Beats wants to build a new factory to produce its headphones. It will cost $230 million initially to build the factory over the course of 12 months, which will be worthless after 10 years. The factory will be depreciated linearly to $0 over 10 years. Beats already owns the land on which the factory will be built. The land is currently worth $10 million and was purchased for $2 million eight years ago.

After completion of the factory at the end of year 1, Beats expects earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of $39 million each year for 10 years. The company also has to add inventory (components) worth $15 million just before operation starts at the end of the first year.

Beat's marginal tax rate is 21% and the appropriate cost of capital for this project is 9%.

1. What is the cash flow from assets in year 1 (in $ million)?

2. What is the annual depreciation in year 2 (in $ million)?

3. What is the cash flow from assets in year 2 (in $ million)?

4. What is the cash flow from assets in year 11 (in $ million)?

5. What is the NPV of this project (in $ million)?

Potential advantages and disadvantages of global expansion advantages of global expansion include reaching new customers, accessing new markets, diversifying risks, and acquiring new resources and knowledge. Potential disadvantages of global expansion include political

the main advantages and disadvantages Advantages of global expansion:1. Increased market potential: Global expansion provides access to new customers and markets that are not available in the domestic market. The increase in the potential customer base can lead to increased revenues and profits.2. Diversification of risks: Global expansion allows firms to diversify risks across different markets. This can reduce the impact of economic and political changes in one market on the firm's overall performance.3. Access to new resources and knowledge: Global expansion provides access to new resources and knowledge that are not available in the domestic market. For example, a firm might be able to source raw materials more cheaply from overseas or access new technologies that are not available in the domestic market.4. Competitive advantage: Global expansion can provide a competitive advantage over rivals who are not operating in international markets

firm might be able to offer lower prices or higher quality products due to economies of scale. Disadvantages of global expansion:1. Political and legal risks: Global expansion exposes firms to political and legal risks that are not present in the domestic market. For example, a change in government policy or a new regulation could have a significant impact on a firm's operations.2. Cultural differences: Global expansion requires firms to operate in different cultural environments that can be very different from the domestic market. This can lead to misunderstandings and the communication problems.3. Language barriers: Global expansion requires firms to operate in different languages. This can be challenging, especially if the firm does not have employees who are fluent in the local language.4. Increased competition: Global expansion exposes firms to increased competition from local and international rivals. Are the pros and cons the same for small firms as they are for large ones No, the pros and cons are not the same for small firms as they are for large ones. Small firms may not have the resources or expertise to compete in international markets, while large firms may be better equipped to handle the risks and challenges of global expansion. they the same for service firms and manufacturers , the pros and cons are not the same for service firms and manufacturers. Service firms may face different cultural and language barriers than manufacturers, while manufacturers may face different political and legal risks than service firms.Explanation:In summary, global expansion can provide firms with many advantages, such as increased market potential, diversification of risks, access to new resources and knowledge, and competitive advantage. However, global expansion also exposes firms to many risks and challenges, such as political and legal risks, cultural differences, language barriers, and increased competition. The pros and cons of global expansion are not the same for small firms as they are for large ones, or for service firms as they are for manufacturers.

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The ratio in which the profit willl be shared at the end of 3 years is c. 12:16:28.

Anthony invested $80,000, while Bridgette contributed $100,000 and Coleen invested $200,000.

The distribution of profits will be based on the product of the investors' capital and the duration of investment.

Anthony: 80,000 * 3 = 240,000

Bridgette: 100,000 * 1 + 60,000 * 2 = 160,000

Coleen: 200,000 * 2 = 400,000

Therefore, the profit will be shared in the ratio of 240,000:160,000:400,000, which is equal to 12:16:28.

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The discount rate (r) cannot be negative, the maximum discount rate required for each firm to have an incentive to independently price at the monopoly level is 0%.

To determine the maximum discount rate required for each firm to have an incentive to independently price at the monopoly level, we need to compare the profits from charging the monopoly price and the prevailing price. Let's denote the maximum discount rate as "r."

Monopoly Pricing:

If all firms charge the monopoly price, the per-period industry profit is $500,000. Since there are six firms in the market, the profit per firm can be calculated as:

Profit per firm = Per-period industry profit / Number of firms

Profit per firm = $500,000 / 6

Profit per firm = $83,333.33

Prevailing Pricing:

If all firms charge the prevailing price, the per-period industry profit is $250,000. Again, dividing this by the number of firms gives us the profit per firm:

Profit per firm = $250,000 / 6

Profit per firm = $41,666.67

Now, we can calculate the maximum discount rate (r) required for each firm to have an incentive to independently price at the monopoly level.

The formula to calculate the present value of a future cash flow is given by:

Present Value = Future Value / (1 + r)^n

Where:

Future Value is the expected cash flow in the future.

r is the discount rate.

n is the number of periods.

In this case, we will consider a one-month pricing period, so n = 1.

Let's denote the present value of the profit per firm from charging the monopoly price as PV_monopoly and the present value of the profit per firm from charging the prevailing price as PV_prevailing.

PV_monopoly = Profit per firm from charging the monopoly price / (1 + r)^n

PV_monopoly = $83,333.33 / (1 + r)^1

PV_prevailing = Profit per firm from charging the prevailing price / (1 + r)^n

PV_prevailing = $41,666.67 / (1 + r)^1

To have an incentive to independently price at the monopoly level, the present value of the profit per firm from charging the monopoly price should be greater than the present value of the profit per firm from charging the prevailing price.

PV_monopoly > PV_prevailing

Substituting the values, we get:

$83,333.33 / (1 + r) > $41,666.67 / (1 + r)

Cross-multiplying and simplifying:

$83,333.33 * (1 + r) > $41,666.67

Solving for r:

1 + r > $41,666.67 / $83,333.33

1 + r > 0.5

r > 0.5 - 1

r > -0.5

Since the discount rate (r) cannot be negative, the maximum discount rate required for each firm to have an incentive to independently price at the monopoly level is 0%. In other words, no discount rate is required for firms to choose monopoly pricing over prevailing pricing if the per-period industry profit is $500,000 compared to $250,000 when all firms charge the prevailing price.

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The profit margin should be 1% for a firm with a P/E ratio of 50 and a price-to-sales (P/Sales) ratio of 5. So, the correct option is B.

The percentage of revenue that is turned into profit is represented by the profit margin, which serves as a gauge of a company's profitability. We must comprehend the connection between the P/E ratio, P/Sales ratio, and profit margin in order to calculate the profit margin in this case.

To find the profit margin, we will use the formula, then we will get:

Profit Margin = (Net Income / Revenue) * 100

Considering this, a profit margin of 1% seems reasonable. This indicates that for every dollar of revenue generated, the company can convert 1 cent into profit. It reflects a relatively low-profit margin, which suggests that the company may have higher operating costs or lower profit margins compared to its competitors.

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The prices are rounded to four decimal places:Part 1: AttemptGiven the historical beginning-of-year prices for two stocks shown in the table, let us focus on Stock A. From the table, we have the following information: Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Price of Stock A 5.8136 7.9181 7.7088 6.9623 6.1125 7.0645 9.2218 9.4492 8.7391The price of Stock A has fluctuated over the years.

From 2014 to 2015, the price rose from 5.8136 to 7.9181, an increase of 2.1045. From 2015 to 2016, the price dropped slightly from 7.9181 to 7.7088. From 2016 to 2017, the price dropped further from 7.7088 to 6.9623. This decrease is 0.7465. From 2017 to 2018, the price dropped again from 6.9623 to 6.1125. This decrease is 0.8498. From 2018 to 2019, the price increased slightly from 6.1125 to 7.0645. From 2019 to 2020, the price increased significantly from 7.0645 to 9.2218. This increase is 2.1573. From 2020 to 2021, the price increased slightly from 9.2218 to 9.4492. From 2021 to 2022, the price dropped from 9.4492 to 8.7391.

This decrease is 0.7101.The above information can be summarized in the following table:Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Price of Stock A 5.8136 7.9181 7.7088 6.9623 6.1125 7.0645 9.2218 9.4492 8.7391Increase/Decrease in Price 2.1045 -0.2093 -0.7465 -0.8498 0.9520 2.1573 0.2274 -0.7101

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a) Case 1Population standard deviation is known to be 12.Null Hypothesis H0: µ ≤ 60Alternative HypothesisH1: µ > 60Level of Significanceα = 0.05 Critical value at α = 0.05 and degree of freedom (df) = n-1 = 25-1 = 24 is 1.711.

First, we need to find out the Z-value for the given data set. We use the below formula:z = (X - µ) / σz = (160 - 60) / 12z = 8.33The calculated Z-value is 8.33. It is greater than the critical value of 1.711. Therefore, we can reject the null hypothesis. In other words, we have enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis. Conclusion: The population mean score for 2017 is less than 60. Case 2Population standard deviation is unknown. Sample standard deviation is computed as 18.

Null HypothesisH0: µ ≤ 60Alternative HypothesisH1: µ > 60Level of Significanceα = 0.05Critical value at α = 0.05 and degree of freedom (df) = n-1 = 25-1 = 24 is 1.711.The test statistic for the given data set is as follows:t = (X - µ) / (s/√n)Where s = 18, X = 160, µ = 60, n = 25t = (160 - 60) / (18/√25)t = 5.56The calculated value of t is 5.56. It is greater than the critical value of 1.711.

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Eurobonds can be described as bonds will be issued in the U.S., denominated in Australian dollars. The right answer is c.

A bond type known as a eurobond is one that has been issued in a currency distinct from the one of the nation or market where it is sold. It has nothing to do with Europe or the euro currency, despite its name. A company's entry into an overseas market could be financed by a eurobond offering. 

Without taking on foreign exchange risk, the bond raises the necessary funds in the required currency. While making an investment in a well-established domestic business, an investor may have exposure to a global market.

The correct answer is option c.

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To calculate the estimated selling price of the bellow, we need to determine the cost of each item and sum them up. Based on the information provided, we can calculate the estimated selling price as follows:

Draughtsman: R 2,500

Stainless steel:

Import cost: 25m2 x R1,500/m2 = R 37,500

Import delivery cost: R 1,000 per ton (1 m2 = 100kg)

Weight of 25m2 of stainless steel = 25m2 x 100kg/m2 = 2,500kg

Delivery cost: (2,500kg / 1,000kg) x R 1,000 = R 2,500

Total stainless steel cost = R 37,500 + R 2,500 = R 40,000

Mild steel: R 150/m2 x 35m2 = R 5,250

Welding wire (consumable stock): R 900

Labour cost:

Normal hours: 150 hours x R 60/hour = R 9,000

Overtime hours: 25 hours x R 60/hour = R 1,500

Public holiday overtime: 9 hours x R 60/hour x 2 (double time) = R 1,080

Total labour cost = R 9,000 + R 1,500 + R 1,080 = R 11,580

Independent engineer cost: R 5,000

Outsourced machining: R 2,500

Storeman's salary: R 9,000

Factory security: R 7,500

General manager's salary: R 20,000

Manufacturing overhead:

Normal hours: 150 hours x R 80/hour = R 12,000

Overtime hours: 25 hours x R 80/hour = R 2,000

Public holiday overtime: 9 hours x R 80/hour = R 720

Total manufacturing overhead = R 12,000 + R 2,000 + R 720 = R 14,720

Delivery cost to the customer: R 2,750

Total Cost = Sum of all the above costs = R 2,500 + R 40,000 + R 5,250 + R 900 + R 11,580 + R 5,000 + R 2,500 + R 9,000 + R 7,500 + R 20,000 + R 14,720 + R 2,750

Estimated Selling Price = Total Cost / (1 - Gross Profit Percentage)

Gross Profit Percentage = 45% = 0.45

Estimated Selling Price = Total Cost / (1 - 0.45)

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If a pill were invented that made workers twice as productive but their wages did not change, it would lead to an increase in the overall efficiency and productivity of the workforce. In terms of the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve, this would result in a shift to the right.

The SRAS curve represents the relationship between the aggregate output and the price level in the short run, assuming other factors remain constant. When workers become more productive without a corresponding increase in wages, firms can produce more output at the same cost. This leads to an increase in aggregate supply, shifting the SRAS curve to the right. As a result, the economy would be capable of producing a higher level of output at the same price level, reflecting the increased productivity of the workforce.

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The process focus provides high flexibility but have a low utilization of equipment. A process-focused process is a manufacturing approach in which a business provides a variety of products to a particular market or consumer group.

It has the following characteristics:

The advantages of a process-focused production system are as follows:

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Option (D) is the right choice. An increase in money-financed spending by the government .Inflation is the consistent and persistent rise in the general price level over time. The rate at which prices are increasing is used to describe inflation.

To describe the situation in which prices are declining over time, we use the term deflation. Inflation is measured as a percentage increase in the overall price level.The central bank or the government can stimulate economic growth by expanding the money supply and lowering interest rates.

Because of the link between the amount of money in circulation and the general price level, this policy can result in higher inflation. An increase in money-financed spending by the government can lead to inflationary pressure. How can inflation be reduced The government must take some measures to reduce inflationary pressure. Some measures are given below :Increase in taxes Reduce the money supply Increase the interest rates Improve the efficiency of public activities These measures can lead to the reduction of inflation.

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The quantity theory of money identity asserts that the supply of money and the rate of inflation are proportional. It asserts that changes in the supply of money lead to proportionate changes in nominal GDP.

It's represented by the formula MV = PY,  where M is the money supply,  V is the velocity of money, P is the price level, and Y is the real GDP.

Both sides of the quantity theory of money identity are represented by nominal GDP. The left side of the formula MV is the money supply multiplied by the velocity of money.

The money supply is defined as the amount of currency in circulation plus deposits in bank accounts. Velocity of money, on the other hand, measures how many times a unit of currency is used to buy goods and services.

When multiplied together, this is known as the number of transactions occurring in the economy. The right side of the formula PY is nominal GDP, which represents the total value of goods and services produced in an economy at current market prices.

Real GDP represents the total value of goods and services produced in an economy, adjusted for inflation. The quantity theory of money identity maintains that changes in the money supply will result in a proportionate increase in the nominal GDP.

This concept is the fundamental basis of monetarism, which holds that controlling the money supply is critical in regulating inflation.

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The false statement among the options provided is: Any reduction in working capital requirements generates a positive free cash flow that the firm can distribute immediately to shareholders.

The correct answer is option D.

Working capital refers to the funds a company requires to meet its day-to-day operational needs. It is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. Working capital requirements depend on various factors such as industry, seasonality, and business operations.

While it is true that reducing working capital requirements can free up cash, it does not necessarily mean that the firm can distribute that cash immediately to shareholders. Free cash flow refers to the surplus cash generated by a company after covering all expenses, including working capital needs. It represents the cash available for distribution to shareholders, debt repayment, or reinvestment.

A reduction in working capital requirements can contribute to positive free cash flow, but it does not automatically guarantee immediate distribution to shareholders. The firm may have other financial obligations or investment opportunities to consider. Additionally, the decision to distribute cash to shareholders is subject to various factors, including the firm's dividend policy, debt obligations, growth plans, and capital allocation strategies.

Furthermore, firms often aim to strike a balance between maintaining adequate working capital to support their operations and minimizing excess cash tied up in working capital. While reducing working capital requirements can improve cash flow, it must be done prudently to avoid negatively impacting the firm's ability to meet its obligations or invest in future growth opportunities.

In summary, while reducing working capital requirements can contribute to positive free cash flow, it does not guarantee immediate distribution to shareholders. The decision to distribute cash depends on various factors, and firms must carefully manage their working capital to strike a balance between operational needs and cash flow optimization.

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The statement "Russia, Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern European nations have turned away from communism and toward economic systems governed by supply and demand rather than by central planning" is true.

After the end of World War II, most of the countries of Eastern Europe were occupied by Soviet troops, and communist-led governments were put in place. These countries underwent rapid industrialization and economic development, with centrally planned economies and significant state control over industry and agriculture.

Russia, Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern European countries have since then abandoned communism and shifted toward economic systems that are governed by supply and demand rather than by central planning.

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In the given system of equations,$M_d$ represents the money demand and it depends on four variables: national income, price, interest rate and a random error term.

$M_b$ represents the supply of money and it depends on two variables, national income and a random error term.$M_s$ is the amount of money supplied by the central bank, which is assumed to be equal to the demand for money. Equation (1) represents the demand for money and it is a linear equation in $Y$ and $R$. $a_2$ is the marginal propensity to hold money and $α_3$ is the sensitivity of money demand to changes in the rate of interest.

Equation (2) represents the supply of money and it is also a linear equation in $Y$. $B_2$ is the marginal propensity to supply money.The equation (3) is a simple assumption, which states that the supply of money is equal to the demand for money.In the long run, the central bank can control the supply of money, but in the short run, the demand for money depends on a number of factors, such as income, price level, and interest rate.In summary, the given system of equations is a simple model of the money market, which assumes that the demand for money depends on income, price level, and interest rate, while the supply of money depends on income.

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industrial lead to water pollution

b. false Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses on producing the greatest overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.

It does not specifically compel a CEO to support actions that solely benefit the organization. Instead, utilitarianism considers the consequences of actions on all stakeholders involved, including employees, customers, and the wider community. The aim is to maximize overall happiness, not just organizational success. Utilitarianism encourages decision-making that considers the broader impact and promotes the greatest good for all, rather than prioritizing the interests of a single entity or organization.

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a. To calculate the debit from D using the bonus method, we need to determine the bonus amount for F and then allocate it among the partners according to their profit-sharing ratio.

1. Determine F's bonus amount:

F's capital balance: P35,000

Settlement amount: P39,000

Bonus amount: Settlement amount - F's capital balance

Bonus amount: P39,000 - P35,000 = P4,000

2. Allocate the bonus among the partners:

D's share of the bonus = (2/10) * Bonus amount

Debit from D = D's share of the bonus

D's share of the bonus = (2/10) * P4,000 = P800

Therefore, P800 will be debited from D.

b. To calculate the capital of E after the retirement of F, we need to deduct F's capital balance from E's capital balance.

E's capital balance: P40,000

F's capital balance: P35,000

Capital of E after retirement = E's capital balance - F's capital balance

Capital of E after retirement = P40,000 - P35,000 = P5,000

Therefore, the capital of E after the retirement of F is P5,000.

c. Assuming the asset revaluation method, the capital of D after the retirement of F will be the same as D's capital balance before the retirement.

Capital of D after retirement = D's capital balance = P25,000

Therefore, the capital of D after the retirement of F is P25,000.

d. Assuming the asset revaluation method, the capital of E after the retirement of F will be the same as E's capital balance before the retirement.

Capital of E after retirement = E's capital balance = P40,000

Therefore, the capital of E after the retirement of F is P40,000.

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Cali is better suited to produce cheese than Fornia.

Comparative Advantage: The countries of Cali and Fornia have different cost ratios for salami and cheese. Cali: 1 pound of salami = 5 pounds of cheese; Fornia: 1 pound of salami = 7 pounds of cheese.Assuming that the two countries could trade with each other, the country that can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost will have a comparative advantage in producing the product.

Cali has a lower opportunity cost for producing cheese, while Fornia has a lower opportunity cost for producing salami.Fornia should specialize in producing Salami, while Cali should specialize in producing cheese. Fornia has a lower opportunity cost for producing salami. In other words, Fornia has to give up only 1/7 pounds of cheese for producing 1 pound of salami while Cali has to give up 1/5 pounds of cheese for producing 1 pound of salami.

Cali has a lower opportunity cost for producing cheese. In other words, Cali has to give up only 1/5 pounds of salami for producing 1 pound of cheese while Fornia has to give up 1/7 pounds of salami for producing 1 pound of cheese.

So, Cali is better suited to produce cheese than Fornia.

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The value of 'a' must be greater than zero in order to be consistent with Ann's preferences.

Ann's risk preference is represented by the following expected utility formula:

U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª

Consider the following lotteries: L₁ (0.8, $100; 0.2, $0), L2 (0.6, $140; 0.4, $0), L3 (0.4, $200; 0.6, $0), and L3 = (0.5, $150; 0.5, $0).

Suppose Ann strictly prefers L₁ over L₂ and she also strictly prefers L3 over L4.

We are to find all possible a that are consistent with Ann's preferences.

L₁ (0.8, $100; 0.2, $0) and L₂ (0.6, $140; 0.4, $0)U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª for L₁ and L₂π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª > π'(C₁)ª + (1 − π') (C₂)ª

Therefore, Ann strictly prefers L₁ over L₂.U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª for L₃ and L₄π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª > π'(C₁)ª + (1 − π') (C₂)ª

Therefore, Ann strictly prefers L3 over L4.

Considering L₁ and L₂:

U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª= 0.8(C₁)ª + 0.2(C₂)ª ….. (1)U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π' (C₁)ª + (1 − π') (C₂)ª= 0.6(C₁)ª + 0.4(C₂)ª …. (2)

Since Ann strictly prefers L₁ over L₂, U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) > U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = 0.6(C₁)ª + 0.4(C₂)ª

By substituting the given values, we get

0.8(C₁)ª + 0.2(C₂)ª > 0.6(C₁)ª + 0.4(C₂)ª0.2(C₁)ª > 0.2(C₂)ª(C₁/C₂)ª > 1

Taking log on both sides

ln (C₁/C₂)ª > 0

a ln (C₁/C₂) > 0

Now we consider L₃ and L₄:

U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π (C₁)ª + (1 − π) (C₂)ª= 0.4(C₁)ª + 0.6(C₂)ª ….. (1)

U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = π' (C₁)ª + (1 − π') (C₂)ª= 0.5(C₁)ª + 0.5(C₂)ª …. (2)

Since Ann strictly prefers L3 over L4, U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) > U(T, C₁; 1T, C₂) = 0.5(C₁)ª + 0.5(C₂)ª

By substituting the given values, we get

0.4(C₁)ª + 0.6(C₂)ª > 0.5(C₁)ª + 0.5(C₂)ª(0.1/0.5)(C₁)ª - (0.1/0.5)(C₂)ª > 0(C₁/C₂)ª > 1

We obtain: a ln (C₁/C₂) > 0 => a > 0

Therefore, the value of 'a' must be greater than zero in order to be consistent with Ann's preferences.

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The journal entry that Amy Company will make when Tory Turnbull, who bought merchandise totaling $8,000 with terms 2/10, n/30, pays within the discount period using the gross method, can be summarized.

Firstly, Amy Company will debit the Accounts Receivable account with $8,000, reflecting the amount owed by Tory Turnbull. Then, a credit of $160 will be made to the Sales Revenue account, representing the discount allowed (2% of $8,000). Additionally, a credit entry of $7,840 will be recorded in the Cash account, representing the actual cash received from Tory Turnbull after deducting the discount. By making these journal entries, Amy Company recognizes the revenue, records the discount given, and reflects the receipt of cash from the transaction.

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--The complete Question is, What would be the journal entry made by Amy Company if Tory Turnbull, who purchased merchandise worth $8,000 with terms 2/10, n/30, paid for the entire amount within the discount period, using the gross method of recording transactions?--

The correct option is c. (a)False: (b)True: (c)True: and (d)False. Consider the following statements and their explanations:Investing activities in a statement of cash flows are concerned with the raising and repayment of long term debt and equity financing of an entity.

This statement is not correct because investing activities are related to the purchases and sales of long-term assets or investments. This has no direct relationship with long-term debt or equity financing of the company.In a healthy business, the operating cash flows are normally negative.This statement is incorrect because in a healthy business, operating cash flows are usually positive. They represent the cash generated from the entity's core business activities.Statement of cash flows measures profitability.

This statement is incorrect because the statement of cash flows explains the entity's cash inflows and outflows, not the profitability of the entity. Cash accounting is adopted in the preparation of the statement of cash flows.This statement is incorrect because cash accounting is not used in the preparation of the statement of cash flows. Instead, the accrual basis of accounting is used.

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A dominant strategy is a choice that yields the best result for a player regardless of the strategies chosen by others, making it a powerful concept in analyzing strategic decision-making in game theory.

A "Dominant Strategy" is a strategy that gives the best result regardless of what strategy the other party chooses. It is a concept in game theory where each player selects the option that maximizes their own payoff, regardless of the actions taken by the other player.

In a game with dominant strategies, each player has a clear choice that guarantees the best possible outcome for them, regardless of the decisions made by the opponent.

This means that the player does not need to consider the opponent's strategy when making their own decision.

For example, in a simplified game of "Prisoner's Dilemma," if one player has a dominant strategy to confess regardless of what the other player does, it means that player will always choose to confess for their own benefit, irrespective of the other player's choice. This guarantees the best possible outcome for that player.

It is important to note that the concept of a dominant strategy assumes rationality and complete information on the part of the players. However, in some situations, there may not be a dominant strategy, and players need to consider the strategies of others to make optimal decisions.

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The company limited by shares incorporated with two directors can continue to exist with the remaining director. This is in accordance with the Companies Act 2016, which states that a private company can operate with only one director.

Thus, the remaining director can continue to run the company without any legal impediment. However, the company must still follow the regulations and provisions outlined in the Companies Act 2016, including maintaining proper records and filing annual returns.

Under Section 122(1) of the Companies Act 2016, a private company must have at least one director, while a public company must have at least two directors. The death of one of the directors does not necessarily mean that the company must be dissolved or that the remaining director cannot continue to operate the business. As long as the company is properly registered and follows the regulations outlined in the Companies Act 2016, it can continue to operate with a single director. However, it is advisable to appoint a new director to ensure that the company has adequate leadership and management.

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A Breathalyzer is a device that detects the alcohol content in a person's bloodstream through the exhaled breath. Deborah Kellogg purchases Breathalyzer test sets for the Denver Police Department. Supplier A's test kits have a higher quality than Supplier B's test kits, making them a better choice.

A good quality Breathalyzer test kit should give accurate results and help to identify individuals who are over the legal drinking limit. However, Deborah Kellogg is encountering a problem because both of her suppliers' test sets are defective to some degree. One of the suppliers is clearly providing a better quality product than the other.

Supplier A's test kits have a 1% defective rate, which means that there is a 1% chance that a test kit will be defective. Supplier B's test kits, on the other hand, have a 5% defective rate, which means that there is a 5% chance that a test kit will be defective. The probability of getting a non-defective test kit from Supplier A is therefore 99%, whereas the probability of getting a non-defective test kit from Supplier B is 95%.

Based on these numbers, Deborah should switch to Supplier A because their test kits are more reliable. If Deborah purchased 100 test kits from Supplier A, there would be a 99% chance that all 100 would be non-defective. If she purchased 100 test kits from Supplier B, there would be a 95% chance that only 95 of them would be non-defective. In other words, Supplier A's test kits have a higher quality than Supplier B's test kits, making them a better choice.

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The value of the car after three years is R0.01.

The value of a car that depreciates at a rate of 14% per year, if Gugulethu plans to purchase a car whose initial cost is R258 400 can be calculated using the equation for straight-line depreciation (which assumes that the car depreciates by the same percentage each year).

Straight-line depreciation is calculated as:  

Annual Depreciation = (Initial Cost - Salvage Value) / Number of Years of Useful Life

Therefore, the annual depreciation for this car is:

Annual Depreciation = (R258 400 - 0) / 3 = R86 133.33

The salvage value is assumed to be zero since the question does not provide that information.

Using the straight-line depreciation method, the value of the car after three years can be calculated as:

V = Initial Cost - Total Depreciation after Three Years

V = R258 400 - (R86 133.33 * 3)V = R258 400 - R258 399.99

V = R0.01

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To prepare a contribution margin income statement, we need to calculate the contribution margin, subtract the fixed costs, and calculate the net income. Here's how you can do it:

Calculate the contribution margin per unit:

Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit

= $184 - $138

= $46

Calculate the contribution margin ratio:

Contribution margin ratio = (Contribution margin per unit / Selling price per unit) * 100

= ($46 / $184) * 100

= 25%

Calculate the total contribution margin:

Total contribution margin = Total sales * Contribution margin ratio

= Total sales * (1 - Variable cost ratio)

= Total sales - Total variable costs

= Total sales - (Total sales * Variable cost ratio)

= Total sales * (1 - Variable cost ratio)

Calculate the break-even point:

Break-even point in units = Fixed costs / Contribution margin per unit

Now let's prepare the contribution margin income statement:

Contribution Margin Income Statement

Sales revenue $X

Variable costs:

Variable cost of goods sold (X)

Contribution margin $Y

Fixed costs (699,200)

Net income $Z

To fill in the values, we need additional information about the total sales. Once we have that information, we can calculate the contribution margin, net income, and break-even point.

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Fresh Direct is an online grocery delivery service that sources food directly from manufacturers and farms and delivers them to customers' doors. Using Porter's Five Forces Model, we can analyze its business model and list the reasons for its competitive advantage.

Porter's Five Forces Model examines five competitive forces that shape a company's environment: the threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Here's how FreshDirect's business model fares in each of these forces:

1. Threat of New Entrants: FreshDirect faces a high barrier to entry due to its complex supply chain network and customer base. It has established relationships with suppliers and customers that would be hard to replicate.

2. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: FreshDirect has established partnerships with various suppliers. It purchases products directly from farmers and manufacturers, which allows it to offer better prices to customers while still generating revenue.

3. Bargaining Power of Buyers: FreshDirect's business model of sourcing food directly from suppliers allows it to offer competitive prices to customers. It also offers various promotions and discounts, which increases its bargaining power with customers.

4. Threat of Substitutes: While there are substitutes like traditional grocery stores and other online grocery delivery services, FreshDirect's unique business model of sourcing food directly from suppliers is hard to replicate, which gives it a competitive advantage.

5. Competitive Rivalry: FreshDirect faces competition from other online grocery delivery services like Amazon Fresh, Instacart, and Peapod. However, its unique business model and established supplier relationships make it stand out in the market.

In conclusion, FreshDirect's business model has a competitive advantage due to its established supplier relationships, low bargaining power of buyers, and the uniqueness of its business model. These factors help FreshDirect overcome some of the challenges posed by Porter's Five Forces Model.

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If the initial costs are $1,415,854 and the project life is estimated as 8 years, NPV would be $1,370,548.65

For calculating the Net Present Value(NPV), after-tax cash inflows of $467,188 per year at the end of the year need to be discounted at the given discount rate of 7.03% for 8 years and the initial investment would be deducted from that.

Year 1 -  467,188 × 0.9343 = 436493.74

Year 2 -  467,188 × 0.8729 = 407808.40

Year 3 -  467,188 × 0.8156 = 381038.53

Year 4 -  467,188 × 0.7620 = 355997.25

Year 5 -  467,188 × 0.7120 = 332637.86

Year 6 -  467,188 × 0.6652 = 310773.46

Year 7 -  467,188 × 0.6215 = 290357.34

Year 8 -  467,188 × 0.5807 = 271296.07

Total discounted inflows =  $2786402.65

NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows - Initial Investment

NPV = $2786402.65 - $1,415,854

NPV = $1,370,548.65

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Answer:

A and D

Explanation:

Direct expenses are operational expense that can be straightforwardly applied to creating a particular expense object, similar to a decent or administration. Cost objects are things that expenses are allotted to. Instances of direct expenses incorporate direct work, direct materials, and assembling supplies.

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