Anaerobic respiration allows a cell to break down carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. Identify how NAD+ is used by animal cells during anaerobic respiration. During fermentation, NAD+ is generated from NADH and is used to continue glycolysis.
The utilization of electron acceptors besides atomic oxygen is referred to as "anaerobic respiration" (O2). Even though oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the operation nonetheless uses a Anaerobic respiration.
When an aerobic organism breathes, electrons are moved to a chain of electron acceptors, with oxygen acting as the final one. Oxygen atoms are excellent electron acceptors. Anaerobes, on the other hand, need less oxidizing substances like nitrate or elemental sulfur (S). These terminal electron acceptors have lower reduction potentials compared to O2. Less energy is released per molecule that is oxidized. As a result, aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration.
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A process by which specific proteins help substances that otherwise could not cross the membrane diffuse down their concentration gradient is known as?
For pathogen below, choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response
Fungi
Extracellular bacteria
Th17 cells
Hint: The cell type is a helper cell that produces large quantities of a specific cytokine, IL-17, which recruits the neutrophils to induce phagocytic activity and clear extracellular pathogens.
For the pathogen below select the kind of mobile that could be used inside the adaptive immune reaction Th1 cells
hint: The cell type may be a helper mobile that produces cytokines (particularly IFN-y) that stimulate the macrophages and lets in for phagocytosis.
Adaptive immune responses are performed via white blood cells known as lymphocytes. There are two extensive lessons of such responses antibody responses and mobile-mediated immune responses, and they are accomplished via distinct training of lymphocytes, referred to as B cells and T cells, respectively.
The adaptive immune system includes the T cells and B cells not like the cells of the innate immune device, T cells and B cells can identify specific features of pathogens or most cancers. DNA gives the instructions for a cell's increase, survival, and reproduction.
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Select the strategies that may slow the sixth mass extinction.
-Landscape fragmentation.
-Habitat protection.
-Species reintroductions.
-Increased harvesting.-Habitat protection.
-Species reintroductions.
Habitat protection, Species reintroductions these strategies will slow down the sixth mass extinction.
what is sixth mass extinction ?
Unlike earlier extinction events caused by natural causes, the sixth mass extinction is caused by human action, namely (but not exclusively) unsustainable land, water, and energy consumption, as well as climate change. According to the Living Planet Report, 30% of all biodiversity-sustaining land has been turned to food cultivation. Agriculture is also responsible for 80% of global deforestation and 70% of freshwater consumption on the earth, wreaking havoc on the animals that live there by drastically changing their ecosystems. It seems obvious that one of the most serious human-caused dangers to species extinction and our ecosystems is where and how food is generated. To make matters worse, unsustainable food production and consumption contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions that cause rising global temperatures.
Climate change, Pollution, Human over-population, Over-harvesting, Invasion of alien species, Habitat loss and fragmentation are the causes of the causes of the sixth mass extinction.
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which of the following are obstructive lung diseases? select all that apply.pulmonary fibrosisasthmaobstructive sleep apneapneumothoraxchronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Obstructive sleep apnea are obstructive lung diseases. Affected structures include the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleurae, pleural cavity, nerves, and breathing muscles.
Animals that breathe air suffer from lung diseases, often known as respiratory diseases, which affect the tissues and organs that complicate gas exchange. From simple, self-limiting conditions like the common cold, influenza, and pharyngitis to serious, potentially fatal conditions including bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndromes like COVID-19. Respiratory illnesses can be classified according to the organ or tissue affected, the kind and pattern of the accompanying signs and symptoms, or even the underlying reason for the illness.
The complete question is:
Which of the following are obstructive lung diseases? Select all that apply.
a. Pulmonary fibrosis
b. Asthma
c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
d. Pneumothorax
e. Obstructive sleep apnea
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match the nerve with the correct function: branch of the facial nerve (vii) called the chorda tympani
The anterior two-thirds of the tongue send taste signals to the chorda tympani facial nerve.
The front of the tongue's taste buds give rise to the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve, which travels via the middle ear before entering the brain. At the point where the facial nerve leaves the skull by the stylomastoid foramen, it connects to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) inside the facial canal. The facial nerve, however, leaves the skull through the petrotympanic fissure and descends in the infratemporal fossa.
The muscles that let you frown, grin, wrinkle your nose, and raise your eyebrows and forehead are all controlled by the facial nerve.
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Most of the Earth's organisms live on land. true or false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
18. in fruit flies, brown bodies (b) are dominant to black bodies (b). cross a black fruit fly with a heterozygous fruit fly. determine the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of their potential offspring.
Both brown flies (genotype Bb) and black flies (phenotype bb) are potential phenotypes of heterozygous fruit flies with brown bodies (Bb) that are crossed with black bodies (bb) (genotype bb).
The Punnett square is a genetics diagram that is used to determine the potential phenotypes and genotypes in offspring based on the cross, in this example Bb x bb to produce Bb and bb children.
The Punnett square may therefore be used to determine the phenotypes in the following generation by their genotypes, as shown by the data in the question above.
It has the name of Reginald C. Punnett, who developed the strategy in 1905. The likelihood that a child will have a specific genotype is calculated by biologists using the square figure.
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which of the following is not a way that alternative splicing can diversify an organism's gene expression? (you can choose more than one.)
Creating a gene with altered base sequences.
Creating a protein that has undergone a mutation.
Creating a protein that isn't already in the DNA.
What makes it an organism?An object with life is referred to as an organism. The fundamental building blocks of both living beings и semi things are molecules. A living entity, however, can be distinguished from an external unit by its distinguishing traits. For instance, a cell or multiple cells make form an organism.
Do living things exist?An microorganism is a form of life that is capable of reproduction: The ability to replicate oneself is one of an organism's traits, but cells, DNA, organelles, and other biological substances can also do this.
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The complete question is-
Which of the following is NOT a way that alternative splicing can diversify an organism's gene expression? (You can choose more than one.Making larger or smaller versions of the protein.
Making a version of a gene with modified bases.
Making a version of a protein with a mutation in it.
Making a version of a protein that is not present in the genome.
Making hundreds or thousands of protein variations from a single gene. Making a version of the protein with a premature stop codon
Making two verslons of a protein, one of which is functional and the other of which is non.functional
vitamin x is a co-factor for the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. when vitamin x is absent, pyruvate dehydrogenase cannot catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa. x?
Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase is the enzyme that resembles the pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.
What purpose does a pyruvate serve?
Abstract. The final byproduct of glycolysis, pyruvate, is crucial to cell metabolism. It is made in the cytosol and then oxidized in the mitochondria, where it supports oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle.
Why is pyruvate essential, and what is it?
An essential molecule in biology is pyruvate. It is a byproduct of glycolysis, an anaerobic process for the breakdown of glucose. One glucose molecule transforms into two pyruvate molecules, which are subsequently used to produce additional energy in one of two ways.
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according to kelso (2019), there is a stereotype of masculine attractiveness for gay men that is depicted repeatedly in advertisements. this stereotype includes all of the following, except:
O White (caucasian) O Muscular O Lack of body hair
O Youthfulness O Dark hair
According to the given statement This stereotype includes all of the following, except Lack of body hair.
Why is muscular fitness so important?Your muscles will get stronger and more attractive as you do, and so will your bones. This encourages good posture and relieves back pain. The likelihood of falls that result in injuries will decrease as a result of your versatility, balance, and stability. The capacity to do an activity repeatedly is known as muscular endurance, which may be improved by sports like marathon, cycling, and swimming as well as strength training and weightlifting.
How can muscle strength be measured?Strength training and leg press are the two exercises that are most frequently used to measure the physical strength of the upper and lower bodies, respectively. The arm curling, latissimus dorsi making available, knee extension, and knee curl are further dynamic strength assessments.
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which of the following is the proper order of cells for water and minerals to travel from the soil into the xylem? A Soil-epiblema endodermis-cortex-pericycle-xylem
B Soil-epiblema-cortex-endodermis-pericycle-protoxylem-metaxylem
C Soil-epiblema-cortex-endodermis-pericycle-metaxylem-protoxylem
D Soil-cortex-epiblema-pericycle-metaxylem-protoxylem
B) Soil-epiblema-cortex-endodermis-pericycle-protoxylem-metaxylem.
Which sequence should water flow through a plant in?1-Water travels passively through the xylem and then into the roots. 2-The water molecules in the xylem form a column due to the forces of cohesion and adhesion. 3- Water enters the mesophyll cells through the xylem, evaporates on their surfaces, and diffuses out of the plant through the stomata.
What is the water's route out of the soil?Transpiration takes place as water travels from the earth to the stems, roots, and finally the leaves. Enough water is absorbed by the roots to make up for water lost through transpiration. Root hairs, which grow from epidermal cells and increase surface area, facilitate rapid absorption.
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according to daniel levinson, people around the ages of 40 or 45 move into a period of questioning called ____ , and focus on the finite nature of life.
According to the research, the correct answer is midlife transition. According to Daniel Levinson, people around the ages of 40 or 45 move into a period of questioning called midlife transition, and focus on the finite nature of life.
What is Theory of Adult Development?According to the psychologist Daniel Levinson, it is a theory that proposes that adults go through a series of stages, that is, that in every individual there is a stable pattern of behavior that manifests itself over time.
In this sense, according to this theory, the midlife transition is simply another transition to another stage of nature of life that implies a restructuring of social roles, especially in the fields of work and family, occurs between the ages of 40 and 45, where the person begins to evaluate his life.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, in his Theory of Adult Development, Levinson identified periods of development linked to age where midlife transition occurs around the ages of 40 or 45.
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show that the variance of for random samples of size from a normal population decreases as becomes large. [hint: first find the variance of
As the sample size is increased, the bias will become smaller because it is inversely related to the population variance.
The population variance divided by N, the sample size, yields the variance of the sampling distribution of the mean (the number of scores used to compute a mean). Therefore, the variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is lower the higher the sample size. The sampling distribution tends to become normal as sample size rises. As a result, the sample distribution takes on a leptokurtic appearance. It only occurs because the variability diminishes as sample size increases since the distribution of the samples closely mimics the population. A chi-squared distribution with a degree of freedom equal to n1, where n is the sample size, represents the sampling distribution of the sample variance (given that the random variable of interest is normally distributed).
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True or False : muscle protein synthesis occurs for up to twenty-four hours after a single bout of heavy resistance exercise.
Correct option TRUE - After a single session of intense resistance training, muscle protein synthesis can last up to twenty-four hours.
Approximately 4-5 hours pass during the brief period of muscle protein synthesis. In order to enhance net muscle protein accretion at rest, it is necessary to consume protein at regular intervals throughout the day. This effect is further amplified by scheduling protein ingestion immediately following exercise. Increase your resistance workout.
The results show that after a session of intense resistance training, MPS rapidly rises, more than doubling at 24 hours, and then rapidly falls, nearly returning to baseline at 36 hours.
According to Schoenfeld, "Protein is naturally anabolic." For up to six hours following a protein-rich meal, protein synthesis—or muscle building—is encouraged.
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Antibodies are characterized as ______ and possess oligosaccharides bonded to which amino acid?
A. O-linked; serine
B. O-linked; asparagine
C. O-linked; threonine
D. N-linked; glutamine
E. N-linked; asparagine
74 in the cAMP-dependent activation of pyruvate kinase which of the following amino acids is phosphorylated?
a. His
b. Thr
C. Tyr
D. Ser
E. Lys
Antibodies are characterized as O-linked; serine and possess oligosaccharides bonded to which amino acid. Option A.
Immunoglobulins are found in blood and other tissues and fluids. They are made by plasma cells that are derived from the B cells of the immune system. Her B cells of the immune system become plasma cells when activated by the binding of specific antigens to its antibody surface.
Chronic infection. Autoimmune diseases in which the immune system overreacts, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease. Bad antibodies are known to react against the body's own tissues and cause autoimmune diseases. For this reason, it was previously thought to be excreted by the immune system or rendered inactive in the long term.
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cancer is the abnormal growth of cells caused by uncontrolled cell division. tumor suppressor genes are genes that encode protein products whose normal function is to protect cells from becoming cancerous. when a loss-of-function mutation occurs in a tumor suppressor gene, a cell may progress to a cancerous state. in some cases, a loss-of-function mutation results in a loss of gene expression. in the tumor cell microarray, choose spots among those listed below that may represent mrnas that encode proteins that function as tumor suppressors. choose all that apply.
A TSG gene guards against a cell's progression toward A TSG gene guards against a cell's progression toward cancer. when a mutation in this gene results in a loss or decrease in function
Where does cancer begin?The disorder known as cancer is brought on by unchecked cellular division and tissue invasion. DNA modifications are the root of cancer. Most DNA alterations that result in cancer happen in regions of DNA known as genes. These alterations are also known as genetic modifications.
Which malignancies are the most deadly?With 130,180 fatalities anticipated, lung & bronchus cancer is the leading cause of death. That is almost three times as many deaths from cancer as were caused by the second-leading cause, colorectal cancer, which resulted in 52,580 deaths. The third deadliest malignancy, pancreatic cancer accounts for 49,830 fatalities.. when a mutation in this gene results in a loss or decrease in function
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Teacher's professional use of technology involves preparation for various classroom activities; such as, preparing instructional materials, material, communicating or collaborating with peers, students and their parents, locating digital resources, and creating lesson plans. When technology is used for instructional delivery, the teacher or students can use it. Teachers can present instruction by means of a projector or students may use computer-assisted learning applications such as drill and practice, tutorials, and simulations. technology as a tool, involves student use of basic software applications to extend their abilities to solve problems, create products, or communicate and share their perspectives with each other. References: Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: a path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137-154. Technology offers a variety of rich opportunities available to teachers and students. According to Inan and Lowther (2010), there are three main purposes to use technology in schools: (a) technology for teachers to prepare instructional activities, plans, materials, and resources; (b) technology for instructional delivery for teachers and students; (c) technology as a learning tool for both teachers and students. Although technology provides a number of advantages for teaching and learning, teachers who try to integrate technology in their classrooms have encountered many obstacles that hinder potential benefits of use of technology.
According to Inan and Lowther (2010), there are three main purposes to use technology in schools.
Classroom technology gives teachers more tools to support their students. In addition to resources such as textbooks and worksheets, this technology provides educators with a range of tools to help students better understand the material. Technology gives students easy access to information accelerates learning and makes it fun to put into practice what they learn.
Technology integration is defined as the use of technology to enhance and support the educational environment. Technology integration in the classroom can also support classroom instruction by creating opportunities for students to complete assignments on the computer rather than with normal pencil and paper.
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Question # 5
Fill in the Blank
Complete the following sentence.
Genetic inheritances are
traits.
Answer:
Genetic inheritances are traits that are passed down from parents to offspring through their genes.
Explanation:
These traits are determined by the genes that an individual inherits from their parents, and they can influence an individual's physical characteristics, behavior, and other traits. Some examples of genetic inheritances include eye color, height, and susceptibility to certain diseases.
In an attempt to control aphids that are destroying his plums, a farmer in Iowa imports a colony of Asian ladybugs that feast on the aphids. The Asian ladybugs are not eaten by the local bird populations. The Asian ladybug population multiplies quickly, displaces the local ladybugs, eliminates the aphids, and begins to eat other local insects. The Asian ladybug
A) is responsible for habitat fragmentation in the plum orchard.
B) is increasing the biodiversity of the orchard.
C) is being overexploited.
D) qualifies as an invasive species.
E) is a threatened species.
The Asian ladybug population multiplies quickly, displaces the local ladybugs, eliminates the aphids, and begins to eat other local insects. The Asian ladybug qualifies as an invasive species.
What is Asian ladybug?
This species has one of the broadest ranges of colour forms in the entire world, making it one of the most variable species. It was artificially brought to North America and Europe to control aphids and scale insects, despite being native to eastern Asia. It is now widespread, well-known, and common in those areas. It has also taken root in Africa and a large portion of South America. Due of its frequent home invasions in October as it prepares for the winter, this species is noticeable in North America, where it may be locally referred to as the Halloween beetle.
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The Asian ladybug population multiplies quickly, displaces the local ladybugs, eliminates the aphids, and begins to eat other local insects. The Asian ladybug qualifies as an invasive species.
What is Asian ladybug?This species has one of the broadest ranges of colour forms in the entire world, making it one of the most variable species. It was artificially brought to North America and Europe to control aphids and scale insects, despite being native to eastern Asia. It is now widespread, well-known, and common in those areas. It has also taken root in Africa and a large portion of South America. Due of its frequent home invasions in October as it prepares for the winter, this species is noticeable in North America, where it may be locally referred to as the Halloween beetle.
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This organism can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis.*c. perfringens*c. difficile*c. tetani*c. botulinum
Clostridium perfringens is the organism that can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis (Option A).
What is Clostridium perfringens?Clostridium perfringens or C. perfringens is a microorganism that represents the most common reason for food contamination poisoning, which is a harmful gram-positive bacteria belonging to the clostridium genus.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that Clostridium perfringens or C. perfringens is a pahtogenic bacteria associated with the contamination of foods, which belongs to the clostridium genus and may be identified because it is gram-positive.
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Individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) have a genetic defect that prevents proper formation and expression of immunoglobins and T cells and therefore do not have adaptive immunity.
True
The assertion is true. Because of a genetic abnormality that inhibits immunoglobins and T cells from properly forming and expressing, people with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) lack adaptive immunity.
SCID (combined immunodeficiency) patients have a genetic abnormality that affects T cells and at least one other kind of immune cell. Which immune cells—T, B, and/or NK cells—are damaged determines the different types of SCID. SCID comes in a variety of forms, each of which is brought on by a unique genetic (hereditary) flaw.
This means that the stated statement is accurate. In persons with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID), adaptive immunity is absent due to a genetic anomaly that prevents immunoglobins and T cells from properly developing and expressing.
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Most neurons are permanent cells, however _____ are neurons that are constantly being replaced.
Most neurons are permanent cells, however olfactory neurons are neurons that are constantly being replaced.
What are neurons?Neurons are cells of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses. Neurons consist of an axon and several dendrites and are connected by synapses.
Permanent cells are defined as cells that are unable to replicate in postnatal life. Nervous cells, also termed neurons, together with skeletal muscle and cardiac cells, are included in this group, which traditionally identifies the human tissues that are incapable of spontaneous regeneration.
The olfactory mucosa consists of a layer of columnar epithelium, surrounding millions of olfactory neurons, which are the only neurons to communicate with the external environment and undergo constant replacement.
Therefore, it can be said that olfactory neurons undergo constant replacement unlike every other neuron that are permanent cells.
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what is a pluripotent stem cell? cells found in the inner cell mass that of the blastocyst that can differentiate into any of the cell types except placental cells any progenitor cell found in the human embryos stem cells derived from adult tissue, cord blood, bone marrow and that do not differentiate into all the different cell types none of the responses are correct
Cells found in the inner cell mass that of the blastocyst that can differentiate into any of the cell types except placental cells (a) are pluripotent stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, which means they can develop into all of the body's cell types except from the placenta and umbilical cord.
Because they offer a reusable resource for researching healthy growth and illness, as well as testing medications and other treatments, these cells are highly significant. In vitro fertilisation (IVF)-produced blastocysts that were no longer required for assisted reproduction were the main source of human embryonic stem cells.
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Which of the following processes does NOT involve redox (i.e oxidation/reduction) reactions? Select only ONE answer choice. O Photosystem II and its affiliated processes Photosystem and its affiliated processes O Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase Electron transport chain in photosynthesis Calvin Cycle
Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase process does NOT involve redox (i.e oxidation/reduction) reactions.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is that the supply of energy to be used and storage at the cellular level. nucleotide is a chemical compound that has energy to drive several processes in living cells, like shortening, electrical discharge propagation, atmospheric phenomenon dissolution, and chemical synthesis.
Synthesis of ATP is done by the enzyme F1F0-ATP synthase. This enzyme, the smallest-known molecular machine, couples nucleon translocation through its membrane-embedded, hydrophobic domain, F0, to the synthesis of nucleotide from nucleotide (ADP) and phosphate (Pi) in its soluble, deliquescent headpiece, F1.
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Idiosyncratic beliefs that are held despite their preposterousness are _______. A. Negative symptoms
B. Hallucinations
C. Delucsions
D. Disorganized symtoms
Idiosyncratic beliefs that are held despite their preposterousness are Option A. Negative symptoms
An idiosyncrasy is a peculiar quality in a person (though there are also other uses, see below). A peculiar behaviour is another possible meaning. The adjective is frequently used to describe eccentricity or strangeness. Quirk is a possible alternative.
An individual characteristic and a systematic regularity are in contrast in phonology. While phonological principles can be discovered by analysing the shapes morphemes can take using systematic regularities in a language's sound system, idiosyncratic features are those whose occurrence is not governed by those rules. The fact that the English word "cab" begins with a "k" is an idiosyncratic feature, whereas the vowel in "cab" is longer than in "cap" is a systematic regularity because the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless.
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dna methyltransferases (dnmts) play a major role in gene regulation. sort the items to their respective bins.
DNA methyl transferases called DNMTs add methyl groups to DNA's cytosine residues.
Transferring the methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to the 5' position on cytosine bases is the fundamental job of all DNMTs.
They are divided into the DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, and DNMT3L groups. Enzymatically, DNMT3L is not active. While DNMT1 is a maintenance methyl transferase that imitates the methylation pattern from one strand of DNA to another, DNMT3a and DNMT3b are denovo methyl transferases that establish the methylation patterns starting at the embryonic stage.
DNMT1 - keep consistent DNA methylation patterns
DNMT3a and DNMT3b - Create unique DNA methylation patterns and act on CpG dinucleotides found in heterochromatin's repetitive DNA sequences
Every DNMT - Add a methyl group to produce 5-methylcytidine, then act on the cytosine bases next to the guanine bases.
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Indicate which of the following statements about Homo erectus are correct and which are incorrect by dragging them to the appropriate boxes.
-Homo erectus overlapped in time with Australopithecus.
-Homo erectus had large browridges.
Homo erectus overlapped in time with Australopithecus. Homo erectus had large browridges.
Early hominins belonging to the genus Australopithecus lived in Africa in the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. The name comes from the Latin australis, which means "southern," and Ancient Greek. Modern humans are members of the genus Homo, which developed from Australopithecus as a sister group to species like Australopithecus sediba. Within Australopithecus, the taxa Paranthropus and Kenyanthropus also appeared. Although the name "australopithecine" is occasionally used to refer exclusively to individuals of Australopithecus, Australopithecus is a member of the subtribe Australopithecina. Afarensis, Anamensis, A. bahrelghazali, A. sediba, A. garhi, A. africanus, B. bahrelghazali, and A. deyiremeda are among the species. Because of the taxonomic discrepancy, there is debate about whether some Australopithecus species should be placed in new genera or whether Paranthropus and Kenyanthropus are the same species as Australopithecus.
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In the figure, which areas represent antigen-binding sites?
A. A and B
B. A and C
C. B and C
D. C and D
E. B and D
A. A and B
In figure, A. A and B represent antigen-binding sites. (image attached)
Antibodies are required for presenting the antigen to other lymphocytes for processing or elimination because they have antigen-binding sites that allow them to recognize a particular portion of the antigen. In order to identify the antigen, antibodies require specific regions in their "Y"-shaped chain.
The epitope or antigenic determinant binds to the antibody at the location known as the antigen-binding site or paratope. Each of the heavy and light chains has one constant and one variable domain in it. Fragment antigen-binding (Fab) involves the site. Between two heavy chains and two light chains, each arm of the Y structure can bind to an antigen epitope.
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A eukaryotic chromosome has _____ origin(s) of replication, and a bacterial chromosome has ______ origin(s) of replication.many, one
A eukaryotic chromosome has many origin(s) of replication, and a bacterial chromosome has one origin(s) of replication.many, one
Are there other sources of replication in eukaryotes?Eukaryotic chromosomes frequently contain several sources of replication, unlike prokaryotes. Given the size of eukaryotic chromosomes, this is essential to timely completion of full replication. A replicon, or the section of DNA that is duplicated from a certain origin, is defined by each of these sources.
The place in DNA where replication first starts is known as the origin of replication. While linear eukaryotic DNA has several origins of replication, circular prokaryotic DNA only has one origin of replication. The origins of replication are places in DNA where replication always begins.
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Using the fluid mosaic model, a cell is actively capable of protecting itself against injurious agentsby:
a.closing down the membrane transport channels to hormones and chemicals.
b.altering the number and patterns of receptors to bacteria, antibodies, andchemicals.
c.increasing the number and sensitivity of lysosomes to destroy bacteria.
d.shifting the bilayer from hydrophobic to hydrophilic in response to antibodies.
Using the fluid mosaic model, a cell is actively capable of protecting itself against injurious agents by b. altering the number & patterns of receptors to bacteria, antibodies & chemicals.
In the field of biology, the fluid mosaic model can be described as a model that described the formation of the cell membranes in such a way that it facilitates the entry and exit of molecules across a cell.
The fluid mosaic model describes how there are different receptors present in the cell membrane that allows the entry and exit of bacteria, antibodies & chemicals. The injurious agents are not allowed to enter the cell as the cell receptor makes changes in itself which causes the injurious agents do not to enter the cell.
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