. Elongation
C. Termination
What term is given to the projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord?.
The gray matter in the spinal cord is shaped like a butterfly. The dorsal process is called the dorsal horn and the ventral process is called the ventral horn.
What is a dorsal horn?The dorsal horn of the spinal cord contains the first relays for afferent input from the skin, muscles, and internal organs of the body. The superficial dorsal horn contains at least some neurons that maintain selectivity for modalities encoded by primary afferent terminals. The intermediate processing center for this information is the dorsal horn, which consists of a complex network of excitatory, inhibitory, and projection neurons that transmit processed somatosensory information from the spinal cord to the brain.
At the back of the spinal cord, the central gray matter forms her two arms, each known as the dorsal horn. The dorsal horn consists of the cell bodies of sensory neurons. The front two arms of the spinal cord, located in the central gray matter, are called the anterior horns.
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1. What is the color of the following plant pigments? which wavelengths do they absorb?.
The yellow-green pigment chlorophyll A absorbs light between the wavelengths of 430 and 662 nm.
How does chlorophyll affect the body?Chlorophyll, according to supplement manufacturers, has a variety of benefits, including increasing red blood cells, aiding in weight loss, healing damaged skin, removing toxins, reducing inflammation, and preventing cancer. Although the list seems impressive, only a small portion of the claims are supported by research.
Why is green chlorophyll green?The electromagnetic spectrum's blue and red halves are where chlorophyll absorbs light with the greatest intensity. The green color of tissues containing chlorophyll results from the fact that it is a poor absorber of the green and near-green regions of the spectrum.
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