Step 1: Contraction Cycle Begins
Begins with the arrival of calcium ions within the zone of overlap
Step 2: Active-Site Exposure
Calcium ions bind to troponin, weakening the bond between actin and the troponin-tropomyosin complex.
This reaction leads to the exposure of the active sites on the actin molecules of the thin filaments.
Step 3: Cross-Bridge Formation
Once the active sites are exposed, the energized myosin heads bind to them, forming cross bridges.
Step 4: Myosin Head Pivoting
After cross-bridge formation, the stored energy is used to pivot the myosin head toward the M line. This action is called the power stroke, when it occurs, the bound ADP and phosphate group are released.
Step 5: Cross-Bridge Detachment
When another ATP binds to the myosin head, the link between the myosin head and the active site on the actin molecule is broken.
The active site in now exposed and able to form another cross bridge.
Step 6: Myosin Reactivation
Myosin reactivation occurs when the free myosin head splits ATP into ADP and P.
What is contraction cycle?
The muscle contracts in a pattern of repeated joining and releasing between the two thin and thick strands of the sarcomere. ATP is important for preparing myosin for binding and 'loading' of myosin.
ATP first binds to myosin, putting it in a high energy state. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the enzyme ATPase. The energy released during ATP hydrolysis changes the angle of the myosin head to a 'tilted' position, ready to bind to actin when the site becomes available. ADP and Pi remain connected. Myosin exists in a high energy configuration.
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organism a is eukaryotic, unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. organism b is eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and is autotrophic. in which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?
The Kingdom Animalia stands apart among them due to the presence of multicellular bodies, a heterotrophic source of nutrition, eukaryotic cells, and cells without a cell wall.
The five Kingdom system has been used to group all creatures into these five categories. The Kingdom Animalia stands out among them due to the presence of multicellular organisms, a heterotrophic mode of nutrition, eukaryotic cells, and cells without a cell wall.
Members of the kingdom Monera include unicellular prokaryotic BGA and bacteria. Algae, every type of protozoa, and eukaryotic unicellular organisms are all included in the Protista kingdom. The kingdom fungus includes multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with chitinous cell walls. Kingdom Plantae is home to autotrophic organisms with cellulose cell walls while kingdom Animalia is home to heterotrophic animals without one.
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Santiago always lets the fire in the fireplace on Christmas Eve he needs fuel for the fire which of these represents a fuel?
A paper
B carbon dioxide
C oxygen
D water
Answer: A. Paper
Explanation: Water is the element what puts out a fire. Oxygen stands alone in the fire triangle, and carbon dioxide is not a physical thing; therefore, it can not fuel a fire. Paper is the only thing that can properly fuel the fire out of these 4 options.
biodiversity is partially influenced by net primary productivity. where can the highest terrestrial rates of npp be found? question 24 options: polar regions tundra deciduous forests deserts tropical rainforests
Tropical rain forests possess high NPP and the highest levels of biological diversity among terrestrial environments.
What constitutes the tropical rain forest ?A tropical rainforest is a lush, steamy, and thriving forest that is typically found around the equator. Tropical rainforests have towering broad-leaved evergreen trees that form a continuous canopy and receive about 100 inches (254 cm) of rainfall annually.
Rainforests come in many distinct varieties.
Less than 3 percent of the earth is covered in rainforests.
The Amazon rainforest is the biggest rainforest in the world.
More plant and animal species can be found in rainforests than in any other terrestrial ecosystem.
In the rainforest, trees are home to a large portion of the life.
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8. which of the following cells are capable of forming a whole animal? a. a totipotent stem cell like a zygote b. embryonic stem cells c. enucleated eggs into which a somatic cell nucleus has been transplanted d. ipscs e. two of the above answers are correct
The Answer is e. Two of the above answers are correct
Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.
What is Placenta?
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. Placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. It attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it.
What is called Germ Cell?
A reproductive cell of the body is called a germ cell. These are egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.
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Grandpa Minion's genotype for color blindness was: Question 4 options: XCXC XCY XCX XY
Grandpa Minion's genotype for color blindness would be [tex]X^CY[/tex].
Genotype for color blindnessColor blindness in humans generally is an x-linked or sex-linked, recessive trait.
The sex chromosome of males is XY while that of females is XX. In other words, males can only take a single allele of sex-linked traits because he has only one X chromosome. Thus, males are either affected or unaffected by x-linked traits. There is no chance of being heterozygous or a carrier.
Going by this principle, Grandpa Minion is a male and would have the XY genotype. The X chromosome will carry the color blindness trait either in the dominant or recessive form. Thus, the only plausible option that can pass as the genotype of Grandpa Minion is [tex]X^CY[/tex].
[tex]X^CX^C[/tex] and [tex]X^CX[/tex] can only be for females while in [tex]XY[/tex], there is nothing that indicates the presence of the color blindness allele, be it in dominant or recessive forms.
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which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal? group of answer choices fragmentation fission budding parthenogenesis
Fragmentation can result from damage to the original animal
What is fragmentation ?Body breaking into two pieces with subsequent regeneration is known as fragmentation. A separate individual will reappear if the animal has the ability to fragment and the part is large enough. For instance, many sea stars use fragmentation to carry out asexual reproduction.
In some organisms, such as planarians, when an organism's body splits into several pieces, each piece develops into a separate offspring. Fragmentation is the term for this. It can happen accidentally, through harm from predators or other sources, or as a result of natural reproduction.
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8. Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic reinforcing feedback loop? Please HIGHLIGHT your selection and explain below.
Andrew was mountain biking and fell and wounded his knee. When tissue is torn or injured, a chemical is released. This chemical causes platelets in the blood to activate. Once these platelets have activated, they release a chemical which signals more platelets to activate, until the wound is clotted.
While exercising, Julia's heart rate and breathing increase to balance the increased oxygen use by her muscle cells.
On a hot day, Martin doesn't drink very much water. His kidneys respond by removing very little water from his blood, resulting in yellow, concentrated urine.
After eating a candy bar, April's pancreas secretes insulin, causing excess blood sugar to be removed.
Blood sugar is an example of a homeostatic reinforcing feedback loop.
What is homeostasis?homeostasis is the state of the steady internal, physical, and chemical of conditions maintained by living things , organisms and systems. This is the condition of optimal by to the functioning for the organisms and included many of the variables, such as body temperatures and the body fluid balance, beings kept within certain pre-set limits.
Examples of processes that is utilise negative feedback and loops include homeostatic by the systems, such as: Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are the induced to restore normal levels) Blood and sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when it is the levels are high ; glucagon raises blood by glucose when levels are low)
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One problem with getting mrna vaccines to work was that the immune system responded and destroyed the rna too quickly. How did the immune system recognize the foreign rna?.
The immune system recognizes the foreign RNA due to the presence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on APCs that recognize the foreign microbes.
RNA is the genetic material. It is the unstable nucleic acid present in pathogens like viruses as the genetic material. The full form of RNA is Ribonucleic Acid.
PRRs are the crucial proteins of innate immunity. These are the receptors that recognize and bind with the molecules present on the pathogens. This triggers the immune system to activate various immune cells that protect the living organism. The cells that possess PRR are: macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and B lymphocytes.
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describe a properly controlled experiment
Answer:
A controlled experiment is a scientific test done under controlled conditions, meaning that just one (or a few) factors are changed at a time, while all others are kept constant.
Explanation:
A good example would be an experiment to test drug effects. The sample receiving the drug would be the experimental group while the sample receiving a placebo would be the control group. While all variables are kept similar (e.g. age, sex, etc.) the only difference between the groups is the taking of medication.
a large population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide. a few of the cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray. what can best be inferred from this example?
The inference that can be drawn when a large population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide where a few of the cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray is that: Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce.
Insecticide are the compounds that are used to get rid of the pests and insects in the crop fields or at homes. They can be organic, synthetic, inorganic or miscellaneous.
Variations are the changes in the genetic sequence of an organism. These are also called mutations. Usually the mutations are harmful but beneficial mutations can arise as well that help the population of organisms to survive better in the unfavorable conditions.
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DNA is responsible for transmitting genetic information by the sequencing of monomers known as_______
Answer:
nucleotides
Explanation:
Organism a is eukaryotic, unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. Organism b is eukaryotic, multicellular, has cell walls, and is autotrophic. In which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?.
Kingdom Plantae includes autotrophic organisms with cellulosic cell wall while kingdom Animalia includes heterotrophic organisms without the cell wall.
Kingdom Animalia is characterized by the presence of multicellular body, heterotrophic mode of nutrition, eukaryotic cells and cells without cell wall. Kingdom Plantae are autotrophs because they use energy from sun to produce their food. Plants have cellulose as a cell wall material.
Cell walls are generally absent in many eukaryotes, including animals, but are present in some other ones like fungi, algae and plants, and in most of the prokaryotic organisms.
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the following structure is that of galactose. is this a furanose or pyranose form? is it an alpha or beta anomer? is it a d or l sugar?
The following structure is pyranose form of the galactose as the given cyclic shape incorporates 5 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom forming a 6-membered heterocyclic sugar.
The cyclic shape of sugar is assessed as furanose or pyranose sugar primarily based totally at the range of atoms that bureaucracy the ring. A pyranose shape of sugar is a 6-membered ring that includes 5 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. They are shaped with the aid of using sugars with an aldehyde useful organization.
A 5-membered cyclic shape of sugar is known as a furanose ring with 4 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. They are shaped while the sugar has a ketone organization withinside the 2nd position.
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Even though horses and donkeys look very similar they are not really the same_?
A. biology
B. genetic variation
C. organism
D. population
E. species
F. environment
G. offspring
H. overproduction
i. reproduction
D.
Is the fallowing true or false
An average star spends 90 percent of its life as a helium-burning main-sequence star?
Answer:false because the start must be the yellow star and other is can not make it true
Identify the Salute and olvent in a olution made from 15 gram of oxygen and 5 gram of helium
Oxygen is the solvent and helium is the solute.
What is a solute and solvent ?To create a homogenous mixture, a solute must dissolve in a solvent. The substance that dissolves in a solvent to create a homogeneous mixture is known as a solute.
The substance that typically determines the solution's physical state is the solvent (solid, liquid or gas). The substance that dissolves in the solvent is known as a solute. For instance, in a solution of salt and water, salt serves as the solute and water as the solvent.
In fluid solutions, there is a larger concentration of solvent than solute. Salt and water are two excellent examples of substances that we use on a daily basis. Since salt dissolves in water, it serves as the solute.
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50 points!!
Which is true about cell membranes?
Cell membranes consist of a single layer of phospholipids.
Cell membranes are made of lipids and carbohydrates.
Cell membranes are rigid and protect the cell.
Cell membranes form barriers around the cell.
Answer:
Part of the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer,
Explanation:
Cell membranes are composed of proteins and lipids. Since they are made up of mostly lipids, only certain substances can move through. Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipid found in the membrane. Phospholipids are made up of two layers, the outer and inner layers., made of two layers of phospholipid molecules. However, the cell membrane also contains other macromolecules like membrane proteins, and carbohydrates. Therefore, we can say that the cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer, but it is not only made of it.
a section through the thigh shows the muscle compartments. regarding the muscles indicated by the number 1, what action do they have on the knee?
The muscles of the thigh is divided into three compartments: anterior compartment, medial compartment and posterior compartment. Function of anterior compartment muscles is to extend lower limb at knee joint.
How are thigh muscles and knee related?The medial thigh muscles allows for adduction of the leg. Weak adductor muscles can cause knee instability and increase the risk of an adductor strain. Medial thigh muscles protect important neurovascular structures as they pass from the proximal hip joint to knee and lower leg
Weak thigh muscles are common cause of runner's knee, which is a treatable cause of anterior knee pain. Weak thigh muscles allow kneecap to move sideways and rub abnormally against thighbone.
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how can alternative rna splicing result in different proteins derived from the same initial rna transcription
The alternative RNA splicing results in different proteins derived from the same initial RNA transcription introns/exons being read and chosen differently. Original RNA is spliced differently producing varying mRNA.
Alternative splicing can provide evolutionary flexibility. Single point mutations can result in the occasional exclusion or inclusion of specific exons from transcripts during splicing, allowing new protein isoforms to be generated without loss of the original protein.
Alternative splicing is a cellular process in which exons of the same gene are combined in different combinations to produce different but related mRNA transcripts. These mRNAs can be translated to produce different proteins with different structures and functions all from a single gene. Alternative splicing is a molecular mechanism that alters the pre-mRNA structure prior to translation.
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ill mark u as brainlyist if you ancer the quiston please asap
Thomas observed a graph showing changes in Earth's glaciers. After looking at the graph, he came to a conclusion about Earth's climate and stability. Based on the graph below, what conclusion did Thomas make about Earth's climate?
Earth's climate goes through short-term cycles of cooling and warming.
Earth's climate goes through long-term cycles of cooling and warming.
Earth's climate appears to be cooling over a period of time.
Earth's climate appears to be irregularly cooling and warming.
Answer: The correct Answer is D, Earth's climate goes through short-term cycles of cooling and warming.
Explanation:
The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.
Lag
Latent
Primary
Secondary
The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the Primary response.
What is the name of the initial antigen exposure?Primary response refers to the immune response that develops after being exposed to an antigen for the first time. The immune response that develops after a second or additional exposures to an antigen, stronger and quicker, is referred to as a secondary reaction.A process known as somatic hypermutation enables the B cell to start coding for a new antibody after antigen presentation to the B cell lymphocytes has taken place. This antibody will have a distinctive Antigen Binding Site in the variable region that can bind specifically to an epitope from the antigen.To learn more about Primary response refer to:
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tropical rainforests have high species richness, but low density. in deciduous forests the pattern is the opposite. which of the statements is not a plausible explanation for this pattern?
There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests.
What is deciduous forests and tropical rainforests ?Due to the trees in tropical deciduous forests losing their leaves in the dry season and growing new ones in the monsoon, these forests are also known as monsoon forests.
A deciduous forest is distinguished by its deciduous trees and plants, which lose their leaves every year, typically in the winter. Since the plants' height and shape vary, forests are typically very dense. Deciduous refers to plants and trees that have a tendency to fall, from which the name derives.
The tropics, or between latitudes of 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer) and 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn), is where tropical rainforests are primarily found. On the islands of New Guinea, Australia, Central and South America, western and central Africa, western India, and Southeast Asia, there are tropical rainforests.
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in a pond that experiences succession, what relationship would you expect regarding changes in species richness over time?
In a pond that experiences succession, species richness increases over time.
During succession, species diversity declines. A large number of species that enter the canopy through tiny holes and a comparatively small number that regrow in the huge clearings are characteristics of communities where such large patches are uncommon. Following a significant disturbance, diversity grows throughout the succession phase.
New species enter a region at each stage and may displace the ones that came before them, frequently as a result of environmental modifications produced by the preceding species. The community may eventually attain a condition of relative stability and stop shifting in composition.
Hence, species richness increases as result of succession.
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I do not understand how to do this. Pls, explain.
Answer:
The answer should be A. They could have genotype Cc or cc
Explanation:
C c
[tex]{c}\\{c}[/tex] [tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}Cc&cc\\Cc&cc\end{array}\right][/tex]
I tried to make a punnet square as best as I could..
To jog your memory about the basics of punnet squares and what certain words mean.
Dominance is shown by a capital letter, while recessive is denoted by lowercaseIf a person is homozygous they carry two identical alleles (CC or cc).
Two capitals mean a person is homozygous dominant, whilst two lowercase means a person is homozygous recessive.If a person is heterozygous that means that they carry two different alleles, one dominant and one recessive (Cc).
The dominant allele will always be present over the recessive.As the statement shows, individual 5 is heterozygous, meaning their genotype is Cc.
Their partner is a shaded individual, which means they have cystic fibrosis, which is homozygous recessive. This means their genotype is cc.
When doing a punnet square, you will see the two outcomes of possible genotypes are Cc and cc. This means there is a 50% (or 2/4) chance of individual 12 being healthy (Cc), or there is a 50% (or 2/4) chance of the individual having cystic fibrosis (cc).
generally, will natural selection result in an increase or decrease in variation? why does this happen and how, in theory, will it affect evolution in the future?
Natural selection decreases the genetic variation in populations by selecting for or against a specific gene or gene combination
How does natural selection cause variation?Genetic variations that alter gene activity introduce different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, then genetic variation is more likely to be passed on to the next generation, which is known as natural selection.
As natural selection is a mechanism of evolution, organisms that are more adapted to environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. Therefore, this process causes species to change and diverge over time.
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur?.
In the human genome most of the diversity occur in is in the sequences that code for tRNA(Transfer RNA).
Human ancestral lines are relatively young compared to other species. Man is a genetically homogeneous species. Although a small number of genetic variants are found more frequently in certain geographic regions or in people with ancestry from those regions, this variation represents a small percentage of the human genome. They are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) and go through a series of processing steps and post-transcriptional modifications to become fully active. tRNA also exhibits great sequence diversity in the human genome, but the tRNA gene sequence variation and potential functional implications in individual human genomes have not been studied. Human genetic variation is the genetic differences within and between populations. There can be several variants of a given gene in the human population (alleles), a situation called polymorphism.
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Please help!!!
Lightning that occurs within a cloud is known as ___
lightning.
Answer:
Intra-Cloud
Explanation:
Answer:points
Explanation:
hi i need points hehehehe
The sorting that occurs during blank______ separates homologues from each other.
The sorting that occurs during blank Meiosis 1 separates homologues from each other. Meiosis uses a two-step division mechanism to achieve these goals.
During the initial round of cell division, known as meiosis I, homologue pairs split apart. Sister chromatids split apart during meiosis II, the second round.
Disjunction describes the division of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I. Disjunction is a crucial component of the anaphase processes of mitosis and meiosis (I and II). Sister chromatids split and travel to the polar opposites of the cell during the anaphase of mitosis.
In prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired; they are then split apart in anaphase I, resulting in a halving of the number of chromosomes.
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a family goes on a vacation and returns home to find all their houseplants have wilted. at a cellular level, what is causing the plants to wilt?
When a family goes on vacation, they come home to find that all of their houseplants have wilted because the cells lack sufficient water pressure to support them. Because there is no water in the vacuole, the cell becomes weaker, which makes the plants wilt.
What of the following causes plants to wilt when watered with a salt solution?Soil salts have the ability to hold water. Less water is thus available for plant uptake, exacerbating water stress and root dehydration.
which phrases give instances of aided diffusion?phrases best sum up aided diffusion ,Through specific membrane proteins, solutes transverse the membrane along their gradient of concentration. Small, neutral molecules leave a cell along their gradient of concentration.
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the movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment?
The movement of phosphorus from the environment to oraganism and back is called the Phosphorus cycle.
The repeated movement of a specific nutrient or element through one or more organisms and back to the environment is known as a "nutrient cycle."
Phosphorus is a crucial component for all living things. It contributes significantly to DNA and RNA's structural foundation.
They are a crucial part of ATP as well.
Phosphorus makes up 80% of the bones and teeth in humans.
The phosphorus cycle progresses very slowly. The phosphorus in the rocks is washed into the soil by a number of weather-related processes. The organic matter in the soil, which is used for numerous biological activities, absorbs phosphorus.
Since phosphorus and compounds containing phosphorus are only found on land, the atmosphere has little impact on the phosphorus cycle.
Following are the important steps of phosphorus cycle:
1.Weathering
2.Absorption by Plants
3.Absorption by Animals
4.Return to the Environment through Decomposition
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