According to the Lemon doctrine, government can aid a religious organization so long as the aid is non-religious in nature and the government doesn't favor one religion over another.
The Lemon Doctrine / "non-establishment" doctrine , government can aid a religious organization so long as the aid is non-religious in nature and the government doesn't favor one religion over another.
The "non-establishment" doctrine, government can aid a religious organization as long as the aid is non-religious in nature and the government doesn't favor one religion over another. This principle is rooted in the First Amendment to the US Constitution, which prohibits the establishment of a state religion and guarantees the free exercise of religion.
This doctrine was established in the Supreme Court case Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) and set forth a three-prong test to determine if government actions related to religion are constitutional. The three prongs are: the action must have a secular purpose, it must not advance or inhibit religion, and it must not result in excessive entanglement between government and religion.
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To explain how to initiate, manage, and stabilize planned change, Kurt Lewin developed a model with three stages:
Kurt Lewin's change management model consists of three stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. This model is widely used in organizational development, psychology, and other fields to explain the process of planned change. Here option D is correct.
The first stage is unfreezing, which involves creating the conditions necessary for change. This stage often involves challenging the status quo and making people aware of the need for change. This could be achieved through communication, education, or other means that aim to shift the mindset of the individuals or organization in question.
The second stage is changing, which involves the implementation of the actual change. This is where the new approach, strategy, or process is put into action. This stage can be challenging as it requires not only the adoption of new behaviors but also the letting go of old ones. It often requires support, encouragement, and training to help individuals and teams adjust to new ways of doing things.
The final stage is refreezing, which involves solidifying the change and making it a permanent part of the organization. This stage is important to ensure that the changes are maintained and reinforced. This can be achieved through the implementation of policies, procedures, and systems that support the new way of doing things.
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Complete question:
To explain how to initiate, manage, and stabilize planned change, Kurt Lewin developed a model with three stages:
A - unfreezing
B - changing
C - refreezing
D - all of above
As a sojourner sent by her company, Rachel would like to spend some time establishing a friendship with a member of the new culture and explore the countryside. These are called ______________ goals.
As a sojourner sent by her company, Rachel would like to spend some time establishing a friendship with a member of the new culture and explore the countryside. These are called personal or social goals.
Personal or social goals refer to objectives that involve establishing relationships, exploring new experiences, and growing personally. These goals are often related to one's emotional and social needs and may not necessarily be related to work or career advancement.
In Rachel's case, her goals involve making a connection with someone from the new culture and experiencing the countryside, which are not necessarily work-related but are important for her personal growth and well-being.
By achieving her personal goals, Rachel can have a more fulfilling experience during her time as a sojourner and better understand the new culture she is living in.
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In a 2 (treatment-control) by 2 (male-female) factorial experiment, "female" would be: a. a factor nameb b. A level namec c. An interaction named d. Both a factor and level name
Female is a level name within the gender factor in a 2 by 2 factorial experiment, which has two factors: treatment and gender. Here option B is the correct answer.
In a 2 by 2 factorial experiment, the independent variables are manipulated in a way that all possible combinations of the two factors are tested. In this case, the factors are treatment (with two levels: treatment and control) and gender (with two levels: male and female).
In such a design, "treatment" and "gender" are both factors, as they represent the independent variables that are being manipulated. "Female" is a level of the gender factor, along with "male."
A factor represents a variable that can potentially influence the dependent variable, while a level represents a specific value or category within a factor. Therefore, in this experiment, "female" is a level name within the gender factor.
An interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable is dependent on the level of another independent variable. In this design, an interaction could occur if the effect of the treatment on the dependent variable differs for males and females. However, "female" by itself is not an interaction, it is a level within a factor.
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What do we mean by common-element stimulus class? By conceptual behavior? \Give an example of each that are not in this chapter.
A stimulus class with a common constituent is a group of stimuli that share a physical attribute or characteristic.
A common-element stimulus class could, for example, be all red items, all spherical objects, or all things that generate a specific sound. These stimuli can elicit similar responses, and training with one stimulus can lead to the development of a response to additional stimuli in the same class.
Conceptual behaviour is defined as behaviour that is guided by abstract concepts rather than simple perceptual cues. It entails categorising stimuli based on shared properties and consistently responding to those stimuli.
Understanding the concept of "injustice" and responding correctly in situations involving injustice, for example understanding the concept of "injustice" and responding appropriately in situations that involve injustice.
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T/F deference refers to one's conduct while demeanor to honor, dignity or respect
The given statement "deference refers to one's conduct while demeanor to honor, dignity or respect" is True because Deference relates to behavior towards authority, demeanor to social poise.
In sociology and social psychology, deference refers to an individual's polite and obedient behavior toward someone of higher social position or authority. It entails displaying respect, civility, and obedience to those in positions of power or authority.
Demeanor, on the other hand, refers to a person's behavior our conduct, particularly in regard to honor, dignity, or respect. It is the manner in which a person portrays and handles oneself in social circumstances, including body language, speech patterns, and tone of voice.
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Without this easement—usually involving access to a road—the owner requiring the right of passage would be landlocked.
Easement appurtenant
Easement by prescription
Easement by necessity
Easement in gross
An easement that prevents a landlocked situation by providing access to a road. The correct term for this type of easement is an "easement by necessity."
Different type of easement:An easement by necessity is created when a landowner is unable to access their property without crossing another person's land. This type of easement is granted to ensure that the landowner can use and enjoy their property.
Other types of easements include:
1. Easement appurtenant: This is an easement that benefits a specific piece of land, rather than a specific person. It runs with the land, meaning that it remains in effect even if the ownership of the land changes.
2. Easement by prescription: This type of easement is acquired through continuous, open, and notorious use of another person's land without their permission for a statutory period of time, which varies depending on the jurisdiction.
3. Easement in gross: This easement benefits a specific person or entity, rather than a piece of land. It is tied to the person or entity and does not transfer to new owners when the land is sold.
In summary, an easement by necessity is the term that describes the easement that provides access to a road for a landlocked property owner.
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How have studies of stimulus equivalence provided support for a behavioral view of language development?
Stimulus equivalence provided support for a behavioral view of lingo development and demonstrated how infants learn to express vocal behaviors without being explicitly reinforced.
In Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), the concept of stimulus equivalence explains how relations can be formed between stimuli.
This relational ability can now be conceptualized within the framework of the fundamental principles of behavior analysis thanks to the discovery of stimulus equivalence (Sidman, 1971). It likewise gives an informative innovation that has been reliably shown to be both compelling and proficient (Fienup and Critchfield, 2011).
The effectiveness of instructional efforts is enhanced when instructional interventions based on stimulus equivalence give students the chance to acquire skills that are not explicitly taught.
Understanding behaviorism requires an understanding of the stimulus-response sequence. When a stimulus is given, like a bell, the response is what happens next, like a dog salivating or being given a food pellet. According to behavioral learning theory, even complex actions can be decomposed into the stimulus-response cycle.
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Most organizations spend considerable time training supervisors how to rate performance. Is it true?
Yes, it is true that many organizations invest significant time and resources into training their supervisors on how to effectively rate employee performance. This training may cover various methods of performance evaluation, how to provide constructive feedback, and how to set achievable goals and expectations for employees. The goal of this training is to ensure that supervisors have the necessary skills and knowledge to accurately assess employee performance and provide meaningful feedback that can help improve employee productivity and engagement.
According to Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to foster moral development than peer relations, because
According to Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to foster moral development than peer relations because parent-child interactions often involve a power imbalance and authority-driven interactions, whereas peer relations provide opportunities for equal negotiation and cooperation among individuals.
In parent-child relations, parents are usually seen as authority figures who establish rules and expectations for their children. This hierarchical structure may limit children's opportunities to freely express their opinions or challenge the decisions made by their parents.
Consequently, children may not have the chance to develop their moral reasoning skills or engage in critical thinking about moral dilemmas.
On the other hand, peer relations offer children the opportunity to interact with others who are at a similar developmental stage.
This fosters a more balanced interaction in which children can learn from each other's perspectives and experiences. In these peer interactions, children are more likely to engage in discussions and negotiations about rules, fairness, and moral decisions.
Moreover, peer interactions expose children to diverse viewpoints and values, which can broaden their understanding of moral principles and encourage the development of empathy and perspective-taking skills.
By working together, children can learn to cooperate, solve problems, and establish a sense of justice and fairness in their social interactions.
In summary, Piaget believes that peer relations are more conducive to moral development than parent-child relations because they provide an environment in which children can freely express their thoughts, negotiate, and cooperate with others, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of moral values and principles.
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Schools tend to promote a __________-centered view of American government.
Schools tend to promote a civics-centered view of American government.
Civics education is focused on teaching students about the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, as well as the structures and functions of government. This includes topics such as the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, the three branches of government, and the electoral process.
Civics education aims to prepare students to become informed and engaged citizens who are capable of participating in the democratic process and making informed decisions about political issues.
It is an important part of political socialization and helps to foster a sense of civic responsibility and engagement among young people.
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The ______ consists of White House staff and other offices such as the Office of Management and Budget that assist the president in implementing public policy.
The Executive Office of the President (EOP) consists of White House staff and other offices, such as the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), that assist the president in implementing public policy.
The EOP was established in 1939 to provide the president with the necessary support to efficiently carry out their responsibilities. It includes a variety of offices and agencies, each with its own specific function, and is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff.
Some key components of the EOP are the National Security Council, which advises the president on matters of national security and foreign policy, the Council of Economic Advisers, which provides recommendations on economic policy, and the Office of Science and Technology Policy, which offers guidance on scientific and technological matters.
The OMB plays a crucial role in the EOP, as it is responsible for developing and executing the federal budget and managing the administration's financial and regulatory policies. Overall, the EOP is instrumental in ensuring that the president has the necessary resources and assistance to effectively implement public policy and manage the affairs of the nation.
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What is the defining feature of the formal operational stage?
The defining feature of the formal operational stage is the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically. This cognitive stage, typically developing around ages 12 and older, allows individuals to consider hypothetical situations and solve complex problems using reasoning skills.
The defining feature of the formal operational stage, which is the fourth and final stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, is the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically. During this stage, which typically begins around age 12 and continues into adulthood, individuals can engage in hypothetical-deductive reasoning and can think about multiple possibilities and outcomes of a problem or situation. They can also reason logically and systematically, and can think about abstract concepts, such as justice, freedom, and love. In addition, individuals in the formal operational stage can engage in metacognition, which means that they can think about their own thinking, monitor their own thought processes, and evaluate their own reasoning. The formal operational stage represents a significant shift in cognitive abilities from the concrete operational stage, which precedes it, and allows individuals to engage in more complex and sophisticated thinking.
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Mitch is a nontraditional student just starting a degree program. He feels he is virtually technology illiterate. He needs to prepare for his first class and he does not own a computer. Which first step is likely to promote academic success for this student? A. He should purchase a computer and the necessary software for his first class.B. He should seek support at the school's computer lab and inquire about workshops.C. He should apply the ABC Method of Self-Management to promote academic success.D. He should explore the school's resources on technological literacy.
The best first step to promote academic success for Mitch, who is a nontraditional student just starting a degree program and is virtually technology illiterate, is option (B) He should seek support at the school's computer lab and inquire about workshops
For Mitch, who is a nontraditional student just starting a degree program and is virtually technology illiterate, the best first step to promote academic success would be to seek support at the school's computer lab and inquire about workshops (option B). This would allow him to access the resources and support available at the school, and learn about the necessary technological tools and skills he would need for his classes.
Option A of purchasing a computer and necessary software for his first class may not be the best option if he is not familiar with the specific requirements of his program or if he is unsure of how to use the computer and software effectively.
Option C of applying the ABC Method of Self-Management may be helpful for promoting academic success, but it may not be the best first step for someone who is struggling with technology and needs to develop specific skills to be successful in his classes.
Option D of exploring the school's resources on technological literacy is also a good idea, but seeking support at the school's computer lab and attending workshops would be a more practical and hands-on approach for someone who needs to develop technological skills.
Therefore, the correct option is (B) He should seek support at the school's computer lab and inquire about workshops
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three of the following statements are true about inquiry learning as an instructional strategy. which statement is false?
The statement that is false about inquiry learning as an instructional strategy is C) Inquiry learning relies solely on teacher-led instruction.
Inquiry learning is an instructional strategy that involves posing questions, problems, or scenarios that require students to investigate and explore to find the answers. This approach is often student-centered and active, as it encourages students to take an active role in their own learning.
Inquiry learning relies on a variety of teaching methods, including teacher-led instruction, group work, and independent study. It can be used in a variety of subject areas and is often used in science, mathematics, and social studies.
One of the benefits of inquiry learning is that it fosters critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. By encouraging students to investigate and explore, they are able to develop these skills and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
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Full Question ;
Which of the following statements is false about inquiry learning as an instructional strategy?
A) Inquiry learning involves posing questions, problems or scenarios that require students to investigate and explore to find the answers.
B) Inquiry learning encourages student-centered and active learning.
C) Inquiry learning relies solely on teacher-led instruction.
D) Inquiry learning fosters critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity.
Helen Keller outlines what she'd want to observe if she were given 3 days to see. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
Helen Keller outlines what she'd want to observe if she were given 3 days to see but the miracle of the birth of a child is not outlined, option A is correct.
Helen Keller, in her essay "Three Days to See," outlines the things she would want to observe if she were given three days of sight. She lists the changing of the seasons, the faces of loved ones, and the beauty of the natural world. She talks about wanting to see the colors of the sunrise and sunset and the intricate details of a flower.
She mentions wanting to witness the majesty of mountains and the vastness of the ocean. However, she does not mention the miracle of the birth of a child as something she would want to see. Instead, she focuses on the natural world and the people and experiences closest to her heart, option A is correct.
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The complete question is:
Helen Keller outlines what she'd want to observe if she were given 3 days to see. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) The miracle of the birth of a child
B) The changing of the seasons
C) The faces of loved ones
D) The beauty of the natural world
A person who believes that critical thinking is similar to other skills-based activities is most likely to suggest that it ________
Answer:
A person who believes that critical thinking is similar to other skills-based activities is most likely to suggest that it can be learned and improved through practice and repetition. This view of critical thinking is often associated with the idea that critical thinking is a set of cognitive processes that can be applied to any problem or issue, in much the same way that other skills, such as reading or writing, can be applied to different contexts. Those who hold this view of critical thinking may argue that it can be taught and evaluated using standardized tests or assessments, and that it can be developed through a variety of educational or training programs. However, it is worth noting that there are also other perspectives on what critical thinking is and how it can be developed, and that the nature and value of critical thinking are the subject of ongoing debate and discussion among educators and scholars.
Jason, age 86, needs almost constant care. He can no longer stand without assistance or go to the bathroom by himself. Jason has problems with:
Jason, age 86, appears to be experiencing mobility and personal care issues that are impacting his quality of life. From the information provided, it seems that he requires almost constant care and cannot stand or use the bathroom without assistance.
These issues suggest that Jason may be experiencing physical limitations, such as muscle weakness or balance problems, that require support from a caregiver or healthcare professional. To address Jason's needs, it may be helpful to consult with a healthcare provider or geriatric specialist who can provide a comprehensive assessment of his physical and cognitive abilities. This evaluation can identify any underlying medical conditions or functional impairments that may be contributing to his care needs. Based on the assessment, the healthcare provider may recommend a variety of interventions to help support Jason's independence and safety. For example, he may benefit from assistive devices such as a walker or grab bars in the bathroom. Additionally, he may require assistance with activities of daily living, such as bathing and dressing, and may benefit from in-home care services or placement in a long-term care facility. Ultimately, the goal of care for Jason should be to promote his comfort, safety, and well-being while also respecting his preferences and wishes. This may involve a collaborative effort between healthcare providers, family members, and other caregivers to ensure that he receives the best possible care and support.
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the idea that people differ in their "profiles of intelligence," showing a unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses, is related to _____.
The idea that people differ in their "profiles of intelligence," showing a unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses, is related to the concept of multiple intelligences.
This theory suggests that intelligence is not a singular entity that can be measured by a single test or factor, but rather a collection of distinct cognitive abilities that work together in a complex way.
This approach to intelligence was introduced by Howard Gardner, who proposed that there are eight different types of intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
Each person has a unique combination of these intelligences, which can be used to explain individual differences in abilities, talents, and career choices.
The theory of multiple intelligences has been influential in education and has led to the development of teaching methods that cater to students' individual strengths and learning styles.
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The term "separation of powers" refers to the designation of certain powers to...
maxim is a seven-year-old american child who displays high levels of effortful control. research on cultural trends in temperament suggest he will also be low in
If Max is a seven-year-old American child who exhibits high levels of effortful control, according to research on cultural trends in character, he is also likely to have low levels of "negative emotionality" or "reactivity."
An individual's ability to control their attention, feelings, and behavior in the face of conflicting or distracting stimuli is known as effortful control. Interestingly, pessimistic emotionality or reactivity alludes to a singular's propensity to encounter gloomy feelings, like apprehension, outrage, and misery, and to respond unequivocally to ecological improvements.
Children in Western cultures, like the United States, are found to have lower levels of negative emotion or reactivity and higher levels of effortful control than children in non-Western cultures. Cultural values and parenting practices may be to blame for this.
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Q- Maxim is a seven-year-old American child who displays high levels of effortful control. research on cultural trends in temperament suggests he will also be low in____.
suppose that a detective formulates the hypotheses that a pair of gloves at a scene ofa burgalary belongs to the burgular
It is not uncommon for a detective to formulate a hypothesis that a pair of gloves at a scene of a burglary belongs to the burglar. This hypothesis could be based on several factors, such as the size and type of the gloves, their location at the scene, and other evidence that may link them to the burglar.
However, it is important to note that a hypothesis is just a tentative explanation for a set of observations, and it needs to be tested and verified before it can be accepted as true. In this case, the detective would need to collect more evidence, such as DNA samples or fingerprints, to determine if the gloves do indeed belong to the burglar. They would also need to consider alternative hypotheses, such as the possibility that the gloves were left by someone else or that they were dropped accidentally.
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Question 38
In case of disasters, the speed with which action may be implemented is dependent upon
a. prior plans for emergencies
b. availability of manpower
c. availability of resources
d. the type of emergency
In case of disasters, the speed with which action may be implemented is dependent upon the type of emergency
Therefore, the correct option is D.
Availability of manpower, availability of resources and the type of emergency. Planning ahead helps to prepare for a disaster before it happens, allowing responders to act quickly and efficiently once a disaster occurs.
The available manpower will determine how much assistance can be provided to those affected in the event of an emergency. Additionally, the availability of resources such as emergency supplies, medical personnel and equipment will also affect how quickly a response can be initiated.
Hence the correct option is D
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A v-belt should ride _________ in the groove with its top near the top of the sheave, and does not touch the _____________ of the sheave.
A v-belt should ride high in the groove with its top near the top of the sheave, and does/will not touch the bottom of the sheave.
V-belt pulleys, also known as vee belt sheaves, are mechanisms that transfer power between axles using a mechanical coupling with a trapezoidal cross section called a v-belt. Together, these parts offer a high-speed power transmission solution that is slip- and misalignment-resistant.
Only the transmission of power between two parallel axels is carried out by V-belt pulleys. The geometry of the groove or grooves around the pulley's circle, which serve to guide and traction on a v-belt, would be the most obvious distinction between a v-belt pulley and/along other types of pulleys (round belt, flat, etc.). The v-belt basics, benefits, and variations are all thoroughly covered in the following video.
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This earliest known culture ended about 10,000 years ago.
The earliest known culture that ended about 10,000 years ago is the Paleolithic culture.
The Paleolithic culture, also known as the Old Stone Age, is the earliest period of human history, dating from about 2.5 million years ago to about 10,000 BCE. During this time, humans lived as hunter-gatherers, relying on hunting wild animals and gathering plants for food. They also used stone tools, hence the name "Old Stone Age."
he end of the Paleolithic era is marked by the development of agriculture, which allowed humans to settle in one place and establish permanent communities. This period is known as the Neolithic era, or New Stone Age.
-----------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
"Which earliest known culture ended about 10,000 years ago?"---------
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what do infant studies teach us about how humans learn to specialize at detecting the phonemes in their native language?
Infant studies have provided valuable insight into how humans learn to specialize at detecting the phonemes in their native language.
Children as early as a few months old have been found to have the natural ability to distinguish between the phonemes of their home language and those of other languages.
This skill is believed to be the outcome of the evolutionary factors that influenced the auditory systems' development over millions of years.
Additionally, research has shown that young children are perceptive to minute variations in speech sound pronunciation, giving them the ability to recognise any changes in the phoneme of their original language.
Additionally, it has been discovered that babies are more sensitive to the phonemes of their native language than those of a foreign one, suggesting that they are developing a specialisation in their native language's phonemes.
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in what nation would it be considered taboo for an emerging adult to cohabit with a romantic partner before marriage
In some nations, cohabiting with a romantic partner before marriage is considered a taboo, and it is frowned upon by society.
One such country is India, where traditionally, unmarried couples living together is seen as immoral and goes against cultural norms. In fact, until recently, cohabitation was illegal under Indian law. However, as society has evolved and become more liberal, attitudes towards premarital cohabitation have shifted. While it is still not widely accepted, it is becoming more common in urban areas. Overall, the taboo surrounding cohabitation in India is slowly eroding, but it remains a sensitive topic for many people.
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tom awakes from a strange dream. he remembers vivid emotions, sights, and even smells, but the content of the dream seems very scattered and illogical. why might this be?
Tom's experience of vivid emotions, sights, and smells, but scattered and illogical content in his dream could be due to the fact that dreams are often shaped by our subconscious thoughts and emotions.
During sleep, our brains sort through the experiences and emotions we've had during the day, and sometimes even things from our past, and processes them in a way that is often disconnected and fragmented. It's possible that the strange dream Tom had was a manifestation of the various emotions and experiences he had been processing throughout the day or even during the previous days.
This fragmentation of content could also be attributed to the fact that during REM sleep, the stage in which most dreams occur, the brain is highly active but disconnected from the outside world, allowing for the creation of unique and illogical experiences.
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Descartes rejected sense knowledge as a sufficient foundation for certainty. T or F.
The statement "Descartes rejected sense knowledge as a sufficient foundation for certainty" is true because Descartes believed that our senses can deceive us, and therefore cannot be trusted as the ultimate source of knowledge, leading him to reject sense knowledge as a sufficient foundation for certainty.
Descartes rejected sense knowledge as a sufficient foundation for certainty because he believed that our senses can deceive us. For example, optical illusions show that our eyes can mislead us about the nature of reality. Descartes argued that to achieve true certainty, we need to rely on reason and intuition rather than on sensory information alone.
He believed that by using our innate ability to reason, we can arrive at certain knowledge about the world around us. This led him to develop his famous philosophy of "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), which emphasizes the importance of using reason and intuition to gain true knowledge.
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A high score on the Individualism/Collectivism Index indicates:
a. A culture that encourages individual ambition
b. A culture that subjugates the individual to the group
c. An affirmation of communal living
d. A "we" mentality
A high score on the Individualism/Collectivism Index indicates a culture that encourages individual ambition. The correct option is a.
This means that the society values the goals and achievements of the individual more than the group. In such a culture, people tend to have a greater sense of personal identity, autonomy, and privacy. They prioritize their personal interests and aspirations over those of the community. This does not necessarily mean that they disregard the welfare of others but that they are more focused on their own achievements.
The opposite of individualism is collectivism, which emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual. A culture that subjugates the individual to the group would have a low score on the Individualism/Collectivism Index.
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what common emotional response from person subjected to abuse?
Anyone who exposes or exposes others to behavior that may cause psychological trauma, such as: Anxiety, lingering depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder is called emotional abuse.
There are many ways to deal with psychological abuse. According to a study by Jacobson et al. According to counterarguments, Jacobson's results were flawed because men and women interpreted the survey very differently. According to Coker et al. Male or female victims of psychological abuse experienced the same results.
A 1998 study of male college students by Simonelli and Ingram found that men who had been emotionally abused by their female spouses had higher rates of chronic depression than the general population. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina found that the abuser's or victim's gender was not a valid predictor of abuse aftermath, but rather a predictor of severity and duration of abuse.
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