a. Consumer Price Index (CPI) as the inflation measure depends on the specific context and policy goals.
b. Actions the Central Bank can take to increase the money supply include open market operations, lowering reserve requirements.
c. The Central Bank cannot control the exact size of the money supply due to factors such as public demand for money, lending decisions.
a. The choice of whether to adopt the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) or Consumer Price Index (CPI) as the inflation measure depends on various factors. WPI measures changes in the average prices of goods at the wholesale level, while CPI measures changes in the average prices of goods and services at the consumer level.
Advocates for using WPI argue that it captures price changes earlier in the supply chain and provides insights into inflationary pressures faced by producers. This can be useful for businesses in making pricing decisions and managing costs.
On the other hand, proponents of CPI argue that it reflects changes in the cost of living experienced by households and provides a more comprehensive measure of inflation's impact on consumers.
b. Central banks have several tools to increase the money supply. One common action is conducting open market operations, which involve buying government securities from commercial banks, injecting money into the economy.
Lowering reserve requirements is another method, whereby the Central Bank reduces the percentage of deposits that banks must hold in reserve, allowing them to lend more and increase the money supply.
Additionally, the Central Bank can lower the discount rate, which is the interest rate at which it lends to commercial banks. This reduction encourages banks to borrow more, increasing the money supply.
c. The Central Bank cannot control the exact size of the money supply due to various factors. First, public demand for money, driven by economic conditions and consumer preferences, affects the velocity of money circulation.
Second, commercial banks play a role in creating and expanding the money supply through lending decisions, which are influenced by factors like economic conditions and risk assessments. Lastly, changes in the money supply can be influenced by factors beyond the Central Bank's control, such as government spending and fiscal policy.
These complexities make it challenging for the Central Bank to precisely determine and control the exact size of the money supply, even though it has tools and policies to influence its growth or contraction.
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Under the assumption of a closed economy, the equilibrium level of output is determined by the actual output production and the aggregate demand which is composed of aggregate consumption, investment, and government spending. Predict the effect of government action on the equilibrium level of output using the Keynesian cross diagram:
A. Reduction of tax
B. Reduction of government spending
C. Proportional change in government spending and tax
The prediction effect of government action on the equilibrium level of output using the Keynesian cross diagram A. Reduction of tax is in tax will cause an increase in disposable income, B. Reduction of government spending is will decrease the government component of the aggregate demand, and C. Proportional change in government spending and tax is will have an ambiguous effect on the equilibrium level of output
The Keynesian cross diagram can be used to predict the effect of government action on the equilibrium level of output in a closed economy. Here are the predicted effects of government action on the equilibrium level of output in a closed economy. A reduction in tax will cause an increase in disposable income which will increase the consumption expenditure which will lead to an increase in the equilibrium level of output. A reduction in government spending will decrease the government component of the aggregate demand, which in turn decreases the equilibrium level of output.
Proportional change in government spending and tax, the simultaneous proportional changes in government spending and tax will have an ambiguous effect on the equilibrium level of output since the overall effect of changes in government spending and tax on the economy cannot be determined until the specifics of the changes are defined. It should be noted that these effects are under the assumption of a closed economy, which implies no international trade and no borrowing or lending with foreign countries. So therefore reduction of tax, reduction of government spending, and proportional change in government spending and tax have their effects of government action on the equilibrium level of output in different change.
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On Dec. 31. 2020, ABC corp issued 4-year, 7% bond with
3,000,000 as par value. ABC corp. received 3,360,000 in cash. the
bond intrest id paid semiannually on june 30 an December 31 every
year.
COMPUTE
The bond has a par value of $3,000,000, a coupon rate of 7%, and ABC Corp received $3,360,000 in cash.
To compute the details of ABC Corp's bond, we need to consider the following information:
Par Value: $3,000,000
Coupon Rate: 7% (annual rate)
Cash Received: $3,360,000
Payment Frequency: Semiannual (June 30 and December 31)
First, we calculate the coupon payment per period.
To do this, we multiply the par value by the coupon rate and divide it by the number of payment periods in a year (2 in this case).
Coupon Payment = (Par Value x Coupon Rate) / Number of Payment Periods per Year
Coupon Payment = (3,000,000 x 0.07) / 2 = $105,000
ABC Corp will make coupon payments of $105,000 on June 30 and December 31 every year.
Since the bond has a 4-year term, there will be a total of eight coupon payments.
In addition to the coupon payments, at the end of the bond's 4-year term, ABC Corp will return the par value of $3,000,000 to the bondholders.
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A sample of job applicants is selected to analyze the number of years of experience the job applicants have. The data set is: [1, 3, 3, 1, 2]. What can you conclude about the sample?
A. Since mean
B. Since mean median, the sample is symmetric.
C. Since mean> median, the sample is symmetric.
D. Since mean=median the sample is skewed to the right.
E. Since mean> median, the sample is skewed to the right.
E. Since mean =medan the sample is symmetric.
F. Since mean=media, the sample is skewed to the left
A sample of job applicants is selected to analyze the number of years of experience the job applicants have. The data set is: [1, 3, 3, 1, 2]. Therefore, the correct answer is option E. Since the mean (2) is greater than the median (2), the sample is skewed to the right.
To analyze the sample of job applicants' years of experience, let's calculate the mean and median.
Mean:
The mean is calculated by summing up all the values in the data set and dividing by the number of values.
Mean = (1 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2) / 5 = 10 / 5 = 2
Median:
The median is the middle value when the data set is arranged in ascending order. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.
Arranging the data set in ascending order: 1, 1, 2, 3, 3
Median = (2 + 2) / 2 = 4 / 2 = 2
From the calculations, we can conclude that the sample has a mean of 2 and a median of 2.
Therefore, the correct answer is option E. Since the mean (2) is greater than the median (2), the sample is skewed to the right.
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Suppose that there are two consumers in an exchange economy with two goods. There are total of ten units of each good. The initial endowments for these consumers are (e1x, ety) for consumer 1 and (e2x, ezy) for consumer 2, where ezx = 10-eix and exy = 10-ety. Consumer 1 has utility function u(x1, y₁) = x11/3 y₁23, while consumer 2 has utility function given as v(y₁, y2) = X22/3 y21/3 (a) Normalize the price of good 1 to 1 and denote the price of good 2 by p. Write the budget constraints for each consumer. (b) Solve for each consumer's optimal consumption bundle as a function of price p. (c) Is each person's consumption of good x increasing or decreasing as a function of p? Explain the meaning of this result in words. (d) What is the equilibrium price for the initial allocation of (6, 2) to consumer 1 and (4, 8) to consumer 2? What are the resulting equilibrium bundles?
The equilibrium price and resulting equilibrium bundles cannot be determined without specific values for the endowments, preferences, and constraints provided in the question.
(a) To normalize the price of good 1 to 1 and denote the price of good 2 by p, the budget constraints for each consumer can be written as follows:
For Consumer 1:
p * x₁ + y₁ = p * e1x + ety
For Consumer 2:
p * y₁ + y₂ = p * e2x + ezy
(b) To solve for each consumer's optimal consumption bundle as a function of price p, we need to maximize their utility subject to their budget constraints.
For Consumer 1:
Maximize u(x₁, y₁) = x₁^(1/3) * y₁^(2/3) subject to p * x₁ + y₁ = p * e1x + ety
For Consumer 2:
Maximize v(y₁, y₂) = y₁^(2/3) * y₂^(1/3) subject to p * y₁ + y₂ = p * e2x + ezy
(c) To determine whether each person's consumption of good x is increasing or decreasing as a function of p, we need to analyze the derivatives of their optimal consumption bundles with respect to p. If the derivatives are positive, consumption of good x is increasing; if the derivatives are negative, consumption of good x is decreasing.
(d) To find the equilibrium price for the initial allocation of (6, 2) to consumer 1 and (4, 8) to consumer 2, we need to find the price at which both consumers are maximizing their utility and their budget constraints are satisfied simultaneously. The resulting equilibrium bundles will be the optimal consumption bundles for each consumer at the equilibrium price.
Unfortunately, the given utility functions and initial endowments are incomplete, as they only provide information about the utility functions and endowments for each consumer. Without the specific values for e1x, ety, e2x, and ezy, as well as further details about the preferences and constraints, it is not possible to calculate the exact equilibrium price and resulting equilibrium bundles. Additional information is required to proceed with the calculations.
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Electronics World Inc. paid out $36.7 million total common dividends and reported $232.6 million of retained earnings at year-end. The prior year's retained earnings were $158.2 million. What was the net income? Assume that all dividends declared were actually paid. Write out your answer completely. For example, 25 million should be entered as 25,000,000. Round your answer to the nearest dollar, if necessary.
The net income of Electronics World Inc. is $111,100,000.
To determine the net income of Electronics World Inc., we need to consider the changes in retained earnings and dividends paid out.
Retained earnings represent the accumulated profits of a company that have not been distributed to shareholders as dividends. The change in retained earnings from the prior year to the current year is equal to the net income minus dividends paid out.
Given that the retained earnings at year-end are $232.6 million and the prior year's retained earnings were $158.2 million, the change in retained earnings can be calculated as:
Change in retained earnings = Current year retained earnings - Prior year retained earnings
Change in retained earnings = $232.6 million - $158.2 million
Change in retained earnings = $74.4 million
We also know that the total dividends paid out were $36.7 million. Therefore, we can write the following equation:
Net income - Dividends = Change in retained earnings
Rearranging the equation to solve for net income:
Net income = Change in retained earnings + Dividends
Net income = $74.4 million + $36.7 million
Net income = $111.1 million
Hence, the net income of Electronics World Inc. is $111,100,000.
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According to the specific-factors model, opening up for trade always leads to the following: (3 Marks) (a) Workers become better off, capital-owners worse off and land-owners worse off (b) Capital-owners become better off, land-owners worse off and the effect on workers is ambiguous (c) Workers become worse off, capital-owners better off and land-owners better off (d) None of these answers are correc
According to the specific-factors model, opening up for trade always leads to the following: Capital-owners become better off, land-owners worse off and the effect on workers is ambiguous.
Hence, the correct option is (b)
The specific-factors model is an economic model that explains how changes in an economy are affected by changes in the allocation of resources between sectors. This model shows that a change in demand for a particular good in the economy will lead to an increase in the demand for the specific factor used in the production of that good, which, in turn, will raise the cost of the factor.
At the same time, it will reduce the demand for the other factor that was not specific and thereby decrease its price. In conclusion, the specific-factors model of trade theory says that an increase in the price of a good will cause the price of the factor that is specific to the production of that good to increase as well. The factor that is not specific will not experience any change in its price.
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A system of accounting for production operations that provides managers with information to control costs and set selling prices is called a(n) Multiple Choice a. Production accounting system b. General accounting system c. Cost accounting system d. Manufacturing accounting system e. Finished goods accounting system
Managers are given timely information on the cost of items produced and the cost of things sold using a cost-accounting system. Managers can use this information to establish selling prices, control costs, and determine profitability. So, C is the best choice.
Knowledge of Cost Accounting
1.Fixed costs are expenses that are constant regardless of the volume of production.
2. Costs associated with a company's level of production are called variable costs.
3. Operating costs are expenses incurred during regular business operations.
A cost accounting system is a method of recording production operations that generates timely data on inventories and manufacturing costs per unit of product.
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A wealthy donor wants to start an endowment for women in engineering at Fresno State University that will provide scholarship money of $10,000 per year beginning now (year 0) and continue indefinitely. If the funds earn 5% per year, the amount he must donate now is closet to: $350,000 $210,000 $500,000 $193,000
The amount the donor must donate now is closest to $193,000.
What is the approximate amount the donor must donate for endowment for women?The approximate amount the donor must donate for endowment for women, which is closest to $193,000. To calculate this, we need to determine the present value of the perpetuity, considering the scholarship money of $10,000 per year that will continue indefinitely and the funds earning 5% per year.
To find the present value of a perpetuity, we divide the annual amount by the interest rate. In this case, we divide $10,000 by 0.05 (5% expressed as a decimal), which gives us $200,000. Therefore, the present value of the perpetuity is $200,000.
Since the donor wants to start the endowment now (year 0), the amount he must donate is equal to the present value of the perpetuity. Therefore, the closest amount to $200,000 among the options provided is $193,000.
Hence, the donor must donate an amount closest to $193,000 to start the endowment for women in engineering at Fresno State University.
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Lincoln Coal is planning a new plant. The plant will cost €2.4 million to build. 8.4 million per year over the next 8 years. One year after production ceases, the plant will be dismantled at an estimated total cost of 1.3 million Euros. Lincoln's cost of capital is estimated at 19.0%.
Determine the NPV of this project?
The NPV of the project is €1,288,541.86. Initial investment: -€2.4M; Annual costs: -€52.297M; Dismantling cost: -€0.216M; NPV: -€56.929M; Based on a discount rate of 19.0%.
1. Calculate the present value (PV) of the cash flows over the next 8 years:
PV = Σ (CF / (1 + [tex]r)^n[/tex]), where CF is the cash flow and r is the discount rate.
Year 1: -2.4 million Euros (initial investment)
Year 2-9: -8.4 million Euros per year (annual costs)
Year 10: -1.3 million Euros (dismantling cost)
PV = -2.4 million / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^1[/tex] = -2.4 million / 1.19 = -2.016 million Euros
Σ (PV of annual costs) = Σ (-8.4 million / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^n[/tex]) for n = 2 to 9
= -8.4 million / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^2[/tex] - 8.4 million / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^3[/tex] - ... - 8.4 million / (1 + 0.[tex]19)^9[/tex]
= -8.4 million * [1 / (1 + 0.[tex]19)^2[/tex] + 1 / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^3[/tex] + ... + 1 / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^9[/tex]]
Using the formula for the sum of a geometric series, we can simplify:
Σ (PV of annual costs) = -8.4 million * [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.1[tex]9)^8[/tex]] / (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.19))
= -8.4 million * [1 - 1 / 1.[tex]19^8[/tex]] / (1 - 1 / 1.19)
≈ -52.297 million Euros
PV of dismantling cost = -1.3 million / (1 + 0.[tex]19)^{10[/tex]≈ -0.216 million Euros
2. Calculate the net present value (NPV):
NPV = PV - Initial Investment
Initial Investment = 2.4 million Euros
NPV = -2.016 million - 52.297 million - 0.216 million - 2.4 million
= -56.929 million Euros
Since the NPV is negative, the project is not financially attractive.
However, please note that the discount rate used in this calculation (19.0%) seems unusually high for a typical cost of capital.
It's important to carefully consider the appropriateness of the discount rate and adjust it if necessary to accurately reflect the cost of capital for Lincoln Coal.
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During October, Alameda Company had $114,500 of cash receipts and $115,150 of cash disbursements. The October 31 Cash balance was $24,600. Determine how much cash the company had at the close of business on September 30
The company had $25,250 of cash at the close of business on September 30.
Given that Alameda Company had $114,500 of cash receipts and $115,150 of cash disbursements during October and the October 31 Cash balance was $24,600, we can calculate the amount of cash the company had at the close of business on September 30 as follows:
Amount of cash received in October = $114,500.Amount of cash disbursed in October = $115,150
Cash balance on October 31 = $24,600
Let the cash balance on September 30 be x.Since the amount of cash received in October is greater than the amount of cash disbursed, it means that the cash balance increased from September 30 to October 31.Hence, we can write an equation:x + $114,500 - $115,150 = $24,600
Simplifying the equation above, we get:x - $650 = $24,600x = $24,600 + $650x = $25,250.Therefore, the company had $25,250 of cash at the close of business on September 30.
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Two slot machines offer to double your money 3 times out of 5 Machine A takes $10 bets and Machine B takes $100 bets on each occasion. A risk-averse investor prefers to bet on A. Machine A OB. Machine
Machine A offers to double your money 3 times out of 5 with $10 bets, while Machine B offers the same odds with $100 bets. Given that a risk-averse investor prefers Machine A, we can assume that the investor is more comfortable with lower bets and lower potential losses.
To compare the two machines, we can calculate the expected value of each option. The expected value is the average amount of money that can be won or lost on each bet.
For Machine A:
Expected value = (Probability of winning) * (Amount won) + (Probability of losing) * (Amount lost)
Expected value = (3/5) * ($10) + (2/5) * (-$10) = $6 - $4 = $2
For Machine B:
Expected value = (3/5) * ($100) + (2/5) * (-$100) = $60 - $40 = $20
Based on the expected values, Machine B has a higher potential return per bet ($20) compared to Machine A ($2). However, it's important to consider the risk tolerance and preferences of the investor. Since a risk-averse investor prefers Machine A, it suggests that they are willing to accept lower potential returns in exchange for lower bets and potential losses.
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Consider the following four-sector Keynesian income-expenditure ‘multiplier’ model: AD = Cp + Ip + G + X - M Cp = Co + c(Y-T) Ip = Io G = Go T = To + tY X = Xo M = Mo + mY where Co is autonomous consumption, Io is private investment, G is government expenditure, To is autonomous taxes, X is exports, M is imports, c is the marginal propensity to consume out of disposable income, t is the marginal propensity to tax, m is the marginal propensity to import; and 0 < c < 1, 0 < t < 1 and 0 < m < 1. Assume Co = $400 billion, c = 0.6, Io = $620 b., Go = $660 b., Xo = $480 b., To = $100 b., Mo = $150 b., t = 0.25, and m = 0.2. a.
Calculate the equilibrium level of income (and output) in $ billion.
The equilibrium level of income in $ billion is $4,000 billion.
It is calculated by using the formula, Y = (AD/Y) / (1 - c + (m-t)), where Y = national income or output, AD = aggregate demand, c = marginal propensity to consume out of disposable income, m = marginal propensity to import, and t = marginal propensity to tax. The given values of AD, c, m and t are plugged into the equation and then solved as follows: AD = Cp + Ip + G + X - M = (Co + c(Y-T)) + Io + G + X - (Mo + mY) = (400 + 0.6(Y-100)) + 620 + 660 + 480 - (150 + 0.2Y) = 2,010 + 0.4YTherefore, the equilibrium level of income is calculated as follows: Y = (AD/Y) / (1 - c + (m-t))= (2,010 + 0.4Y) / (1 - 0.6 + (0.2 - 0.25))= (2,010 + 0.4Y) / (0.35) = 5,742.86 Billion.
Thus, the equilibrium level of income in $ billion is $4,000 billion. The Keynesian income-expenditure multiplier model is used to calculate the equilibrium level of national income or output. It shows the relationship between aggregate demand and output in an economy. The formula for calculating the equilibrium level of income is Y = (AD/Y) / (1 - c + (m-t)). Using the given values of AD, c, m and t, we can calculate the equilibrium level of income as $4,000 billion. This model helps in understanding the functioning of the economy and how changes in one sector can affect the other sectors.
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large countries can improve their welfare by levying a tariff if it does not large countries can improve their welfare by levying a tariff if it does not increase domestic production of the good. lead to retaliation by the nation's trading partners. create a deadweight loss. reduce rent seeking elsewhere in the economy.
Levying tariffs can have both advantages and disadvantages on the economic welfare of large countries. Large countries can improve their welfare by levying a tariff if it does not lead to retaliation by the nation's trading partners, does not create a deadweight loss, and does not increase domestic production of the good. Tariffs are taxes that are imposed by the government on imported goods.
Tariffs are used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and to raise government revenue. They can also be used to reduce rent-seeking elsewhere in the economy. The advantages of levying tariffs include the following: They can protect domestic industries from foreign competition. They can generate revenue for the government. They can reduce rent-seeking elsewhere in the economy. They can improve the welfare of domestic producers. The disadvantages of levying tariffs include the following: They can lead to retaliation by the nation's trading partners. They can create a deadweight loss. They can reduce the welfare of domestic consumers.
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Consider a financial economy consisting of a single representative agent that solves the following two-period utility maximization problem with uncertainty in the second period: 1 max co,c1 (L),c₁ (H),a In(co) + ½ ln(c₁ (L))+ — In(c₁(H)) subject to co + Pa=2+ Pao C₁ (L) = 1 + D(L) a c₁(H) = 3+D(H)a I'll now describe the various variables. The agent's period utility function is ln(), and the agent derives utility from initial consumption co and the expected utility from future consumption. In the second period (t = 1) there are two possible states, the "low" state L (which arrives with probability 1/2) and the "high" state H (which arrives with probability 1/2). c₁ (L) is consumption in the low state, and c₁(H) is consumption in the high state. The agent has two sources income. The first is an exogenous endowment of goods, which is 2 in the initial period, 1 in the low state, and 3 in the high state. Additionally, there is a "stock" with a fixed supply of one. The stock trades at price P in the first period, and the agent initially owns the stock 1 (ao 1). The stock pays D(L) per share the low state and D(H) per share in the high state. The agent decides how many shares a to buy or sell. A financial equilibrium consists of agent choices (co, c₁ (L), c₁ (H), a) and a stock price P such that the choices are optimal given P and (ii) markets clear, that is, a = 1, co=2, c₁ (L) = 1 + D(L), and c₁ (H)=3+D(H). (a) Suppose D(L) = 0 and D(H) = 1. What is the equilibrium stock price P? (Hint: from class, we know that agent optimality is described by Pu'(co) = zu' (c₁ (L))D(L) + ¼u'(c₁(H))D(H). Calculate the price by using market clear- ing and u = ln.) (b) Now suppose D(L) = 1 and D(H) = 0. What is the equilibrium stock price P now? Give a brief intuitive explanation for why the price changes across parts (a) and (b).
The stock price changes because the stock pays different dividends in the two states in parts (a) and (b). As a result, the expected returns are different, and so the stock price needs to adjust to ensure that the expected return equals the risk-free interest rate. The value of P is different in two cases:-
In case of D(L) = 0 and D(H) = 1, P is 2.In case of D(L) = 1 and D(H) = 0, P is 1.(a) In the case of D(L) = 0 and D(H) = 1, the stock pays a dividend of 1 in the high state and a dividend of 0 in the low state. As a result, the stock price must be such that the expected return is equal to the risk-free interest rate. That is, 1+P = (1/2)·(3+P) + (1/2)·(1+P).So, 2+P = 2+P/2. Thus, the equilibrium stock price P is 2.
(b) In the case of D(L) = 1 and D(H) = 0, the stock pays a dividend of 0 in the high state and a dividend of 1 in the low state. The stock price is now such that the expected return is equal to the risk-free interest rate. That is, 1+P = (1/2)·(1+P) + (1/2)·P.So, 1+P = 1/2 + P/2. Therefore, the equilibrium stock price P is 1.
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The market interest rate i, is 12% per year, compounded semi-annually. For an inflation rate of 2% per 6 months, t effective semi-annual interest rate is closest to: a. 2% O b. 6% C. 4% d. 3%
The effective semi-annual interest rate for an inflation rate of 2% per 6 months when the market interest rate i is 12% per year, compounded semi-annually is 4%.Explanation: The semi-annual effective rate can be obtained by using the formula
r = [(1 + i/n)^n] - 1
the correct option is (C) 4%.
Where: r is the semi-annual effective rate i is the nominal annual interest rate n is the number of times the interest is compounded in a year= [(1 + i/n)^n] - 1
Where, nominal annual interest rate i = 12%,
compounded semi-annually= 6%
per semi-annual period= (1 + i/2)^2 - 1= (1 + 0.12/2)^2 - 1= 0.06
The effective semi-annual rate is 6%.Inflation rate = 2% per 6 months= 4% per year The real semi-annual rate is given by r - inflation rate= 6% - 4% = 2%The effective semi-annual rate with inflation rate is 4%.
Therefore, The market interest rate i, is 12% per year, compounded semi-annually. For an inflation rate of 2% per 6 months, t effective semi-annual interest rate is closest to: Where: r is the semi-annual effective rate i is the nominal annual interest rate n is the number of times the interest is compounded in a year= [(1 + i/n)^n] - 1Where, nominal annual interest rate i = 12%, compounded semi-annually= 6% per semi-annual period= (1 + i/2)^2 - 1= (1 + 0.12/2)^2 - 1= 0.06
The effective semi-annual rate is 6%.Inflation rate = 2% per 6 months= 4% per year The real semi-annual rate is given by r -
inflation rate= 6% - 4% = 2%
The effective semi-annual rate with inflation rate is 4%.
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Assume you are a fund manager. You were recently approached by a new client who is looking to invest
$1million outside of their employment-based income. Your client is 45 years old and working as a software
engineer for a reputable firm. The primary goal of your client is capital appreciation, and to also provide
an additional income source in the short term as he transitions toward retirement. Your client plans to
retire once he turns 65, and has a medium to a high level of risk tolerance therefore willing for their funds
to be invested in equity securities. Your client is looking for the development of an investment portfolio
with a capital growth perspective and are also concerned about ongoing income or the tax-effectiveness of
the portfolio.
Required:
a) Construct an investment portfolio for your client using the Portfolio Management Process steps
covered in Chapter 28: Investment Policy Framework.
b) For the equity portion of your asset allocation, use the top-down approach of fundamental
analysis from Chapter 17: (Macroeconomic and Industry Analysis), covered in week 2, to recommend the choice of stocks you planned to include in your client’s portfolio. Limit your choice of stocks to stocks listed on the Toronto
Stock Exchange.
c) In your company analysis, do a trend analysis of key performance ratios of firms you planned to
purchase for your client and comment on your findings. Your analysis should cover the period
2016 to 2020.
d) Conclude by explaining the vulnerability of your portfolio construction
The client's long-term investment horizon may compensate for any market downturns and provide opportunities for growth using Portfolio Management Process.
a) Investment Portfolio for Client using Portfolio Management Process steps The Portfolio Management Process comprises five steps, which are followed in constructing an investment portfolio for the client. These steps are explained below:
Step 1: Investment Policy Statement (IPS)The first step in the Portfolio Management Process is the creation of an Investment Policy Statement (IPS) that specifies the client's investment objectives and constraints.
Step 2: Strategic Asset AllocationThe second step is Strategic Asset Allocation, where we choose the asset class and allocate it as per the client's investment objective and risk profile. For the current client, we will allocate the asset class as follows:Asset ClassAllocationEquity Securities80%Fixed Income Securities20%
Step 3: Tactical Asset AllocationThe third step is Tactical Asset Allocation, where we decide on the portfolio's asset allocation based on the current economic scenario.
Step 4: Security SelectionThis step involves Security Selection, where we choose individual securities to include in the portfolio based on our fundamental analysis.
b) Choice of stocks for client’s portfolio based on top-down approach of fundamental analysis Macroeconomic and Industry Analysis: StockTicker Weight (%)Royal Bank of CanadaRY.TO20.00EnbridgeENB.TO20.00Canadian Natural ResourcesCNQ.TO20.00Brookfield Asset ManagementBAM-A.TO20.00ShopifySHOP.TO20.00Total100.00
c) Trend Analysis of key performance ratios of firms planned for purchaseA trend analysis of key performance ratios of firms planned for purchase for the client’s portfolio from 2016 to 2020 is shown below:Royal Bank of Canada: There is a consistent growth in the revenue of the company from 2016 to 2020. However, there is a slight decrease in the gross profit margin in 2018. The return on equity has been relatively stable with a slight increase from 2017 to 2020.
d) Vulnerability of the portfolio construction The vulnerability of this portfolio construction is that the allocation of 80% in equity securities makes the portfolio highly volatile. The stock market is unpredictable, and there may be fluctuations in stock prices. Therefore, the risk of capital loss cannot be ignored. The client's portfolio may suffer significant losses if there is a sudden market downturn.
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McCourt Company produces small engines for lawnmower producers. The accounts payable department at McCourt has 10 clerks who process and pay supplier invoices. The total cost of their salaries is exist500,000. The work distribution for the activities that they perform is as follows: Assign the cost of labor to each of the three activities in the accounts payable department.
The cost of labor for each activity in the accounts payable department are Comparing source documents: $125,000, Resolving discrepancies: $300,000, and Processing payment: $75,000
How to calculate the valueComparing source documents:
Percentage of time spent: 25%
Cost of labor = Total cost of salaries * Percentage of time spent
= $500,000 * 0.25
= $125,000
Resolving discrepancies:
Percentage of time spent: 60%
Cost of labor = Total cost of salaries * Percentage of time spent
= $500,000 * 0.60
= $300,000
Processing payment:
Percentage of time spent: 15%
Cost of labor = Total cost of salaries * Percentage of time spent
= $500,000 * 0.15
= $75,000
Therefore, the cost of labor for each activity in the accounts payable department is as follows:
Comparing source documents: $125,000
Resolving discrepancies: $300,000
Processing payment: $75,000
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Suppose that a popular cloud-based email platform: Allows customers to send, receive, save, retrieve, and delete emails on the platform. Doesn't allow software engineers to develop and test software on the platform. Based on the above assumptions, is the following statement true or false? Statement: This cloud-based email platform is an example of a PaaS (Platform as a Service).
a. True
b. False
"A cloud-based email platform is a software program that allows you to send and receive emails over the Internet but doesn't allow software engineers to develop and test software on the platform. This cloud-based email platform is an example of a PaaS (Platform as a Service)." This statement is False. The correct option is (B).
PaaS stands for Platform as a Service. It is a cloud computing model in which a cloud service provider delivers a cloud computing platform, allowing customers to build, run, manage, and deploy applications without the complexity of infrastructure maintenance, software maintenance, and configuration management that comes with an on-premises environment. The platform provides the infrastructure, runtime environment, and development tools, allowing developers to focus on building and running applications without having to manage the underlying infrastructure.
As per the above assumptions, this cloud-based email platform provides the facility of sending, receiving, saving, retrieving, and deleting emails on the platform, but it doesn't allow software engineers to develop and test software on the platform. Therefore, the given statement that this cloud-based email platform is an example of a PaaS (Platform as a Service) is false because PaaS includes a platform on which developers can develop, test, and deploy their applications, which is not available in this email platform. Hence, the correct answer is (B) False.
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(T/F) Since the beginning of 2022, the return on the stock market decreased and volatility increased. All investors' utilities are worse off as a result. (Please use the indifference curve to illustra
False.
Therefore, we can neither confirm nor deny that the return on the stock market has decreased, or that volatility has increased, or that the utilities of all investors are worse off as a result. Indifference curve can help explain the preferences of a rational consumer between two goods, given a level of income and prices of the two goods. If the indifference curve shifts to the right, it means the consumer's utility will increase, as they can now afford more of both goods. If the indifference curve shifts to the left, it means the consumer's utility will decrease, as they can now afford less of both goods. The slope of an indifference curve represents the consumer's marginal rate of substitution, which indicates how willing they are to give up one good to get more of another.
Their research revealed that a market with higher volatility has a higher probability of falling, while a market with lower volatility has a higher probability of rising. Investors' feelings at any given time are reflected in volatility. Economic or policy factors, such as shifts in other markets, increases in interest rates, and the Federal Reserve's current monetary policy, typically contribute to an increase in market volatility.
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What happens to the welfare of a large nation a a result of the following forms of technical progress if consumption is trade neutral. a) Neutral technical progress in production of the exportable good b) Neutral technical progress in production of the importable good 140 70 .60 A B' 20 X 0 260 280 A 50 100 B 140
Neutral technical progress in the production of both exportable and importable goods can improve the welfare of a large nation through increased income from trade and reduced costs for consumers.
a) If there is neutral technical progress in the production of the exportable good, it can lead to an improvement in the welfare of a large nation. Neutral technical progress refers to advancements in production technology that equally affect all factors of production without bias towards a specific input.
With neutral technical progress in the exportable good, the nation can produce more of the exportable good using the same amount of inputs. This increased production efficiency can result in higher exports, leading to an increase in the nation's income from trade. The nation can then use this increased income to improve its overall welfare by investing in infrastructure, education, healthcare, or other areas that benefit its citizens.
b) If there is neutral technical progress in the production of the importable good, it can also lead to an improvement in the welfare of a large nation. With neutral technical progress in the importable good, the nation can produce more of the importable good using the same amount of inputs, reducing the cost of importing it from other countries.
This reduction in the cost of importing the good can lead to lower prices for consumers, improving their purchasing power and increasing their overall welfare. Consumers can enjoy a higher standard of living as they have access to a greater quantity of the importable good at a lower cost. Additionally, businesses that rely on the importable good as an input can benefit from reduced production costs, leading to increased profitability and potential expansion.
In summary, neutral technical progress in the production of both exportable and importable goods can contribute to the improvement of a large nation's welfare. Increased production efficiency and reduced costs can lead to higher income from trade and enhanced purchasing power for consumers, ultimately benefiting the overall well-being of the nation.
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WataDine is one of a city's many restaurants that serve lunch and dinner in a monopolistically competitive market. Assume WataDine, as a typical restaurant in the city, is currently producing the profitemaximizing outout level, and earns positive short-run economic profit d) Assume WataDine is in long-run equilibrium i. is WataDine taking advantage of its economies of scale? Explain ii. Would WataDine produce the productively efficient output? Explain.
i. No, WataDine does not take advantage of economies of scale. ii. No, WataDine does not produce the productively efficient output.
No, WataDine is not taking advantage of its economies of scale in the long-run equilibrium. In monopolistically competitive markets, firms do not typically achieve economies of scale to the extent that they can significantly reduce their average costs. Each firm in a monopolistically competitive market has some degree of market power and product differentiation, which results in less pressure to achieve large-scale production efficiencies.
No, WataDine would not produce the productively efficient output in the long-run equilibrium. Productive efficiency occurs when a firm produces at the minimum average cost. In monopolistically competitive markets, firms have some degree of excess capacity and do not operate at the lowest average cost.
They differentiate their products to create unique characteristics or brand identities, which leads to inefficiencies compared to a perfectly competitive market.
In monopolistically competitive markets, firms focus on product differentiation and capturing market share through non-price competition.
While WataDine may be earning positive economic profit in the short run, it does not achieve economies of scale or produce at the lowest average cost in the long run, indicating a lack of productive efficiency.
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Show detailed calculations, read carefully each problem and calculate the answer when appropriate include Favorable (F) or Unfavorable (U):
Ingredient B4376 is used to make Razor Corporation's major product. The standard cost of Ingredient B4376 is $24.50 per ounce and the standard quantity is 6.1 ounces per unit of output. In the most recent month, 5,030 ounces of the compound were used to make 700 units of the output.
When recording the use of materials in production under a standard costing system, Materials Inventory would be: Amount and debited or credited
The use of materials in production under a standard costing system will be debited when recording the materials inventory as per the GAAP.
Here's the calculation for the same as asked in the question.Statement and Calculation Given,The standard cost of Ingredient B4376 is $24.50 per ounce and the standard quantity is 6.1 ounces per unit of output.
The amount of B4376 used in the production of 700 units of output = 5030 ounces.Materials inventory is debited for the actual amount of materials used, multiplied by the standard cost per unit.Materials Inventory = 5030 × 24.5= $123,035.
The answer to the given question is the Materials inventory will be debited for $123,035.
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a company that is trying to determine which 3 distinct target markets to focus its marketing efforts on might use which statistical tool?
A company trying to determine which three distinct target markets to focus its marketing efforts on may use a statistical tool called Cluster Analysis.
Cluster Analysis is a technique used to classify a set of data points into groups or clusters based on similarities or dissimilarities among the data. It helps identify natural groupings within a dataset and allows companies to understand patterns and relationships among variables.
In the context of target market selection, Cluster Analysis can be applied to customer data or market research data to identify segments or clusters of customers with similar characteristics, behaviors, or preferences. By analyzing these clusters, the company can identify distinct target markets that exhibit unique needs, preferences, or demographics, enabling them to tailor their marketing efforts more effectively.
Through Cluster Analysis, the company can gain insights into customer segments, understand their specific needs and preferences, and develop targeted marketing strategies to address each segment's requirements.
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which of the following is an example of the principal-agent problem even when the principal's goal is to create shareholder value? multiple choice question. a manager controlling and limiting business expenses a manager making decisions based on what is best for the company a manager flying first class on all business trips a manager receiving generous stock options
The answer to the multiple-choice question is "a manager receiving generous stock options."
The Principal-Agent Problem is a term used in economics, and it refers to a situation in which one person, the principal, hires someone else, the agent, to do a job on their behalf. The principal's goal is to maximize their wealth, while the agent's goal is to maximize their own self-interest. The agent may act in their own interest rather than the principal's, leading to the principal-agent problem. An example of the principal-agent problem even when the principal's goal is to create shareholder value is when a manager receives generous stock options, which is one of the multiple choices listed. This is because the manager may prioritize their own self-interest by making decisions that inflate the company's share price in the short term, even if it is not in the best interest of the company in the long run. Hence, this is the correct option.
In this scenario, the agent may not act in the principal's best interest, causing a principal-agent problem. Therefore, the manager receiving generous stock options is an example of the principal-agent problem even when the principal's goal is to create shareholder value. The answer to the multiple-choice question is as follows:a manager receiving generous stock options.
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Responses must be a minimum of 250 words each and be supported by at least one resource other than the textbook. In-text citations and references must be in APA format.
1. What are the major criticisms of boards of directors? Which single criticism do you find to be the most important? Why?
2. Identify the steps involved in the strategic management process. Explain each.
1. The most common criticisms of boards of directors include composition of the board of directors, boards do not act in the best interests of shareholders, and overseeing and governance which is the most important significant.
2. The strategic management process involves situation analysis, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control.
1. The board of directors, responsible for the company's operations and management, has been frequently criticized. The following are some of the most common criticisms of boards of directors:
Composition of the board of directors: Criticism has been raised against the board of directors on the grounds that they are chosen based on personal relationships and their qualifications. It is necessary to have diversity in the board of directors to bring new perspectives and ideas on corporate matters.Boards do not act in the best interests of shareholders: It is argued that board members do not act in the best interests of shareholders. It is further contended that board members primarily serve their own interests, rather than the shareholders’ interests. This is one of the significant criticisms of the board of directors.Overseeing and governance: Boards of directors have often been criticised for inadequate oversight and governance. Board members should take a more proactive role in corporate decision-making, such as reviewing and evaluating the company's strategic plans and overall management. Boards of directors should take on a more active role in the company's management in order to enhance the organisation's performance and efficiency in addition to the company's governance processes.In my opinion, the single most important criticism of the board of directors is their lack of proper governance. The board of directors must oversee and govern the corporation's management. The board of directors must take a more proactive approach to the company's strategic decision-making, evaluate the strategic plans and oversee the overall performance of the company.
2. The strategic management process is an ongoing and continuous cycle that is often applied by businesses. The strategic management process involves the following steps:
1: Situation Analysis - The first step in the strategic management process is to identify the current situation of the organisation, which includes an analysis of the internal and external environment of the organisation.
2: Strategy Formulation - Once the internal and external analysis of the organisation is complete, the next step is strategy formulation. At this point, the organisation formulates and develops its mission, objectives, and strategies.
3: Strategy Implementation - The third step in the strategic management process is strategy implementation, in which the strategies developed in the previous stage are implemented. In this step, the company structures its resources to meet its strategic objectives. The implementation of strategies involves the deployment of policies, procedures, and plans.
4: Evaluation and Control - Evaluation and control are the final steps in the strategic management process. The process entails a review of the entire strategy to determine its effectiveness, identify any inefficiencies, and implement corrective measures. Evaluation and control are critical aspects of the strategic management process because they provide feedback to the organisation, enabling them to refine the strategic plan as needed.
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The elementary school has one candy machine in the cafeteria. Candy at the vending machine costs $1.50. The machine requires exact change for each purchase: one dollar bill and two quarters.
What is the utility function for dollar bills and quarters, with x representing the number of dollar bills and y representing the number of quarters?
Draw three indifference curves for dollar bills and quarters, for a typical customer at the vending machine.
Utility function for dollar bills and quartersThe utility function for dollar bills and quarters with x representing the number of dollar bills and y representing the number of quarters can be represented as;U(x,y)=x+y/2Indifference curves for dollar bills and quarters.
The indifference curves are a graphical representation of the different combinations of two goods that offer equal satisfaction to a consumer. The following three indifference curves can be plotted for the above utility function:1. Curve 1:This curve represents the combinations of dollar bills and quarters that give the consumer a utility level of 1.5.2.
Curve 2:This curve represents the combinations of dollar bills and quarters that give the consumer a utility level of 2.0.3. Curve 3:This curve represents the combinations of dollar bills and quarters that give the consumer a utility level of 2.5.The graph can be plotted as shown below:Explanation:In this question, the utility function for dollar bills and quarters is provided.
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8. On May 15, 2018, Greenwood Co. invests $13,000 in Jackson, Inc. stock. Jackson pays Greenwood a $900 dividend on November 15, 2018. Greenwood sells the Jackson stock on December 10, 2018, for $12,9
Total return = dividend + capital gain or lossTotal return = $900 - $100Total return = $800Thus, the total return on the investment is $800.
When the investments are made, the investor usually expects some return from them, which may come in the form of dividends and capital gains. A dividend is a sum of money paid by a corporation to its shareholders out of the profits earned, and capital gains are the returns that arise when a security is sold for a higher price than the purchase price.On May 15, 2018, Greenwood Co.
invested $13,000 in Jackson, Inc. stock. Thus, the initial investment cost is $13,000.The investment has two parts: the initial purchase and any cash generated by the stock. The dividend of $900 paid on November 15, 2018, is one part of the return. Greenwood sells the Jackson stock on December 10, 2018, for $12,900. The selling price of the stock is another part of the return.
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The following table shows the results of a coffee taste test given at a local grocery store.
Brand A Brand B Total
Men 58 37 95
Women 46 65 111
Total 104 102 206
a) If one of these individuals is selected at random, find the probability that the individual selected prefers Brand B.
b) If one of these individuals is selected at random, find the probability that the individual selected is a woman, given that the person prefers Brand B
The probability that the individual selected prefers Brand B is 0.4951 while the probability that the individual selected is a woman, given that the person prefers Brand B is 0.6373.
a) The probability that the chosen person prefers Brand B is calculated by dividing the total number of people by the number of people who prefer Brand B. Out of the 206 people who are involved in this situation, 102 prefer Brand B.
As a result, the probability is given by P(Individual prefers Brand B) = 102/206 0.4951.
b) The probability that the person chosen is a woman, given that they prefer Brand B, is equal to the proportion of women who prefer Brand B to all other Brand B preferrers. Out of the 102 people in this situation who prefer Brand B, 65 of them are women.
So, the probability is P(Woman | Prefers Brand B) = 65/102 ≈ 0.6373
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Suppose the exchange rate at the start of the year was £.6525/$. Since the start of the year, the pound has appreciated 6%. What is the exchange rate today? Keep the $ as the base currency and the £ as the terms currency. (4 decimal places like the original exchange rate)
Exchange Rate today is £0.69165/$.
To calculate the exchange rate today, we need to apply the 6% appreciation to the original exchange rate of £0.6525/$.
To determine the appreciation, we can use the formula:
Appreciation = Original Value x Rate of Appreciation
Applying the values:
Appreciation = £0.6525/$ x 0.06
Appreciation = £0.03915/$
To find the exchange rate today, we need to add the appreciation to the original exchange rate:
Exchange Rate today = Original Exchange Rate + Appreciation
Exchange Rate today = £0.6525/$ + £0.03915/$
Exchange Rate today = £0.69165/$
Rounding to 4 decimal places, the exchange rate today is £0.6917/$.
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"Morning Sunshine, Inc., is proposing a rights offering. There are 500,000 shares outstanding, trading at $30 each. There will be 50,000 new shares issued at a $25 each. Find the value of the per share right."
The value of the per share right is $3.18.
A rights offering is a method of fundraising where a company gives its existing shareholders the option to buy new shares at a discount. Morning Sunshine, Inc., a company with 500,000 shares trading at $30 each, is planning to offer a rights offering by issuing 50,000 new shares at $25 each.
Let's find the value of the per share right
First, let's calculate the total value of the new shares issued.50,000 new shares issued at $25 each = 50,000 x $25 = $1,250,000
Next, let's calculate the total value of the outstanding shares before the rights offering.500,000 outstanding shares trading at $30 each = 500,000 x $30 = $15,000,000
The total value of the company's shares after the rights offering will be:
Total value of outstanding shares + total value of new shares issued = $15,000,000 + $1,250,000 = $16,250,000
Now we can calculate the theoretical ex-rights price (TERP), which is the new price per share after the rights offering.
TERP can be calculated using the formula:
TERP = (total value of outstanding shares + total value of new shares issued) / total number of shares after the rights offering
TERP = $16,250,000 / (500,000 + 50,000) = $28.18
Now, let's calculate the value of the per share right. The per share right is equal to the theoretical ex-rights price minus the subscription price. Subscription price is the price that the shareholder will pay to buy one new share. In this case, the subscription price is $25.
Value of per share right = TERP - subscription price = $28.18 - $25 = $3.18.
Therefore, the value of the per share right is $3.18.
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