At an inhibitory synapse (IPSP), the postsynaptic membrane experiences all of the above and is denoted as option B.
What is Hyperpolarization?
This is described as the opposite of depolarization and involves the cell's membrane potential being more negative.
At an inhibitory synapse (IPSP), the postsynaptic membrane becomes hyperpolarized which is characterized by an increase in permeability to both Na and K.
Read more about Hyperpolarization here https://brainly.com/question/8837605
#SPJ1
: Cytotoxic T cells are rapid killers of infected target cells. Within minutes of the interaction of a cytotoxic T cell with a target cell, the program of apoptosis in the target cell is initiated. This rapid activity is a consequence of:
Cytotoxic T cells are rapid killers of infected target cells. Within minutes of the interaction of a cytotoxic T cell with a target cell, the program of apoptosis in the target cell is initiated. This rapid activity is a consequence of The extremely rapid production of granzymes and perforin by cytotoxic effector cells upon encountering a target cell.
A type of T cell known as a cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell) is in charge of removing things that the immune system recognizes as dangerous. Cytotoxic T cells are essential for controlling bacterial growth and illnesses in the body.By instructing their targets to undergo apoptosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill their prey. Cytotoxic T cells can instruct antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes of coming into contact with them when they are mixed with target cells and quickly brought into contact by centrifugation.The speed with which cytotoxic T cells can induce apoptosis in their targets is due to the release of prepared effector molecules that trigger the target cell's own endogenous apoptotic pathway.learn more about Cytotoxic T cells here: https://brainly.com/question/9292555
#SPJ4
Stem cells isolated from the embryo can be cultured in the laboratory. What should be provided to the cells for their growth and division?
A. Antibiotics
B. Antibodies
C. Electric shock
D. Proteins and sugars
That should be provided to the cells for their growth and division is Antibodie.
How is stem cell culture done in the laboratory?This procedure consists of the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells from a donor. For the graft to be successful, it is essential that the infused cells proliferate and form all the blood cells in the recipient.
Stem cells multiply through the process of cell division called meiosis. Umbilical cord tissue is a rich source of young stem cells, which can give rise to a multitude of cell types.
See more about Stem cells at brainly.com/question/2033732
#SPJ1
What cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, and mitochondria
1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic
3. Bacteria
4. An Animal cell
Cell wall, cell membrane and mitochondria are all found in a eukaryotic cell. The correct answer is option 1.
Large and complex organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells are found in fungi, plants, animals, and protozoa.
The cell wall comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins and pectin. Function of the cell wall is to maintain the shape of the cell and helps in interacting with other cell.
The cell membrane or the plasma membrane works as a check post for the material entering and exiting the cells. While the mitochondria processes the energy unit.
Therefore, a eukaryotic cell posses a cell wall, plasma membrane and mitochondria. The correct answer is option 1.
Learn more about eukaryotic cells here:
https://brainly.com/question/15543024
#SPJ3
Bonds between animo acids are what type of bonds?
A. Covalent
B. Peptide
C. Hydrogen
D. Ionic
The bonds between amino acids are PEPTIDE chemical bonds (Option B).
What is a peptide bond?A peptide bond is a special type of chemical bond between adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Peptide bonds are known to be formed by a chemical process called dehydration synthesis.
In conclusion, amino acids bind by PEPTIDE chemical bonds (Option B).
Learn more about peptide bonds here:
https://brainly.com/question/1974942
#SPJ1
What does the study of macroevolution examine ?
Answer:
Macroevolution involves studying patterns on the tree of life above the species level, and inferring the processes that are likely to have generated these patterns. Thus, macroevolutionary thinking helps to build a more complete picture about the evolutionary history of primates.
Explanation:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/macroevolution-examples-from-the-primate-world-96679683/
what is biology ? ky
Answer:
It's the study of living organisms; you could remember the word bio which means life.
Explanation:
hope it helps
sry if I'm wrong
Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods because they _____. have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
The reason why Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods is because they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
What are carbohydrates?The carbohydrates are a class of food that are known to be rich in energy. Carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.
The reason why Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods is because they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
Learn more about carbohydrates:https://brainly.com/question/14614055?
#SPJ1
__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme. A. Gastrin; secretin B. Secretin; pepsin C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK) D. Enteropeptidase; pepsin
Secretin is a hormone, whereas pepsin is an enzyme.
What is secretin?Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas and liver. Peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenumWhat is pepsin?Pepsin is a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food. It is secreted in inactive form (zymogen) celled pepsinogen by Gastric chief cells.Learn more about enzymes and hormones here:
https://brainly.com/question/26151637
#SPJ4
If you see a diseased plant, it is most likely in the stage of its life cycle.
O death
Ogrowth
Obeginning
adult ?
Answer:
death
Explanation:
it's diseased so it's not growing nor beginning adult
What term represents the six anatomical locations of predictable movement patterns where movement dysfunctions can be detected? Spinal column Kinetic chain checkpoints Skeletal landmarks Joints of articulation
The term that represents the six anatomical locations of predictable movement patterns where movement dysfunctions can be detected is the Kinetic chain checkpoints.
What is Kinetic chain checkpoints?Kinetic chain checkpoints are those points in the body that are used to effectively and professionally describe the movement processes of the human body.
The various checkpoints are:
the feet and ankles, the knees, the hip and pelvis, the shoulders, and the head.These locations are used to predict movement patterns where movement dysfunctions can be detected.
Learn more about joints here:
https://brainly.com/question/9389546
#SPJ1
Kinetic chain checkpoints represents the six anatomical locations of predictable movement patterns and is denoted as option B
What is Kinetic chain checkpoints?
These are groups of body segments, connecting joints, etc which have a connection to the spine in the human body.
They work together to ensure body parts are easily moved and makes the detection of movement dysfunctions easier.
Read more about Kinetic chain checkpoints here brainly.com/question/789840
#SPJ1
Which combination of alleles are always involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait?
Answer:
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
Explanation:
Edge
which combinations of alleles are always involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait?
Answer:
The "x" and "y"
Explanation:
Answer:
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
Explanation:
Edge
The human intestinal tract is colonized with bacteria that consume resources and usually prevent other harmful bacteria from causing infections. This is an example of ______ among the bacteria.
Probiotic is an example.
Probiotics are good living bacteria for us, balancing the good and bad gut microbiota, helping digest food, and helping digestive problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Some probiotic bacteria can produce bacteriocins. Bacteriocin is a small secretory antibacterial protein that inhibits a variety of other bacteria. They are diverse in molecular properties, thermal stability, resistance to enzymes, target bacteria, and antibacterial mechanisms of action.
This is an overview of the major health benefits of probiotics.
Probiotics help balance the friendly bacteria of the digestive system. ...Probiotics may help prevent and treat diarrhea. ...Probiotic supplements improve some mental illnesses. ..Learn more about bacteria here:https://brainly.com/question/6941760
#SPJ4
If the average length of a woman's ovarian cycle is 30 days, the average length of her uterine cycles is most likely ____ days.
If the average length of a woman's ovarian cycle is 30 days, the average length of her uterine cycles is most likely 28 days.
What is the ovarian cycle?The female ovarian cycle refers to the sequence or cycle that controls the production and release of eggs as well as the the monthly secretion of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Hence, if the average length of a woman's ovarian cycle is 30 days, the average length of her uterine cycles is most likely 28 days.
Learn more about ovarian cycle:https://brainly.com/question/14224887
#SPJ1
When a neuron is activated by a stimulus, its plasma membrane will change until it reaches a membrane potential of about 40 mV. What is special about this value
Answer: It is approximately the membrane potential at which the electrochemical gradient for Na+ is zero.
Explanation:
The charge in plasma membrane occurs with diffusion and electric fields.
For example, if there are two solutions, let's assume solution X and Solution Y are separated by a porous barrier (to diffuse in equal proportions).
The fundamental principle of diffusion states that solution from a high concentration diffuses to a lower concentration.
For instance, if the X solution contains 40 sodium ions and 40 chloride ions, the Y solution only has 30 sodium and 30 chloride ions. Due to the diffusion, these two solutions will mix and reach a steady-state.
The like charges repel, and opposite charges attract.
Sebastian has chronic myelogenous leukemia and is being given imatinib (Gleevec). Imatinib blocks specific enzymes and growth factor receptors that affect cancer cell proliferation and belongs to the class of drugs called ____.
Answer:
signal transduction inhibitors
Jason is having problems with his metabolic rate. He cannot seem to burn calories and gains weight even on a severely reduced caloric intake. What endocrine gland is probably not involved in this problem
thymus is the answer
Jason is having problems with his metabolic rate. He cannot seem to burn calories and gains weight even on a severely reduced caloric intake thymus endocrine gland is probably not involved in this problem.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the number of calories burned when the body is performing its basic life support function. Also commonly referred to as resting metabolic rate (RMR), this is the calories burned by staying in bed all day long.
The endocrine gland is a gland without a conduit in the endocrine system that secretes its product hormones directly into the blood. The main glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testicles, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, and adrenal gland.
Your thymus is also part of your endocrine system. Your endocrine system produces and releases hormones that control the functioning of your body. The thymus produces and releases a variety of hormones, including Thymopoietin: Which promotes the production of T cells and directs the pituitary gland to release hormones.
Learn more about endocrine gland here:https://brainly.com/question/1128099
#SPJ4
The passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus illustrates: A. natural immunity. B. cell-mediated immunity. C. passive immunity. D. nonspecific immunity.
The passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus illustrates:
C. passive immunity.
Antibodies produced outside the body can protect a person from contracting a disease, or they can give passive immunity.Because antibodies are not regenerated as frequently as they would be in a person with a functioning immune system, passive immunity is typically transient.Immunity that is transferred from mother to kid is known as maternal passive immunity or natural passive immunity. Antibodies are transferred to the unborn child by the placenta while they are still in the womb and can offer protection against the corresponding infections in the weeks and months after delivery.An infant's passive immunity to disease is maintained after birth due to antibodies contained in breast milk, particularly in colostrum, the protein-rich milk produced in the first few days after birth. The importance of maternal passive immunity for safeguarding infants until their own immune system is mature enough to protect them.learn more about passive immunity here: https://brainly.com/question/21480961
#SPJ4
Which type of human activity is having a major impact on Earth’s climate?
A. consuming processed foods in large amounts
B. creating large quantities of waste
C. burning mass quantities of fossil fuels
D. overfishing the oceans
Answer:
C. burning mass quantities of fossil fuels
Explanation:
CO2 is a byproduct of burning fossil fuels. There are three isotopes of carbon (C), 12, 13, and 14. The most prevalent carbon is C-12, followed by C-13 and C-14, which are both relatively uncommon. C-12 is preferred by plants over the heavier C-13 and C-14. Global CO2 emissions are increasing. Since fossil fuels are derived from ancient plant deposits, they are rich in C-12 and depleted in C-13 after burning. As a result, there is a greater concentration of C-12 in the CO2 produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition to CO2 levels rising, the ratio of atmospheric carbon isotopes is also shifting, with an increase in the ratio of C-12 to C-13. indicating that the C-12 isotope of CO2 is present in greater amounts than the C-13 isotope in the environment. This makes sense given that fossil fuels, which are high in C-12 and low in C-13, burn when they are burned.
The use of fossil fuels wouldn't immediately cause climate change. Instead, the burning of fossil fuels releases triatomic molecules, whose chemical structure allows them to be both unexcited by UV light and highly stimulated by IR radiation, thereby contributing to the greenhouse effect. (Molecules like methane and carbon dioxide act as windows for UV light while acting as barriers for IR light.) Excited molecules can reduce their level of excitement by releasing photons, which causes them to release some of the energy that was supplied to them in the form of IR radiation.
Answer:
There is overwhelming evidence that human activities, especially burning of fuels, are leading to increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn amplify the natural greenhouse effect, causing the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, and land surface to increase
the answer will c
What happen to plant wound after 2 days
Answer:it starts healing after 2 days
Explanation:
its hard life being a plant! from pathogens and herbivores are un-favourable wether they are constantly ingured or picked they get eaten when a plant gets a wound it regrows cuz it has the hormones of both male and fe-male so they can re-grow their body parts after 2 days its starts healing
______________ epithelium appears to have multiple layers of cells with nuclei at differing heights, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Answer:
pseudostratified columnar
Explanation:
The growth of___________around axons speeds neurotransmission, enabling better communication between the frontal lobe and other brain regions.
The growth of myelin around axons speeds neurotransmission, enabling better communication between the frontal lobe and other brain regions.
A layer or sheath called myelin made up of protein and substances develop around nerve cells, including those in the brain and spinal cord.
Myelin can function as an insulator because of its low capacitance and high electrical resistance qualities. That’s why it is also called as an insulating layer.
Since axons are insulated by the myelin sheath, which makes it possible for them to carry electrical signals more quickly than they would be able to otherwise.
Thus, the speed of electrical transmission increases with an axon's degree of myelination.
These myelinated nerves can have a signal transmission speed of up to 100 m/s.
And this high speed of neurotransmission also enables better communication between the frontal lobe and other brain regions.
Learn more about neurotransmitters here https://brainly.com/question/26387085
#SPJ4
why does a fresh wound on the skin bleed more on a hot sunny day than on a cold chilly day
Answer:
Explanation:
When your skin is cut, scraped, or , you usually start to bleed. Within minutes or even seconds, blood cells start to clump together and clot, protecting the wound and preventing further blood loss. These clots, which turn into dry wounds as they dry, are created by a type of blood cell called a platelet.
What does happen with a human body after death?
Answer:
Once the heart stops beating, that means the blood in the body is no longer circulated, meaning that gravity starts to do its work. The blood starts to pool (liver mortis) at the bottom of wherever the body was positioned (which can help indicate if a body has been moved since they died in homicide cases etc.), and the body starts to turn that green-ish blue color, with a dark-purpley color forming at the bottom of wherever gravity takes it (for example, if the body died and remained in a position standing up, then the blood would pool at the feet, whereas if the body died and remained laying on its back, then the pooling would occur in the back area of the body). Additionally, rigor mortis (you can remember it as being rigid) occurs, which is when the body locks up, so the joints lock and are unable to move, which is why it is often hard to get rid of/pack up and throw away a body because over the span of several hours the body locks up (it eventually wears off). Lastly, we have algor mortis, which is the change in temperature of the cadaver. Since the blood is no longer circulating, the body has nothing to retain a constant temperature anymore. The body will begin to change the temperature accordingly based on the surrounding temperature (environments that are hotter than the body will heat it up and similarly to cooler environments). If the body is found before it reaches the local temperature, then the current temperature can be used to help estimate and determine the time of death (there is a formula for this, but I'll leave it up to you if you want to look into it). After a few days, the body will start to decompose, and it will inhabit insects, especially flies and such, and the stage of development of the larvae and/or fly can also help estimate and determine the time and date of death.
I hope this helps :) lmk if you need anything else
Even when they are not using an electron transport chain (ETC), fermenting bacteria need a proton motive force (PMF) for ______.
Even when they are not using an electron transport chain (ETC), fermenting bacteria need a proton motive force (PMF) for transport processes.
The proton motive force (PMF) is an electrochemical gradient of protons that bacteria produce and sustain across their cytoplasmic membrane. Numerous crucial bacterial functions, including ATP production, flagellar motility, and transport processes, depend on this PMF. Proton motive force (PMF) is a fundamental component of all bacterial growth and survival in both replicating and non-replicating environments. Energy is conserved during respiration by producing PMF across a proton-impermeable barrier.
Learn more about proton motive force (PMF) here:
https://brainly.com/question/8309401
#SPJ4
Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by ______________ to the ______________.
Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by transferrin to the bone marrow.
Transport of Iron
The cellular iron homeostasis is controlled by the iron and heme transport proteins. They work with chaperones, ferrireductases, and ferroxidases which guide the movement of iron within and in & out of the cells. In the blood, the ion released from the hemoglobin molecule is bound to the transport protein transferrin which carries the iron into the bone marrow. Inside the bone marrow, the iron is delivered to the precursors of RBCs, the erythrocyte progenitor cells. Inside the bone marrow, the heme units in the EPC take up the iron to which oxygen will bind as they become mature RBCs. The flow of iron in the blood plasma is controlled by the protein hepcidin whose production is positively influenced by transferrin in the plasma. In the case of damaged RBCs, they are processed by the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow which releases the iron molecule.
Learn more about transferrin here:
https://brainly.com/question/9847225
#SPJ4
make 2 Punnett squares using these crosses.
AA x aa and Aa x aa
Answer:
Attached is an image of the two Punnett squares. When making Punnett squares, each parent's alleles are crossed. This results in 4 possible genotypes of the children.
During the complete catabolism of a molecule of glucose by aerobic cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation accounts for how many times more ATP than does substrate-level phosphorylation
About 4 times more ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation than substrate-level phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation:In the metabolism process known as oxidative phosphorylation, also known as electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, cells employ catalysts to oxidize carbohydrates, liberating chemical energy and producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a consequence.
According to some modern studies, the ATP output after aerobic respiration is only approximately 30-32 ATP molecules /molecule of glucose, rather than 36-38, because:During oxidative phosphorylation,
the ATP: NADH+H+ and ATP: FADH2 ratios appear to be 2.5 and 1.5 instead of 3 and 2, respectively. Substrate level phosphorylation:Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic activity that produces ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group from another phosphorylated chemical to ADP or GDP.Substrate level phosphorylation happens via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It happens in two phases during glycolysis, and because 2 molecules are involved, it eventually creates 4 ATP from a glucose molecule.As a result, the total ATP molecules generated from substrate-level phosphorylation of a glucose molecule during aerobic respiration will be 4+2 = 6.Therefore, it is concluded that ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation is 30-6=24 or 32-6=26 i.e., about 4 times than substrate-level phosphorylation.
Learn more about substrate level phosphorylation here:
https://brainly.com/question/14790439
#SPJ4
How do vaccines work if the pathogen in them is dead?
A. The immune system holds on to the dead pathogen from the vaccine, and if you are infected again, the new pathogen recognizes the dead
form of itself and becomes inactive so that it is not killed as well.
B. It causes antibodies to be generated that take the form of the pathogen, so the next time it is encountered, the antibodies make the pathogen
think the body is friendly and not a target.
C. It causes memory cells to be generated so that next time the pathogen is encountered the immune response is very fast, killing the pathogen
before it can do any harm.
D. The vaccine alters your body chemistry so that whichever pathogen you are vaccinated against cannot even enter your body in the first place.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Vaccination is the conferring of immunity to an individual by artificial means. A vaccine can be in the form of weakened or dead disease causing micro organisms. In the body, the dead pathogens stimulate the production of specific antibodies by the body such that next time the body gets infected by the actual pathogens, there will be no serious illness caused.
Which quadrant number and
location of the pig's ears is the
only one that works in increments
of 1?
A. Bottom of the ear close to the tip
B. Top of the ear close to the tip
C. Bottom of the ear close to the jaw
D. Top of the ear close to the forehead
The quadrant number and location of the pig's ears is the only one that works in increments of 1 Bottom of the ear close to the tip.
Location of pig ears:-
the backside of the ear near the end the pinnacle of the ear close to the end bottom of the ear close to the jawtop of the ear close to the browEar-notching helps discover a pig's muddle and which one of the muddles its miles, giving each pig a completely unique identity number. Notches are positioned in one of five places in the pig's proper ear to show the clutter range and in certainly one of 3 places inside the left ear.
Learn more about pig ears here:-https://brainly.com/question/25729154
#SPJ2