assignment: module 7 1. what are the components of a solution? describe those components. 2. water is a polar solvent and hexane is a nonpolar solvent. which solvent would each of the following most likely be soluble in? a. ethanol (c2h5oh) b. octane (c8h18) c. potassium chloride d. hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)

The following elements could be represented by x as sb.

Elements are represented by their chemical symbols sometimes with atomic and mass numbers, as shown below. The mass number is the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus. Scientists have standardized a simple way to represent elements with their chemical symbols.

One of the main reasons for development is that using letters is the easiest way to represent elements. Another reason to use chemical symbols is that they make it easier to write chemical formulas. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements from hydrogen which has the lowest atomic number to oganesson which has the highest atomic number. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of that element.

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The chemical formula of bleaching powder is Ca(ClO)₂.

Bleaching powder is a commercial product used for sanitation purposes. They are mainly used to disinfect drinking water and sanitize pools.

Chemically, this product is referred to as calcium hypochlorite. The formula of calcium hypochlorite is  Ca(ClO)₂.

This compound is a white solid that has a strong smell of chlorine. This compound is produced by the reaction between chlorine (Cl) gas and slaked lime ((Ca(OH)₂).

This reaction equation is given as:

[tex]\mathrm{2Cl_2 + 2Ca(OH)_2} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ca(OCl)_2 + CaCl_2 + 2H_2O}[/tex]

Besides calcium hypochlorite, bleach also contains calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride. But calcium hypochlorite is more so the formula.

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Chemical formulas show the number and type of atoms in the smallest representation of a substance.

In the field of chemistry, a chemical formula can be described as a representation of the different kinds of chemical elements that are present in a chemical reaction. The chemical formula also shows the number of atoms for each of the atoms that will be present in a chemical reaction or a chemical compound.

As chemical formulas only represent the types and no.of atoms, they are known to be the smallest representation that helps us to know what is present in a substance and what is the number of atom ratio of one element compared to another in that substance.

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14 electrons in an atom can share the quantum numbers n = 4 and l = 3

32 electrons can be held in the energy level n = 4

An electron is negatively charged subatomic particles that can be either bound to an atom or free means not bound and fourteen electron can be represented by the value n = 4 and I = 3 and quantum number n = 4 is the fourth energy level and which can be thought of as the distance from the nucleus and if I = 3 the electron are in f subshell and the number of orbital with a quantum number I is 2I + 1 so there are 2×3+1 = 7 f orbital so each orbital can hold two electron and so the f subshell can hold 14 electron

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102.037 °c  is the boiling point of a solution that contains 1.00 kg of water .

Solution ∆Tb = 1 ×  given problem is based on colligative property elevation in boiling point

∆Tb = ikbm 

I is vanthoff factor

kB is boiling constant for solvent = 0.512 °c kg /mol 

m is molality = number of moles of solute ÷ mass of solvent (kg) 

Tb is elevation in boiling point

For water boiling point is 100 °c 

So the new temperature will be ( 100 °c + Tb )

A) ∆Tb = 1 × 0.512 × ( 3.98 ÷1) = 2.037°c 

Temperature of of compound is 102.037 °c 

B)∆Tb = 1 × 0.512 × ( 3.04 ÷1) = 1.55°c 

Temperature of compound is 101.55 °c 

C) ∆Tb = 2 × 0.512 × ( 2.77÷1) = 2.8 °c 

Temperature of compound is 102.8 °c 

D) ∆Tb = 4 × 0.512 × ( 4.20 ÷1) = 8.6°c 

Temperature of compound is 108.6 °c 

osmotic pressure = molarity × gas constant × temperature × vanthoff factor

For KCl & NaBr vanthoff factor is 2 .

At same temperature , 

Osmotic pressure of KCl / osmotic pressure of NaBr = molarity of KCl / molarity of NaBr = 0.25M /0.2 M = 1.25 

Ratio to be find out is 1.25 .

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Half life for remaining 5 days is 80. e-0.25 .

Half life period is the time needed by a radioactive substances to transform into a different substance. It is the interval of time required for the one half of the atomic nuclei of a radioactive sample to decay. Half life is calculated by finding the decay constant of a substance then dividing it by 2. Decay constant of a radioactivity is probability of decay per unit time.

Here half life 32P is 5 days.

The concentration of the radioactive isotope is the total amount of radioactivity per unit volume. The expression for calculating concentration of radioactive isotope  at half life is ,

    [A] = [A] e-kt

t1/2= 0.693/K

K= 0.693/ t1/2=0.05days

Now substituting value of K and t in the expression

[A]= [A]e-kt

    = 80 .e-0.25

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Standardization of a solution is performed by titration. The NaOH will be titrated into a known quantity of acid. Faint pink color is obtained.

Standardization of a solution is carried out by way of titration. The NaOH might be titrated into a recognised quantity of acid. In this situation, the amount of NaOH delivered to the acid is recorded, and the use of that price, the concentration of NaOH is calculated.

For the standardization of the NaOH solution, the endpoint turned into continuously reproduced to a faint pink color. But, the endpoint for the titration of the acid answer turned into constantly reproduced to a dark pink color.

You'll standardize NaOH and HCl solutions so you realize the precise attention and then put together samples of common family objects with a purpose to determine the amount of calcium in  Mg(OH)2 in Milk of Magnesia, and many others.

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An ionic compound that uses neon is that neon does not easily form ionic compound because neon belongs to noble gases and they are extremely stable and their reactivity is practically nil.

Neon is belongs to group 18 which is noble gases. noble gases have 8 valence electron in the outer most shell and that follow the octet rule. noble gases are extremely stable in the periodic table. so, they are very less reactive or we can say that non reactive gases.

Thus, An ionic compound that uses neon is that neon does not easily form ionic compound because neon belongs to noble gases and they are extremely stable and their reactivity is practically nil.

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The exothermic process be non-spontaneous.

What is exothermic process?

Exothermic reactions are those in which energy is released chemically as heat or light. The chemical equation for these reactions, which are the opposite of endothermic reactions, is as follows: Products plus energy equals reactants.

What is entropy?

Entropy can be defined in terms of the statistical probabilities of a system or in terms of the other thermodynamic quantities and is simply a measure of how much the energy of atoms and molecules spreads out during a process.

Therefore, the G = H-TS equation illustrates how a high temperature and a negative entropy can cause an exothermic reaction to be non-spontaneous.

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The new pressure of a nitrogen gas at STP is 0.021atm.

The pressure of a gas can be calculated by using the combined gas law equation as follows:

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

Where;

At STP, a gas has the following:

0.073 × 1/273 = 4.53 × P/353

0.0002674 × 353 = 4.53P

P = 0.021atm

Therefore, 0.021atm is the pressure of the nitrogen gas.

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The new pressure of the gas would be  0.0208 atm.

According to the general gas law, the ratio of the product of the pressure and volume to its temperature is constant.

The general gas law is summarily expressed as the following equation:

[tex]p_1v_1/t_1[/tex] = [tex]p_2v_2/t_2[/tex]. where:

[tex]p_1[/tex] = initial pressure of a gas

[tex]v_1[/tex] = initial volume of the gas

[tex]t_1[/tex] = initial temperature of the gas

[tex]p_2[/tex] = final pressure of the gas

[tex]v_2[/tex] = final volume of the gas

[tex]t_2[/tex] = final temperature of the gas

In this case:

[tex]p_1[/tex] = standard pressure = 1 atm

[tex]v_1[/tex] = 73 mL or 0.073 L

[tex]t_1[/tex] = standard temperature = 273 K

[tex]p_2[/tex] = ?

[tex]v_2[/tex] = 4.53 L

[tex]t_2[/tex] = 80 + 273 = 353 K

[tex]p_2[/tex] = [tex]p_1v_1t_2/t_1v_2[/tex]

   = 1x0.073x353/273x4.53

   = 25.769/1236.69

    = 0.0208 atm

Thus, the new pressure of 73.0 mL nitrogen that was heated to a volume of 4.53 L at STP is 0.0208 atm.

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Answer:

1. Acid - Red

2. Base - Yellow

3. Salt - Yellow if the reaction produces a base

Explanation:

In an acidic medium, methyl orange turns red, while in a basic medium, it turns yellow.

Sodium chloride solution produces sodium hydroxide, NaOH which is a strong base. Using methyl orange as an indicator gives a yellow colour solution for NaOH.

There are acidic, neutral, and basic salts. Sodium chloride (NaCl) produces a base therefore it would turn yellow as well but likely less distinct than the base.

Answer:

Hello methyl orange is a pH indicator that is commonly used.

If you drip methyl orange to an acidic liquid it will give you the color red.

If it turns yellow after you drip it then the liquid should be a base.

And it gives a yellowish color for neutral liquids

But in this case salt (NaOH) has an exceptional situation which turns orange after adding m.o.

There is no logical explanation (at least for high school level) I am afraid that you need to memorize it.

This chard attached below may help you to recognize it

good luck, hope it helped<3!

The average atomic mass of an element may not equal the mass of any of its isotopes.

Hence, option A is correct.

What is the meaning of atomic mass or weight?

Atomic Mass  can be defined as the average mass of atoms of an element, which can be calculated using the relative abundance of isotopes in a naturally-occurring element. It indicates the size of an atom. Mass of molecules can be determined by adding the average atomic mass of each atom in the molecule.

Example of Atomic mass is

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From the idea of the Bohr model, each of the electrons would emit a characteristic  wavelength thus four wave lengths are emitted.

We know from the Bohr model that when an electron jumps from a higher to a lower energy level, there is the emission of light of the appropriate wavelength.

Now we know that the energy that is evolved is what determines the wavelength of the light since the wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy that is evolved by the electronic transition.

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180 mL of hydrochloric acid needs to be mixed with 1500 milliliters of water to make a solution that is 12% acid.

What is a mixture?
A mixture is a substance made up of two or more chemical compounds with different properties that are not chemically connected. The physical combination of two or more substances results in solutions, suspensions, or colloids, which retain the separate identity of the individual constituents.

The amount of hydro chlorocalcite will be calculated as below:- 1500x12

Hence, 180 mL of hydrochloric acid needs to be mixed with 1500 milliliters of water to make a solution that is 12% acid.

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The new volume of a 4.00-liter sample of CO(g) when its pressure changes from 10.0 kPa to 70.0 kPa is 0.57L.

Boyle's law states that the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.

The volume of a gas can be calculated using the Boyle's law equation as follows:

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

Where;

According to this question, a 4.00-liter sample of CO(g) had its pressure changed from 10.0 kPa to 70.0 kPa. The new volume can be calculated as follows:

4 × 10 = V₂ × 70

40 = 70V₂

V₂ = 0.57L

Therefore, 0.57L is the new volume of the gas.

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The statement atoms in the original substances are arranged in a different way to make new substances correctly describes a change that occurs during a chemical reaction (Option A).

A chemical reaction is a process in which atoms arrange in different ways to form a new substance known as the product of the reaction while initial molecules are the reactants.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that a chemical reaction starts with certain molecules called reactants that have a arrangement while this process ends with molecules which are known as products of such reactions.

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Yes,  metals and metals make bonds with one another forming a new substance.

Metallic bonds occur between metal atoms whereas ionic bonds combine metals with non-metals. The metallic bonding joins metal atoms with each other. A sheet of aluminum foil and a copper wire are fused with the help of metallic bonding.

Metallic bonding is mostly non-polar because in alloys there is less difference among the electronegativities of the atoms that contribute to the bonding interaction of the two metals. Thus, metallic bonding is an extremely delocalized form of covalent bonding. Metals can make a bond with each other on macroscopic level as well as on a molecular level. The pieces of metal are held together with the help of metallic bonding.

So we can conclude that metals and metals do the same as metals and non-metals.

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Answer:

Gadolinium 64

Gallium 31

Germanium 32

Explanation:

There is no such element as G in the periodic table.

What is an element?

A chemical element is a type of atom with a particular number of protons in the nucleus, such as the specific compound made up entirely of that species. Chemical elements, unlike chemical compounds, cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction. The number of protons in the nucleus is an element's defining attribute, and it is symbolised by the symbol Z - all atoms with the same atomic number are atoms of the same element. Atoms are rearranged into new compounds linked together by chemical bonds when various elements undergo chemical reactions.

There is no such element as G in the periodic table.

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The answer is 0.0392 mol of Cu atoms.

Solution:

1 Cu atom = 1.06 X10-22 g

we know that

1 mol of cu = 6.022 x10²³ atoms Cu

= 6.022 x 10²³ x 1.06 X10-22g

= 63.83g

∴ Mass of 1 mol cu is 63.83 g

NOW, 63.83g = 1 mol Cu

2.5g = [tex]\frac{1 mol x 2.5g}{63.83g}[/tex]

0.0392 mol of Cu atoms.

The molar mass of a molecular compound is the mass of the molecule in grams. It was a British penny. That's why we call the dime a penny. In 1857, Congress asked the Mint to make his dime smaller and mix copper and nickel.

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NO2 is the formula of the compound that reacts with water to form HNO3.

What is a chemical compound?

A chemical compound is a substance made up of several similar molecules (or molecular entities) that contain atoms from more than one chemical element and are bound together by chemical bonds. A molecule made up of only one element's atoms is hence not a compound. A chemical reaction can change a compound into a distinct substance, which may entail interactions with other chemicals. Bonds between atoms may be disrupted and/or new bonds generated during this process. Compounds are classified into four categories based on how the constituent atoms are linked together. Covalent bonds hold together molecules; ionic bonds hold together ions; metallic bonds hold together intermetallic compounds; and coordinate covalent bonds hold together coordination complexes.

NO2 is the formula of the compound that reacts with water to form HNO3.

Nitrous dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid.

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The orbital period is proportional to r^(3/2) and does not depend on the satellite's mass. Any object at Jupiter's position will have the same orbital period regardless of mass. The correct answer is 11.9 yr. Option C.

As the Earth rotates on its axis creating day and night, it travels around the Sun in an elliptical orbit taking about 365 1/4 days to complete. The Earth's rotation axis is tilted with respect to the orbital plane. This creates seasons. The elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit is due to the first forces pushing the Earth away from the Sun's disk.

The momentum of this throw being greater the Earth's orbit would have been more elliptical or it might have been completely ejected from the solar system forever. The Earth's orbit defines a two-dimensional plane called the Ecliptic. It takes about 365 days for the earth to revolve around the sun. After years of analysis, Kepler found that Mars' orbit was likely elliptical, with the Sun at one of his focal points of the ellipse. This led Kepler to discover that all planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits and that the Sun is at one of his two focal points.

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Milliliters of a 0.150 m HCl solution are needed to neutralize 25.85 ml of a 0.375 m KOH solution is 172 ml

Milliliters is the very small amount if liquid

Here given data is

HCl solution =  0.150 m

KOH solution =  0.375 m

Neutralize = 25.85 ml

We have to calculate milliliters = ?

And the reaction is

HCl + KOH → KCl + H₂O

Molarity = mol solute/ L solution

Mol KOH = (0.375 mol/L) 25.85 ml = 0.02585 L =  0.02585 mole of KOH

The coefficients of the chemical equation to find the relative number of moles of HCl

0.02585 mole of KOH ( 1mol HCL/1 mol KOH) =  0.02585 mol HCl

Molarity equation again to find the volume of HCl solution

Molarity = mol solute/ L solution

L HCl solution = 0.02585 mol HCl/ 0.150 m = 0.172 L = 172 ml

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Answer:

Gravity

Explanation:

it is what hold people on the earth

Answer:

Density is mass divided by volume (ρ=m/v), and water was used as the basis for establishing the metric unit of mass, which means a cubic centimetre (1cm3) of water weighs one gram (1g). So, 1g/1cm3 = 1 g/cm3, giving the water its easy-to-remember density.

Explanation:

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The wavelength (cm) of radiation if its frequency is 1.50 x 1010 KHz is 2 × 10^(-7) m.

Frequency is defined as the number of occurrences of the Repeating event per unit of time. It is also defined as the occasionally which referred to as the temporal frequency which emphasize the contrast to the spatial frequency, and the ordinary frequency which emphasize the contrast to angular frequency.

Wavelength is defined as the distance between the two identical points (or adjacent crests) in the adjacent cycles of the waveform signal which is propagating in space or along a wire. In wireless systems, this length is mainly specified inc centimeters (cm), meters (m), or millimeters (mm).

As we know that,

Frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength.

w = c / f

Given,

speed of. light = 3 × 10^6

w = 3 × 10^6/ 1.50 x 10^(13)

= 2 × 10^(-7) m.

Thus, we concluded that the wavelength (cm) of radiation if its frequency is 1.50 x 1010 KHz is 2 × 10^(-7) m.

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Magnesium oxide is not composed of [tex]Mg^{+}[/tex] and [tex]O^{-}[/tex] ions because of the balanced chemical reaction.

A reaction is said to be balanced chemical reaction when the number of the atoms involved in the reactants side is equal to the number of atoms in the products side. For example in the chemical reaction, nitrogen (N2) reacts with hydrogen (H) to produce ammonia (NH3). The reactants are nitrogen and hydrogen, and the product is ammonia.

In the above given case when we write the balanced chemical reaction for the formation of Magnesium oxide it is as follows;

 2Mg + [tex]O_{2}[/tex] ⇄ 2MgO

From this reaction we can clearly see that 2 molecules of magnesium is reacting with one molecule of oxygen. So each magnesium will loose one electron to bond with oxygen so since there are 2 magnesium atoms the total charge on the ion would be [tex]Mn^{2+}[/tex] and similarly in case of oxygen it would be [tex]O^{2-}[/tex]

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What is molarity?

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

M = n / V

where

n = no of moles ( 2 mol)

M = Molarity ?

V = volume of solution ( 1 itre)

M = n / V

  = 2 mol / 1 litre

  = 2 mol/L

What is Osmolarity?

Osmolarity =  Molarity × number of particles of dissociation (n)

according to question, FeCl₃ = 1 Fe + 3Cl ,  where n = 4

Osmolarity = molarity × n

                  = 2 ×4

                  = 8 osmol / L

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The final volume of the hydrogen gas that is filled in a rubber ball at 10 °C is 2.495L.

The volume of a gas can be calculated using the following Charles's law equation;

V₁/T₁ = V₂T₂

Where;

According to this question, 2L of hydrogen gas is filled in a rubber ball at 10 °C. The final volume of the gas, if the temperature increases to 80 °C is as follows:

2/283 = V/353

V = 2.495L

Therefore, 2.495L is the final volume of the hydrogen gas.

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Vitamins are an important nutrient that the body needs to grow, develop, and carry out its functions normally. These nutrients are classified as macronutrients or micronutrients, which means the body needs them in small amounts. Generally, vitamins come from organic foods and fruits.

Not all vitamins can be produced by the body, so humans still need vitamins as additional nutrition. Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that fall into the category of micronutrients. The body requires levels of vitamins and minerals in small amounts.

Some types of vitamins that are known are:

Vitamins A, C, D, E, K,

B vitamins, including thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxal (B6), cobalamin (B12) , biotin, and folic acid/folate.

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The major organic product isolated from the reaction of 3-hexyne with ozone followed by hydrolysis is Propanoic acid by the ozonolysis

Ozonolysis is a method of  cleaving alkenes by oxidation reaction  or alkynes using ozone (O3), which is reactive allotrope of oxygen. The process allows for carbon-carbon double or triple bonds to be replaced by double bonds with oxygen.

This reaction is often used to identify the structure of unknown alkenes by breaking them down into smaller and more easily identifiable pieces. Ozonolysis also does occurs naturally and would break down repeated units which are used in rubber and other polymers.

The major organic product isolated from the reaction of 3-hexyne with ozone followed by hydrolysis is Propanoic acid.

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