A tissue sample with DNA in it is the only thing a researcher must be able to take from the organisms in the profile.
What are the organisms?Any biologically based living system that works as a distinct life form is referred to as an organism. Cells make up every living thing. Based on the notion of the smallest functional unit of life, the term "organism" was coined. An organism is a thing that has life. In essence, molecules make up both living things and non-living things. A living item can be distinguished from an inanimate object, though, by its unique traits. An organism, for instance, is composed of one or more cells. An entity with interdependent pieces that is comparable to a living object, such as a plant, animal, or single-celled life form, is referred to as an organism.To learn more about organism, refer to:
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Before a DNA profile can be made, a scientist must be able to obtain a sample of DNA from the organisms involved in the profile.
How is a sample of DNA obtained?
This can be done using various methods such as blood, saliva, or tissue samples. The DNA is then analyzed using techniques such as microsatellites to create a unique DNA fingerprint for each organism, which can be used for DNA profiling purposes.
Why is a DNA sample important?
Before a DNA profile can be made using DNA profiling (also known as DNA fingerprinting), a scientist must be able to obtain a DNA sample from the organisms involved in the profile. This DNA sample is then analyzed for specific regions called microsatellites, which are short, repetitive sequences of DNA that are highly variable among individuals. By comparing the patterns of these microsatellites, scientists can create a unique DNA profile for each organism.
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The immediate energy source for a muscle contraction is A) ADP.B) ATP.C) Ca2+.D) lactic acid.
The immediate energy source for a muscle contraction is ATP. Therefore the correct option is option B.
The chemical ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provides the immediate energy source for muscular contraction. Myosin heads connect to actin filaments during contraction and pull them towards the centre of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle fibre.
This mechanism necessitates the breakdown of ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
ATP is stored in muscle fibres and is constantly synthesised and degraded to supply energy for muscular contraction. Therefore the correct option is option B.
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The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons that stimulate secretion of the parotid gland are in theA) submandibular ganglion. B) otic ganglion.C) sphenopalatine ganglion. D) superior cervical ganglion.
otic ganglion is the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons that stimulate secretion of the parotid gland.
The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons that stimulate secretion of the parotid gland are located in the otic ganglion.
The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion that is associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and it is located near the foramen ovale in the skull.
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion travel along the auriculotemporal nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), to reach the parotid gland and stimulate its secretion.
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When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that _____. ( Concept 10.2)its cells each have one chromosomeit has one half of a chromosomeits cells have a single set of chromosomesits cells have two sets of chromosomesits cells have half of one set of chromosomes
When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that its cells have a single set of chromosomes. So the correct option is b .
In other words, haploid organisms have one complete set of chromosomes, while diploid organisms have two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
Haploid cells are produced by meiosis, a specialized type of cell division that results in the formation of gametes, such as sperm and eggs, which contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In contrast, diploid cells are produced by mitosis, a type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Paine's original work on keystone species focused on predators, but any species that plays a huge role in maintaining coexisting populations is a keystone species.
The given statement is true because any species that plays a significant role in maintaining the coexistence and diversity of other species within a community can be considered a keystone species.
Paine's pioneering research on keystone species focused on the function of predators in preserving the diversity of intertidal communities.
However, the idea of keystone species has now been expanded to include any species that is critical to the structure and functioning of an ecosystem, regardless of whether it is a predator or not.
A plant species that provides a primary food supply for many other species in a community, for example, could be termed a keystone species since its extinction would have a cascade effect on the entire ecosystem.
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The following question may be like this:
Paine's original work on keystone species focused on predators, but any species that plays a huge role in maintaining coexisting populations is a keystone species. True or false.
Question 15
Perhaps the greatest potential for reducing the demand for water could result from:
a. Better conservation practices in homes
b. Development of recycling plants by industry
c. Better use of technology in agriculture irrigation
d. More use of home sewage disposal units
Perhaps the greatest potential for reducing the demand for water could result from: Better use of technology in agriculture irrigation has the greatest potential for reducing the demand for water.
Agriculture accounts for the majority of global water usage, and many irrigation systems are inefficient and wasteful. By implementing better technology and practices in agriculture irrigation, such as precision irrigation and drip irrigation, water use can be significantly reduced while maintaining crop yields.
Better conservation practices in homes, development of recycling plants by industry, and more use of home sewage disposal units can also contribute to reducing water demand, but their impact may not be as significant as improving agriculture irrigation.
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the process of capturing high instantaneous flows and then returning them at a lower, more constant rate is known as
The process of capturing high instantaneous flows and then returning them at a lower, more constant rate is known as flow attenuation.
This process is commonly used in stormwater management and flood control systems to manage the flow of water and reduce the risk of flooding and erosion.
Flow attenuation systems typically involve the use of storage facilities, such as detention basins or tanks, to capture excess water during periods of high flow. The water is then released gradually over time, either back into the environment or into the sewer system, at a controlled rate. This helps to prevent flooding and erosion in downstream areas, as well as reduce the overall volume and velocity of water entering the sewer system.
Flow attenuation can also be used to improve the quality of water entering natural waterways by allowing sediment and pollutants to settle out of the water before it is released.
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Hominins are a monophyletic group defined by which shared, derived character(s)?
Hominins are a monophyletic group defined by several shared, derived characters. These include bipedalism (walking on two legs), reduction in the size of canine teeth, and an increase in brain size and complexity. Additionally, hominins have a more vertical orientation of the foramen magnum (the hole in the skull where the spinal cord enters), indicating the shift to walking upright.
These characteristics distinguish hominins from other primates and are used to classify them as a distinct evolutionary group.
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a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another is called
What are the 3 outputs of light-independent reactions?
The 3 outputs of the light-independent reactions are sugar , NADP, and ADP.
The light-independent reaction are the series of the different reactions in which the carbon dioxide is to be converted in the glucose. This reaction are the self-sustaining cycle, this is also referred the Calvin cycle.
The light-independent reactions does not involve the light to occur, that is why it is also referred or called as the dark reaction. The overall reaction for the light-independent reaction is :
6CO₂ + 12NADPH + 18ATP ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 12NADP + 18ADP + 18P
The three stages in the light-independent reaction are :
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What kind of neurons form synapses with sensory and motor neurons and integrate sensory input and motor output?A) sensory neuronsB) basal gangliaC) interneuronsD) alpha neuronsE) motor neurons
Interneurons are the neurons that form synapses with sensory and motor neurons and integrate sensory input and motor output. Therefore the correct option is option A and E.
Interneurons are present in the central nervous system (CNS) and are important for processing and conveying information between sensory and motor neurons.
They take input from sensory neurons and digest it before transferring it to motor neurons, which subsequently start a reaction.
Interneurons are required for complex sensory processing and motor coordination, and they play an important role in many areas of behaviour and cognition. Therefore the correct option is option A and E.
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Does CO2 or glucose have more energy? Which form?
Glucose has more energy than CO2. Glucose is a complex organic molecule that is commonly used as a source of energy by living organisms. When glucose is broken down in a process called cellular respiration, it releases a large amount of energy that can be used by cells to carry out their functions.
On the other hand, CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a simple inorganic molecule that is a byproduct of cellular respiration and other metabolic processes. It does not contain much energy in its molecular bonds and is not typically used as a source of energy by living organisms.
Therefore, in terms of energy content, glucose has more energy than CO2
TRUE OR FALSE:In an ecological pyramid, there are far fewer tertiary consumers than secondary consumers.
In an ecological pyramid, there are far fewer tertiary consumers than secondary consumers. True
In an ecological pyramid, the number of organisms at each trophic level decreases as you move up the pyramid, and energy transfer is not 100% efficient. This means that there are far fewer tertiary consumers than secondary consumers in most ecosystems.
Tertiary consumers are at the top of the food chain and consume primary and secondary consumers, which limits their numbers due to the limited energy available at that level. Secondary consumers, on the other hand, consume primary consumers and are more numerous than tertiary consumers. Similarly, primary consumers are more numerous than producers, which form the base of the ecological pyramid.
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In mammals, which structure originates the cardiac cycle? A) Purkinje fiberB) Sinoatrial nodeC) Aortic valveD) Atrioventricular nodeE) Bundle of His
In mammals, the structure that originates in the cardiac cycle is called “Sino Atrial Node”, which is also known as the “Pacemaker”. This node is the point of origin of cardiac impulses across the cardiac cycle.
The Sino-Atrial Node (SA) is also known as the Sinus Node, or the Crescent Node, since the SA node, is a crescent shaped mass of myocyte cells held by connective tissue. It is called the sinus node, because it is located at the junction of superior vena cava, and crista terminalis.
Hence based on the above-mentioned statements, it can be pointed out that the option “B” is the correct answer to the given question, that helps the atria, or auricles to contract.
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Which of these is a type of prokaryotic cell? 1) A bacterial cell2) A worm cell 3) A mushroom cell4) A plant cell
A bacterial cell is a type of prokaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled microorganisms known to be the earliest on earth. Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea. The photosynthetic prokaryotes include cyanobacteria that perform photosynthesis. A prokaryotic cell consists of a single membrane and therefore, all the reactions occur within the cytoplasm.
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What are the normal end feels? bony, elastic, soft-tissue approximation, capsular.
The normal end feels are the sensations experienced when a joint reaches its natural limit of motion during a passive range of motion assessment. There are four primary types of normal end feels: bony, elastic, soft-tissue approximation, and capsular.
1. Bony end feel: This type of end feel is characterized by a hard, abrupt stop in joint movement, similar to two bones contacting each other. It typically occurs when the joint surfaces reach their anatomical limit, such as in the elbow or ankle.
2. Elastic end feel: Elastic end feel is experienced when a joint reaches its limit due to the tension in the surrounding ligaments and muscles. It is a springy resistance that can be felt when stretching a muscle, such as when bending the fingers or wrist.
3. Soft-tissue approximation: This end feel occurs when joint movement is limited by the compression of soft tissues between two body parts, such as the skin or fat. It is characterized by a soft, mushy resistance, as seen when flexing the knee with the thigh against the abdomen.
4. Capsular end feel: Capsular end feel results from the tension within the joint capsule, which is the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the joint. This type of end feel is typically firm and has a leathery quality, as experienced when rotating the shoulder.
In summary, the normal end feels are the sensations experienced at the natural limits of joint movement during passive range of motion assessment.
These end feels include bony, elastic, soft-tissue approximation, and capsular, each resulting from different anatomical structures and factors that limit joint movement. Understanding these end feels can help healthcare professionals evaluate the joint function and detect potential abnormalities.
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Normal end feels refer to the resistance felt by the examiner when passively moving a joint to its limit of motion. There are four types of normal end feels: bony, elastic, soft-tissue approximation, and capsular.
Bony end feels occur when two bones come into contact with each other, creating a hard stop. This type of end feel is commonly felt when extending the elbow or knee.
Elastic end feels occur when a joint is stretched to its limit and then rebounds slightly. This is typically felt when testing shoulder external rotation or hip flexion.
Soft-tissue approximation end feels occur when the soft tissues surrounding the joint are compressed, creating a sense of resistance. This type of end feel is commonly felt when testing elbow flexion or knee flexion.
Capsular end feels occur when the joint capsule or ligaments surrounding the joint become taut, creating a firm stop. This type of end feel is commonly felt when testing hip abduction or wrist extension.
It's important to note that abnormal end feels can also occur, such as when there is a restriction in joint mobility or the presence of pathology. It's important to understand and differentiate between normal and abnormal end feels during joint assessments.
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deletion of a segment of large chromosome in pair 3
A deletion of a segment of a large chromosome in pair 3 can have significant consequences, depending on which genes are affected. If the deleted segment contains a critical gene or genes, the individual may experience developmental or physiological abnormalities.
Deletions can also lead to haploinsufficiency, which occurs when a single functional copy of a gene is insufficient to maintain normal cellular function. In cases where the deleted segment includes regulatory regions or genes involved in DNA replication and repair, the individual may be at increased risk for cancer or other genetic disorders. In some cases, deletions can also cause spontaneous abortions or stillbirths.
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Linneaus decided to use Latin for scientific names because _____________________________________________________________________________________
Linnaeus decided to use Latin for scientific names because it was a language that had already been established as the language of science and academia in Europe.
During Linnaeus's time, Latin was the language of scholars, and it was commonly used to write scientific texts, including botanical and zoological texts.
Linnaeus believed that using Latin for scientific names would ensure that they were universally understood and consistent across different languages and regions.
Latin also had a well-defined grammatical structure and a wide vocabulary that allowed for precise and concise communication of scientific information.
Linnaeus's decision to use Latin for scientific names proved to be a significant contribution to the scientific world, and his system of binomial nomenclature continues to be used today.
It has enabled scientists from different parts of the world to communicate effectively and accurately about living organisms, allowing for a better understanding and conservation of biodiversity.
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taste is interpreted in the of the cerebrum.the opening to a taste bud is called a .the of a taste cell are its sensitive part.the facial, , and vagus cranial nerves conduct impulses related to the sense of taste.substances that stimulate taste cells bind with sites on the surfaces of taste hairs.sour receptors are mainly stimulated by .salt receptors are mainly stimulated by ionized inorganic .alkaloids usually have a taste
Taste is interpreted in the cortex of the cerebrum. The opening to a taste bud is called a taste pore.
The microvilli of a taste cell are its sensitive part. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves conduct impulses related to the sense of taste. Substances that stimulate taste cells bind with receptor sites on the surfaces of taste hairs. Sour receptors are mainly stimulated by acids.
Salt receptors are mainly stimulated by ionized inorganic salts. Alkaloids usually have a bitter taste. Taste is interpreted in the gustatory cortex of the cerebrum. The opening to a taste bud is called a taste pore. The taste hairs of a taste cell are its sensitive part.
The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves conduct impulses related to the sense of taste. Substances that stimulate taste cells bind with receptor sites on the surfaces of taste hairs. Sour receptors are mainly stimulated by acids.
Salt receptors are mainly stimulated by ionized inorganic salts. Alkaloids usually have a bitter taste.
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the table shows data collected from a study of a river ecosystem located in the northwestern united states. the data was collected at 10-year intervals from 1955-2015
which statement best predicts the fate of this river ecosystem over the next 50 years?
a) the algae population will be outcompeted by the perch population for resources, leading to the destruction of the river ecosystem.
b) the bass population will begin to decrease as the perch population becomes extinct.
c) the hawk population will be outcompeted by the black bear population for resources, leading to the extinction of the hawk population.
d) the perch population will continue to decrease as the hawk population stabilizes.
The best statement that predicts the fate of the river ecosystem over the next 50 years is d) the perch population will continue to decrease as the hawk population stabilizes.
What is Ecosystem?An ecosystem is a set of living and non-living components that interact with each other and the environment to create a cohesive system. The living components include plant and animal species, and the non-living components include components such as sunlight, water, and air. All of these components interact with each other and the environment in an interconnected and interdependent way, forming an ecosystem. An ecosystem provides habitats for various species and also provides resources such as food and shelter.
What is perch population?The perch population is the total number of perch present in a particular area at a given time. This population size is affected by environmental factors such as water temperature, food availability, and predation pressure. Additionally, human activities such as fishing and pollution can significantly impact population size. It is important to monitor the population size of perch as it is an important indicator of the health of the aquatic environment.
This prediction is supported by the data from the table, which shows a decrease in the perch population from 1955-2015. If these population trends continue, it is likely that the population of perch will continue to decrease over the next 50 years, while the population of hawks will remain stable.
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if a mammal's entire top row of teeth consists of four incisors, two canines, two premolars, andfour molars, and its lower tooth row consists of four incisors, two canines, two premolars, and twomolars, what is its dental formula? (remember: a dental formula refers to one quadrant of a jaw.)
The information provided, the mammal's dental formula for one quadrant of its jaw would be: 4.1.2.4 over 4.1.2.2, which represents the number and type of teeth in the upper and lower jaw respectively. This dental formula indicates that the mammal has a total of 32 teeth in its mouth.
The determine the dental formula for the mammal, we'll first consider one quadrant of the jaw either upper or lower. Given the information, the mammal has the following teeth in one quadrant. 2 incisors. - 1 canine. 1 premolar 2 molars upper jaw or 1 molar lower jaw So, the dental formula for this mammal is Upper jaw 1 quadrant 2.1.1.2 Lower jaw 1 quadrant 2.1.1.1 If a mammal's entire top row of teeth consists of four incisors, two canines, two premolars, and four molars, and its lower tooth row consists of four incisors, two canines, two premolars, and two molars, what is its dental formula Remember A dental formula refers to one quadrant of a jaw.
Previous question
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what is the correct term for organisms that consume other organisms in order to gain matter and nutrients?
Dorsal protein (activates/inhibits) those genes like ___ that would give rise to dorsal structures while activating the three ventral genes. __ protein, formed most ventrally, inhibits the transcription of rhomboid and prevents ectoderm formation. ___ activates dMet2 and bagpipe (which activate muscle differentiation) as well as tinman (heart muscle development).
Dorsal protein activates those genes like twist and snail that would give rise to dorsal structures while activating the three ventral genes. Sog protein, formed most ventrally, inhibits the transcription of rhomboid and prevents ectoderm formation. MyoD activates dMet2 and bagpipe (which activate muscle differentiation) as well as tinman (heart muscle development).
During Drosophila embryonic development, the dorsal-ventral axis is established through a complex series of gene interactions. The dorsal protein plays a central role in this process, activating genes that give rise to dorsal structures and activating three ventral genes.
The sog protein, which is formed most ventrally, inhibits the transcription of rhomboid and prevents the formation of the ectoderm. MyoD, a key regulatory protein in muscle development, activates dMet2 and bagpipe genes which, in turn, activate muscle differentiation, including heart muscle development by activating the tinman gene.
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The final step requires _______________ , where the fecal matter is excreted from the body.
Question 37
How are total suspended particles measured?
a. Flame photometry and weighing
b. Gas filtration
c. Flame ionization
d. Collection and weighing
Total suspended particles (TSP) are typically measured using a method called "collection and weighing." This involves drawing air through a filter that is designed to capture particulate matter.
After a specified time, the filter is removed and weighed to determine the mass of the suspended particles that were captured.
The collection and weighing method is a widely accepted and standardized approach for measuring TSP. However, it is important to note that this method does not provide information on the composition or size distribution of the suspended particles. For this reason, additional methods may be used to supplement TSP measurements, such as gas filtration or flame photometry.
Gas filtration involves passing the air sample through a series of filters that are designed to capture particles of different sizes. The filters are then weighed to determine the mass of particles in each size range. Flame photometry is a method that uses a flame to vaporize and ionize the particles in a sample, allowing them to be detected and measured. These methods are useful for providing additional information on the composition and size distribution of TSP.
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which of the statements are true about the resting membrane potential? select all that apply. it results from the sodium-potassium pump moving more na ions out of the cell than k ions into the cell. it results from voltage-gated sodium channels remaining open for long periods of time. it results from k ions diffusing out of the cell.
Yes, all three statements are true about the resting membrane potential.
What is potential?Potential is the capacity to become or develop into something in the future. It is the capacity for growth and development, and the realization of various abilities and qualities. Potential can exist in a variety of forms, including physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and moral.
It does result from the sodium-potassium pump moving more Na ions out of the cell than K ions into the cell, as the pump actively transports Na out of the cell and K into the cell, leading to an unequal distribution of ions across the membrane and thus creating a potential difference. It also results from voltage-gated sodium channels remaining open for long periods of time, as these channels allow Na to enter the cell and thus creating a potential difference. Lastly, it does result from K ions diffusing out of the cell, as the ion gradient across the membrane for K is higher outside the cell than inside it, leading to K ions diffusing out of the cell and thus creating a potential difference.
Therefore, the correct option is all three.
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The _____ is located at the base of the neck and releases vital hormones that are primarily responsible for human metabolism.
Answer:
Thyroid gland.
Explanation:
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck and releases vital hormones that are primarily responsible for human metabolism.
By the cellular responses to the Dorsal protein gradient, the embryo becomes subdivided from the ventral to dorsal regions into __, ___ ___, ___ __, ___, and ___
By the cellular responses to the Dorsal protein gradient, the embryo becomes subdivided from the ventral to dorsal regions into neurogenic, mesodermal, dorsal ectodermal, ventral ectodermal, and amniotic regions."
During the development of a Drosophila embryo, the Dorsal protein gradient plays a crucial role in establishing different cell fates along the ventral-to-dorsal axis. The concentration of the Dorsal protein is highest in the ventral region of the embryo, and it gradually decreases towards the dorsal region.
Based on the cellular responses to this gradient, the embryo becomes subdivided into distinct regions along the anterior-posterior axis. These regions include the neurogenic region, where neuroblasts are formed; the mesodermal region, where mesodermal cells are formed; the dorsal ectodermal region, where the dorsal epidermis is formed; the ventral ectodermal region, where the ventral epidermis is formed; and the amniotic region, which surrounds the other regions and gives rise to the amniotic membrane.
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OCEAN FOOD WEB Review
Ocean Food Web
spotted seatrout
smooth foodfish
pinfish
dolphin
algae
Use the ocean food web to answer the following questions:
1. In this food web, what is the primary producer?
In this ocean food web, the primary producer is algae.
What is a food web?A food web is described as the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.
The fundamental purpose of food webs is to describe feeding relationship among species in a community and also Food webs can be constructed to describe the species interactions.
There are lots of autotrophs, lots of herbivores, and very few carnivores and omnivores in a healthy food web. This balance helps the ecosystem's maintenance and biomass recycling.
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6) A cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR andA) a heterologous antigen.B) a homologous antigen.C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.D) None of these are correct.
A cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR and either a heterologous or homologous antigen.The correct answer is: C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.
A cross-reaction can occur when an antibody or TCR recognizes and binds to either a heterologous antigen (from a different species or unrelated source) or a homologous antigen (from the same species or a related source), due to their structural similarity. Therefore we can conclude that a cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR (T-cell receptor) and either a heterologous or homologous antigen making option c the correct choice.
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Chimpanzees and gorillas share the trait of knuckle-walking, which humans do not generally have. Why do most scientists NOT classify chimpanzees and gorillas as each other's closest relatives?
A) The majority of genetic evidence places chimpanzees closest to humans, not to gorillas.
B) Fossil evidence suggests that knuckle-walking was present in ape ancestors and is not a uniquely derived trait for chimpanzees and gorillas.
C) Chimpanzees and humans share more unique features in common than either share with gorillas.
D) Fossil apes that are thought to be closest to humans show adaptations for knuckle-walking, implying that humans have secondarily lost the trait.
E) All of the above.
Chimpanzees and gorillas share the trait of knuckle-walking, which humans do not generally have. Most scientists NOT classify chimpanzees and gorillas as each other's closest relatives E) All of the above.
The reason why most scientists do not classify chimpanzees and gorillas as each other's closest relatives is due to a combination of factors. Firstly, the majority of genetic evidence places chimpanzees closest to humans, not to gorillas, this suggests a closer evolutionary relationship between humans and chimpanzees than between chimpanzees and gorillas. Secondly, fossil evidence suggests that knuckle-walking was present in ape ancestors and is not a uniquely derived trait for chimpanzees and gorillas, this means that knuckle-walking is not a defining characteristic that sets chimpanzees and gorillas apart from other apes.
Thirdly, chimpanzees and humans share more unique features in common than either share with gorillas, this implies a closer evolutionary relationship between humans and chimpanzees than between chimpanzees and gorillas. Finally, fossil apes that are thought to be closest to humans show adaptations for knuckle-walking, implying that humans have secondarily lost the trait, this further supports the idea that knuckle-walking is not a defining characteristic of chimpanzees and gorillas, but rather a trait that has been lost in some lineages. Chimpanzees and gorillas share the trait of knuckle-walking, which humans do not generally have. Most scientists NOT classify chimpanzees and gorillas as each other's closest relatives E) All of the above.
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