Answer:
Host Susceptibility
Resistance to bacterial infections is enhanced by phagocytic cells and an intact immune system. Initial resistance is due to nonspecific mechanisms. Specific immunity develops over time. Susceptibility to some infections is higher in the very young and the very old and in immunosuppressed patients.
Bacterial Infectivity
Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria not to kill the host.
Host Resistance
Numerous physical and chemical attributes of the host protect against bacterial infection. These defenses include the antibacterial factors in secretions covering mucosal surfaces and rapid rate of replacement of skin and mucosal epithelial cells. Once the surface of the body is penetrated, bacteria encounter an environment virtually devoid of free iron needed for growth, which requires many of them to scavenge for this essential element. Bacteria invading tissues encounter phagocytic cells that recognize them as foreign, and through a complex signaling mechanism involving interleukins, eicosanoids, and complement, mediate an inflammatory response in which many lymphoid cells participate.
Genetic and Molecular Basis for Virulence
Bacterial virulence factors may be encoded on chromosomal, plasmid, transposon, or temperate bacteriophage DNA; virulence factor genes on transposons or temperate bacteriophage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome.
Host-mediated Pathogenesis
In certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.
Intracellular Growth
Some bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia species) can grow only within eukaryotic cells, whereas others (e.g., Salmonella species) invade cells but do not require them for growth. Most pathogenic bacteria multiply in tissue fluids and not in host cells.
Virulence Factors
Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The following are types of virulence factors:
Adherence Factors: Many pathogenic bacteria colonize mucosal sites by using pili (fimbriae) to adhere to cells.
Invasion Factors: Surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids, but more often are on the chromosome.
Capsules: Many bacteria are surrounded by capsules that protect them from opsonization and phagocytosis.
Endotoxins: The lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on Gram-negative bacteria cause fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation, lethal shock, and many other toxic events.
Exotoxins: Exotoxins include several types of protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria. Major categories include cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.
Siderophores: Siderophores are iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron, which is bound to hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin.
Explanation:
It refers to the group of ecosystem sharing the same climate
Answer:
The correct answer is - Biome.
Explanation:
A biome is large area with a particular climate in this region of the earth and typical animals found in the particular area. Biom have different group of ecosystem present in it but live together in a particlular or same climate.
All plants and animals found in every biome has advantage as biome have specific traits like temerature, precipitation, sunlight or humididty and mnymore that help in surviving. For instance, polar bear will live only low humidity and low temperature.
In a plant, leaf color and leaf shape are controlled by two linked genes. Leaves of the wild plant are red (R) while a recessive mutation in this gene causes leaves to be white (r). Wild-type leaves are pointed (P), while a recessive mutation in this gene causes them to be smooth (p). For a parent plant that is heterozygous for both traits with both recessive mutations on one chromosome, what genotypes will its gametes be
Answer:
The genotypes of the gametes are:
RP (parental), rp (parental), Rp (recombinant), rP (recombinant)
Explanation:
Available data:
Leaf color and leaf shape are controlled by two linked genes.Leaves of the wild plant are red (R) while a recessive mutation in this gene causes leaves to be white (r).Wild-type leaves are pointed (P), while a recessive mutation in this gene causes them to be smooth (p). Parent plant heterozygous for both traits with both recessive mutations on one chromosomeParent) RP/rp ---> RP are in one chromosome, while rp in another
chromosome
Gametes) RP (parental)
rp (parental)
Rp (recombinant)
rP (recombinant)
write about cells in one paragraph
Answer:
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature
Explanation:
food is important for growing amd repairing in the body. ny which process is food broken down into nutrient molecules
Answer:
Digestion proper, which is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into particles/molecules small enough to pass into the blood. Absorption is the passage of food monomers into the blood stream. Assimilation is the passage of the food molecules into body cells.
A team from New York Presbyterian hospital is conducting a study about a recent increase in cases involving both excess sweating and kidney stones. What would the team need before it draws a conclusion about the cases?
A. medications that are specifically designed to treat the sickness
B. machines that are built to process blood and reduce symptoms until patients are healthy again
C. data that profile the various patients who report these symptoms
D. proof that the excess sweating is related to the excessive kidney stones
Answer:
C the data the profile symptoms
Explanation:
The team that required prior to drawing the conclusion related to the case should be option c. where the profile shows the symptoms of various patients.
Reasons for excess sweating and kidney stones:The main reason of excessive sweating is the dehydration that means we are not drinking sufficient water due to which the risk of the kidney stones should be increased.
If the protein diet is high, or there is high salt intake, or high sugar intake due to this also the stones chances are high.
Therefore, the option c is correct.
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What are the properties of water that you can observe when transpiration takes place?
Answer:
When water evaporates through the leaves, a pull is created through the xylem, and water moves back to the leaves. This is known as the transpiration pull.
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
Explanation/answer: Glucose is transported from our blood stream across cell membranes and into the cytoplasm. Sodium is pumped across a cell to increase its concentration on one side of the cell membrane.
Can u help me please the graph is on the other question that I had just recently asked please and thanks.
Answer:
16. They would compare it the other strand of DNA from other organisms and try to see which one is most similar to organism x
for 17 and 18 could u post the graphs
Which two substances are among the four major types of organic compounds made by living things?
A. Water
B. Nucleic acids
C. Lipids
D. Carbon dioxide
The two substances that are among the four major types of organic compounds made by living things are nucleic acids and lipids.
What are organic substances?Organic substances are substances that are from living sources.
There are four major organic substances produced in nature and are as follows:
CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteinsTherefore, the two substances that are among the four major types of organic compounds made by living things are nucleic acids and lipids.
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Answer:
Lipids and Nucleic acids
Explanation:
I took the test
Fog will usually form if the temperature and _______ match.
Answer:
dew point
Explanation:
i looked it up but i could be wrong
Transformation is the process by which a bacterium
O A. lies dormant in a cell for many weeks
B. adds DNA taken in from its environment
C. switches to the bacterial lytic cycle
D. injects its DNA into another bacterium
SUBMI
Answer:
adds DNA taken in form its environment.
Answer:
adds DNA taken in from its environment
Megalodon left an awful lot of teeth behind, but don't worry. It is likely that it had plenty of extras. Like modern sharks, Megalodon had several rows of teeth. Scientists believe that Megalodon had six rows of 7-inch-wide, razor-sharp teeth, top and bottom, for a total of 276 teeth in its giant jaws! It's no wonder, then, that this ancient shark left so many of them behind. Without this trail of teeth, we would not know that these enormous creatures swam the ancient oceans as a top predator.Select two sentences from below that best show that the author wants the reader to be able to relate Megalodon's size to everyday life
A.What would you expect a creature whose name means “big tooth” to look like?
B.The Megalodon shark deserves this title.
C.As the Greek roots mega- (“big”) and don (“tooth”) suggest, this awesome prehistoric creature certainly did have huge teeth—as well as a massive and powerful body.
D.Scientists estimate that these gigantic sharks stretched as long as 60 feet.
E.If you're having trouble imagining that, just think of a school bus, typically about 45 feet in length.
F.Now, imagine a shark just a bit larger than that school bus—with 7-inch teeth.
G.Yes, this ancient fish certainly earned the prefix mega!
H.Since these sharks are extinct, how do we know exactly how huge and powerful the Megalodon shark was?
The answer is D and F. I did the test
Explain how the conversation of wetlands to farmlands has impacted stream and rivers
Answer:
Wetland reduction has caused a decrease in the absorption zones for excess water. If the excess water cannot be absorbed by the soil, it increases the incidence and magnitude of flooding.
The conversation of wetlands to farmlands has impacted stream and rivers as the Wetland reduction has been caused the decrease in the absorption zones for excess water. If the excess water cannot be absorbed by the soil, it increases the incidence and magnitude of flooding and this can be achieved by sustainability.
What is the process of achieving Sustainability?Sustainability can be achieved through careful resource management. By managing the resources and making proper use without wasting them ensures sustainability. The concept of sustainability demands careful and responsible people working towards a common goal of resources management.
A union is a term that refers to the association of workers of a company with the aim of defending and promoting their labor interests to the employer. The strike is a protest in which its members refrain from carrying out the activity they normally carry out to the detriment of those to whom they direct their claims.
Therefore, If the excess water cannot be absorbed by the soil, it increases the incidence and magnitude of flooding and this can be achieved by sustainability.
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Why is mitosis so important? 3 complete sentences
Answer:
Mitosis is important because it is essential for growth and repair in the body. Mitosis happens when a parent cell divides, creating two identical copies, referred to as daughter cells. During this process, it is essential that the daughter cells are exactly the same with the same copies of DNA.
Explanation:
Which of the following is an example of a plant responding to the external stimulus of gravity?
A.) A seedling growing toward a sunny window
B.) A plant root growing down into the soil
C.) Flowers producing nectar to attract bees
D.) a potted plant wilting when it dries out
Answer:
b
Explanation:
bcs the root grows towards the gravity
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The opening and closing of _____________in your heart create the lub-dub sound and prevent the backflow of blood.
What goes in the blank?
Answer:
Heart valves or the closure of the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole and the closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve at the end of ventricular systole.
Explanation:
The heart tone “lub,” or S1, is caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.
The heart tone “dub,” or S2 ( a combination of A2 and P2), is caused by the closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve at the end of ventricular systole.
Which of the following is true of the water at the bottom of the ocean?
It contains the most salt.
It is particularly rich in nutrients.
It will be the warmest water in the region.
There are very few organisms that can survive there.
Answer: it is particularly rich in nutrients
Explanation:
Fishes excretory product?
The excreatory product of fishes is ammonia.
An embryo forms inside a fertilized female egg of invertebrates. true or false.
Answer: If fertilization of the egg occurs within the female body, the fertilized egg is then laid outside the female body. If the fertilization took place outside the body, the fertilized egg remains outside the female's body. Now an embryo begins to form within the fertilized egg.
Explanation:
Answer: If fertilization of the egg occurs within the female body, the fertilized egg is then laid outside the female body. If the fertilization took place outside the body, the fertilized egg remains outside the female's body. Now an embryo begins to form within the fertilized egg.
Explanation:
Which two are locations where protozoa are most likely found?
decaying matter
polluted air
dirty water
skin contact
unwashed clothes
Answer:
the two locations that are most likely found is dirty water and polluted air
The direction of blood travel can be determined by:
O1) the size of the blood drop.
O2) the shape of the blood drop.
O3) the distance it has to travel.
O4) AIl of the answers are correct.
The direction of blood travel can be determined by the shape of the blood drop. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is blood pattern analysis?To ascertain what actions could have produced the bloodstains and/or patterns shown, bloodstain pattern analysis studies are carried out.
Bloodstains can be divided into three categories: projected or impact stains, transfer stains, and passive stains. Passive stains, which can take the form of droplets, flows, and pools, are frequently caused by the weight of an injured body.
In order to determine if it is human blood and then create a DNA profile, analysts or investigators frequently soak up pooled blood or swab small quantities of dried blood. When there are numerous victims, this becomes extremely important. Thus, option B is correct.
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How has the size of U.S. farms changed since World War II?
Answer:
Farmers Produce More Food for War in World War II. As the war approached, it got worse for farmers before it got better. Farming exports fell 30 to 40 percent below the average of the ten depression years that preceded the war. Grain exports, for example, fell 30 percent in one year between September 1939 and 1940.
Explanation:
which is correct and explain .plz help.image is attached
Please give the answer for this!
for the first picture the stimuluis is light and the respons is phototropism(the plant is oriented towards the source of the light)
for the second picture the stimulus is the signt and smell of the food. the respons is salivary secretion
Answer:
1.
Stimulus: The light
Response: The plant gets light energy required to function
2.
Stimulus: The food in the bowl
Response: The dog digests the food absorbing nutrients needed to continue operating.
Hope this helps, feel free to give brainliest :)
When you hear a piece of music, your brain processes the sound information
so that you are aware of it. Most of this processing occurs in the
- mind,
A. selective attentive
B. unconscious
C. conscious
D. preconscious
Answer:
I THINK IT IS C OR D I HOPE IT WILL HELP
At the time when we hear the piece of music so here the processing should arise in the unconscious mind. The option b is correct.
What is the unconscious mind?It is considered as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, and memories that should be outside of our conscious awareness.
The unconscious comprises the contents that are non-accepetable or unpleasant, like feelings of pain, anxiety.
Hence, we can say that the option b is correct.
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Sponges, members of the phylum Porifera, are sessile filter feeders that lack tissues or organs. Instead, specialized cells have unique functions like ingesting food, support, and reproduction. Such specialization within a sponge body is a result of
A) cytokinesis.
B) cell cleavage.
C) cell differentiation.
D) gamete fertilization
Answer:
C) cell differentiation.
Explanation:
Cell differentiation is a process undergone by a cell in which it changes to a specialized form. During the process of cell differentiation, some genes in a single cell becomes turned off or on in a process called GENE EXPRESSION to give rise to cells with specialized functions.
This is the case of this sponge whose specialized cells perform unique functions like ingesting food, support, and reproduction. The specialization of the cells within the sponge is as a result of the process of CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
How are the graphs of a body chemical controlled by negative feedback and a chemical controlled by positive feedback similar and how are they different
Answer:
two examples of positive feedback loops that are normal but are activated only when needed. Childbirth at full term is an example of a situation in which the maintenance of the existing body state is not desired.
Explanation:
What process lead to biological nitrogen fixation?
Which two types of stars will enter the supernova phase?
Average and Massive Stars
Average and Supermassive stars
Massive and Supermassive Stars
Neutron and Red Stars
Answer: Massive and Supermassive stars
What molecule promotes guanosine monophosphate synthesis to regulate the balance of nucleotide pools?
A) ATP
B) UTP
C) CTP
The structures of hypoxanthine and allopurinol are shown above. It is known that allopurinol is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. What type of inhibitor is allopurinol likely to be?
A) Uncompetitive
B)Competitive
C)Allosteric
Answer:
Well the answer is A: ATP
Explanation: