In a karyotype, ____________ are photographed, and then the images- paired. From this information, and we can study them to learn about_________________.
a. mutations, molecular structure of a chromosome.
b. traits, eye and hair color of an organisms
c. chromosomes, the number, size and shape of chromosomes in a cell.
d. genes, genes that are present in a particular strand of DNA
e. gametes, medical history of an individual.
Answer:
C.chromosomes,the number,size and shape of chromosomes in a cell
Explanation:
karyotype is a photographed complete set of chromosomes present in individual cell, where chromosomes are arranged based on their size.
it is done mainly to know about chromosomal disorders present in a individual
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protein folding none of the responses are correct is completed by the time the protein is released from the ribosome is govern solely by the chemistry of the protein is completed when the polypeptide chain folds around itself
Disulfide bridges add additional stability to the 3-D structure and are often required for correct protein folding and function.
which of the following is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life? group of answer choices replication of primitive genes formation of polypeptide spheres formation of organic polymers formation of simple organic molecules
Formation of organic monomers such as amino acids is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life.
Single monomers do not exist in amino acids. They are basic compounds with an amino group and a carboxylic acid group confined to the same molecule. Instead, amino acids are protein monomers, which are long chains of amino acids joined together by amide bonds.
Protein—A large organic molecule with a complex structure. Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids.
Because they contain carbon, amino acids are organic monomers. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are common amino acid elements. Some amino acids contain other elements, such as sulfur.
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Explain the three stages of cellular respiration 
There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis; the citric acid (TCA) or the Krebs cycle; and the electron transport chain, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen, while glycolysis can occur in anaerobic conditions.
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PLEASE HELP! Why is it possible that the oxygen and carbon dioxide on earth will never be used up in regard to photosynthesis and respiration?
Answer:
This is because the process of photosynthesis and respiration is a cycle, meaning that the oxygen and carbon dioxide are constantly being exchanged and reused. Oxygen is produced from photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide is produced from respiration. This cycle is self-sustaining, so the oxygen and carbon dioxide on Earth will never be completely used up.
Explanation:
Based on the food web above, describe the most direct impact of a decrease in zooplankton population caused by microplastics.
Answer:
Microplastics are abundant and widespread in the marine environment. They are a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. Due to their small size a wide range of marine species, including zooplankton can ingest them. Research has shown that microplastics are readily ingested by several zooplankton taxa, with associated negative impacts on biological processes. Zooplankton is a crucial food source for many secondary consumers, consequently this represents a route whereby microplastic could enter the food web and transfer up the trophic levels. In this review we aim to: 1) evaluate the current knowledge base regarding microplastic ingestion by zooplankton in both the laboratory and the field; and 2) summarise the factors which contribute to the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton. Current literature shows that microplastic ingestion has been recorded in 39 zooplankton species from 28 taxonomic orders including holo- and meroplanktonic species. The majority of studies occurred under laboratory conditions and negative effects were reported in ten studies (45%) demonstrating effects on feeding behaviour, growth, development, reproduction and lifespan. In contrast, three studies (14%) reported no negative effects from microplastic ingestion. Several physical and biological factors can influence the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton, such as size, shape, age and abundance. We identified that microplastics used in experiments are often different to those quantified in the marine environment, particularly in terms of concentration, shape, type and age. We therefore suggest that future research should include microplastics that are more representative of those found in the marine environment at relevant concentrations. Additionally, investigating the effects of microplastic ingestion on a broader range of zooplankton species and life stages, will help to answer key knowledge gaps regarding the effect of microplastic on recruitment, species populations and ultimately broader economic consequences such as impacts on shell- and finfish stocks.
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Genes A and B are farther apart than genes A and C, and all three genes are linked. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from this information? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY Gene Cmight be between genes A and B. Gene B might be between genes A and C. Gene A might be between genes B and C. More crossovers will occur between genes A and C than between A and B More crossovers will occur between genes A and B than between genes A and C.
The following conclusions could be drawn from this information:
a) Gene C might be between genes A and B.
c) Gene A might be between genes C and B.
e) More crossovers will occur between genes A and B than between genes A and C
When two genes are located closer to each other on a chromosome and are passed down as a single unit. Then, those genes are referred to as linked genes. Genes are considered linked if their recombination frequency is less than 50%.
Given that the A and B genes are further apart than the C and A genes, the sequence could consist of A, C, and B genes. Option E is correct; the C gene may be situated between the A and B genes.
it is possible that A and B genes are further apart than A and C genes, indicating that A and B genes are further apart than A and C genes. Crossovers are more likely to occur between genes that are further apart. Because the distance between the A and B genes and the C genes is greater, there will be more crossover between the A and B genes than there is between the C and A genes. B is incorrect, whereas A is correct.
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fi the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, what would a student expect to see? a) pink helical cells b) purple rod shaped cells c) red spherical cells d) blue coiled cells
If the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, the student is expected to see Purple rod shaped cells.
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that show a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is typically used to quickly characterize bacteria into two broad categories based on cell wall type. Gram-positive bacilli (rods) are classified based on their capability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are rods that produce spores. Spore-forming rods can survive in harsh surroundings for many years.
Although gram-negative bacteria are more difficult to eradicate, gram-positive bacteria could still lead to problems. Many species cause disease and necessitate the use of specific antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are those that remain purple. Gram-negative bacteria turn pink or red when exposed to light.
Gram-positive bacteria are those with a thick cell wall. They have a purple or blue appearance. This is because the cell wall retains the color of the staining technique
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7. Calculate the calories of the following foods
a. 200 g of cheese, whose composition is: 28% protein, 36% lipids and 0.3% carbohydrates
b. 300 g of meat that have 23.5% protein and 20.4% lipids
A. calories from 28% protein 36% lipids and 0.3% carbohydrates from 200g cheese are : 224 kcal, 648 kcal and 2.4 kcal respectively while, the total calorie is 874.4 kcal.
B. calories from 23.5% protein and 20.4% lipids in 300 g of meat are: 282 kcal and 550.8 kcal respectively while, the total calorie is 832.8 kcal.
What is calorie?Calories are a measure of energy. Two primary definitions of "calorie" are frequently used due to historical factors. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius is known as a big calorie, food calorie, or kilogram calorie.How is calorie calculated? By burning the meal, calories are not calculated in this approach directly. Instead, the sum of the calories delivered by the energy-containing nutrients—protein, carbohydrate, fat, and alcohol—is used to determine the total caloric value.For more information on calorie kindly visit on
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A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed is crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed. This cross produces four progeny types in the F1:[round, yellow], [wrinkled, yellow], [round, green], and [wrinkled, green].use this information to deduce the genotypes of the parent plants. indicate the genotypes by dragging the correct label to the appropriate location.Here is what the question looks like if that helps: All it is asking for is the 2 parent genotypes but I'm not sure of the answer... if someone can explain and help me out I would appreciate it!
A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed when crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed ,that genotype is called as parent genotype.
The sort of variant present at a particular locus (i.e., locale) in the genome is scored by what is known as a genotype. Images can be utilized to represent it. The genuine DNA grouping, like CC, CT, or TT, can likewise act as a portrayal of a genotype. In a solitary examination, the genotypes at a large number of destinations in a genome can be resolved utilizing DNA sequencing and different strategies.
The cross likewise creates crumpled descendants, so the [round, yellow] parent should be heterozygous (Rr): On the off chance that it were RR, the offspring would be all Rr and have a round aggregate." - Dominating Hereditary qualities.
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(Complete question) is:
A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed is crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed. This cross produces four progeny types in the F1: [round, yellow], [wrinkled, yellow], [round, green], and [wrinkled, green]. Use this information to deduce the genotypes of the parent plants.
The Atlantic ocean grows in size due to a _____.
• A. thrust boundary
• B. convergent boundary
• C. divergent boundary
• D. transform boundary
According to the research, the correct answer is Option C. The Atlantic ocean grows in size due to a divergent boundary.
What is a divergent boundary?It is characterized by two plates that move in the opposite direction, approaching each other.
In this sense, in general it can form both on the ocean floor for example, mid-oceanic ridges producing constant volcanic activity that is forming new oceanic lithosphere causing an expansion in the Atlantic Ocean.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, oceanic ridges (a divergent boundary), displace both segments of a ridge therefore the Atlantic ocean grows in size.
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The diagram summarizes the steps of photosynthesis inside chloroplasts. IF a chloroplast does not have enough hydrogen ions, which event will happen first?
• A. A decrease in the production of sugar
• B. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll
• C. An increase in the rate of the Calvin cycle
D. A decrease in the rate of the light reactions
If a chloroplast does not have enough hydrogen ions, there will be a decrease in the production of sugar that is present in Option A because glucose production needs lots of ATP.
What is the importance of the hydrogen ions?
The hydrogen ion gradient is generated when the electrons move in the light reaction through the different complexes, and then these ions move from the inside of the matrix to the outside and generate ATP with the help of ATP synthase. If hydrogen ions are absent, then ATP can't be formed and glucose synthesis is hampered.
Hence, if a chloroplast does not have enough hydrogen ions, there will be a decrease in the production of sugar that is present in Option A because glucose production needs lots of ATP.
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Answer:D
Explanation:I just had that question
The types of bonds formed between monomers of macromolecules contribute to the function of that particular macromolecule. which of the following statements best pairs the type of bonding with the contribution to function of the macromolecule described?
Long chains of amino acids connected by amide bonds form the building blocks of peptides and proteins, which are macromolecules. A peptide's or protein's primary amino acid sequence within its structure determines both its identification and its purpose.
What are macromolecules' primary uses?Macromolecules are enormous molecules that fill a cell and give it vital life-sustaining functions. For instance, macromolecules offer structural support, a way to store energy, and the capacity to store and access genetic data.
What do food macromolecules do?Large molecules known as macromolecules are produced when monomers, or tiny units, are polymerized. The majority of macromolecules are found in commonplace items like food. Biological macromolecules come in a variety of forms, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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Suppose you live in a tribal society, how might you use everyday forms of resistance (i.e., weapons of the weak) to
oppose the cultural changes brought about by globalization? Disucss TWO ways.
Answer:
There are many ways that people living in a tribal society might use everyday forms of resistance to oppose the cultural changes brought about by globalization. Here are two possible ways:
One way to resist globalizing forces is to preserve and maintain traditional cultural practices, such as religious ceremonies, music, dance, storytelling, and other forms of cultural expression. By continuing to engage in these activities and passing them down to younger generations, people can preserve their cultural heritage and resist the homogenizing effects of globalization.
Another way to resist globalizing forces is to use the power of collective action and organizing. For example, people in a tribal society might come together to form community organizations or advocacy groups that work to protect their rights and interests. These groups can engage in activities such as lobbying local and national governments, organizing protests and demonstrations, and raising awareness about the negative impacts of globalization on their communities. By working together, people can use their collective power to push back against the cultural changes brought about by globalization.
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Explanation:
A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions ( + H ). Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of adding the chemical to plant cells?
- The plant cells will produce less NADPH.
- The chloroplasts will generate less ATP.
- Chlorophyll will require less light energy to excite its electrons.
- The plant cells will split fewer water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen.
A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions then the chloroplasts will generate less ATP, which is present in the second option.
What is the function of the hydrogen ions in the chloroplast?The hydrogen ion gradient is formed when an electron passes from one complex to another, resulting in a higher concentration of hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid, which forms ATP when it passes through the ATP synthase and if the membrane becomes permeable, the gradient is not formed, resulting in less ATP.
Hence, a researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions then the chloroplasts will generate less ATP, which is present in the second option.
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List three characteristics of tropical rain forests.
Answer:
Tropical rain forests are characterized by:
High humidity and rainfall: Tropical rain forests are characterized by high humidity and high rainfall, typically receiving more than 200 cm (80 inches) of rain per year. This high rainfall is due to the presence of warm, moist air that is constantly being carried inland from the oceans by trade winds.
Dense vegetation: Tropical rain forests are characterized by dense vegetation, including a wide variety of trees, vines, and other plants. The canopy of the rain forest, made up of the tops of the tallest trees, can be up to 50 meters (165 feet) above the ground.
High species diversity: Tropical rain forests are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. These ecosystems are thought to contain more than half of all the species of plants, animals, and insects on the planet.
In addition to these characteristics, tropical rain forests are also characterized by their location, which is typically within the equatorial region of the planet, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
. Look up current ocean pH values. How do the current values compare to those from previous years? ((my answer: 8.1 pH today and 8.2 pH previously (slightly basic with a 0.1 pH drop). This represents a 25% increase in acidity over the last 2 centuries.)). Next, consider what you have just learned about algae and how the chemistry of the indicator used in the experiments you just performed works. Hypothesize why oceans are at their current pH. How is the pH of the ocean changing and why? How might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean?
Might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean in lost of biodiversity.
What happens when the pH changes?There are some living things that are so sensible of changing of temperature or pH, in this way some plants, animals or protozoa can die, in this way the food chain that they belong would be different, affecting another living things.In this case or at the end it can be the result of lost of biodiversity.
This represents a 25% increase in acidity over the last 2 centuries.)). Next, consider what you have just learned about algae and how the chemistry of the indicator used in the experiments you just performed works.
Therefore, Might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean in lost of biodiversity.
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Controlled variable - the variable that is kept the same during a scientific experiment.
We want to investigate the correlation between the light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis.
We can adjust the amount of light intensity by moving the lamp near or far from the aquatic plant.
We can also measure the amount of gas produced by photosynthesis in one minute.
(1) What is the independent variable in this experiment?
(2) What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
(3) What are the controlled variables in this experiment?
(4) What will be observed if the photosynthesis is happening more slowly?
I (5) What can you conclude from this experiment?
1. Independent variable = light intensity
2. Dependent variable = rate of photosynthesis
3. Controlled variables a= other variables - independent and dependent
4. Low amount of gas will be produced
5. Light intensity has a correlation with the rate of photosynthesis
Experimental variables in photosynthesisDuring photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbohydrates in the presence of solar radiation. The process in specific to green plants only and oxygen is evolved as a by-product. The higher the amount of oxygen produced, the higher the rate of photosynthesis.
Independent variables in experiments are the variables supplied directly by the experimenter which can be manipulated to see if it produces any effect or outcome.
The dependent variables are variables that measure the effect of the independent variable.
The remaining variables apart from dependent and independent variables are controlled variables.
From the experiment investigating the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, all other things being constant, the more the light intensity, the more the rate of photosynthesis.
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13. How do babies get their homologous pairs of chromosomes, if an egg and sperm are only haploid (23
chromosomes)?
Answer:
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, has a complete set of homologous pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother's egg and one set inherited from the father's sperm. This happens because the egg and sperm each contain only one copy of each chromosome, rather than the full set of two copies that are found in the cells of the body. When the egg and sperm fuse, the resulting zygote has a full complement of chromosomes, with one copy of each chromosome from each parent.
Answer:
When a sperm and egg join during fertilization, the egg and sperm contribute their haploid set of chromosomes to form a diploid zygote. The haploid sets of chromosomes pair to form homologous pairs, with one chromosome in the team coming from the mother and the other from the father.
Explanation:
Please help! Some organisms like squirrels will give a warning call if a predator is near. Why do squirrels do this if they threaten their own existence?
The group's chances of survival can be improved and danger can be avoided as a result. While calling out a warning might put one squirrel in danger, the advantages of alerting the rest of the group
The definition of organism:
A living human, plant, or animal is a single living entity that depends on other living things to carry out its functions. organismic.
How does it become an organism?
An organism is a thing that has life in it. Molecules are the essential building blocks of both living and non-living objects. However, a living thing can be identified from an inanimate object by its unique characteristics. For instance, an organism is made up of one or more cells.
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which of the following best describes the component that metformin represents in a signal transduction pathway that regulates glucose production in the liver?
Metformin is a ligand that activates the signal transduction pathway of the activation of AMPK that regulates glucose production in the liver.
Metformin activates muscle AMPK and promotes glucose uptake.
Incubation of secluded muscles with metformin influenced in an increase in the activity of both catalytic subunits of AMPK.
At the molecular position, metformin inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity( via effects on fat metabolism) and lowering cAMP, therefore reducing the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. The centre of metformin's mechanism of action is the remodeling of the energy metabolism of the cell. Metformin exerts its prevailing, glucose- lowering effect by constraining hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon.
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this grapelike out-pouching lined with epithelium and supported by a thin, elastic basement membrane is the site where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
In the lungs, alveolus gas exchange takes place. when the site is a grapelike out-pouching that is epithelium-lined and supported by a thin, elastic basement membrane.
What illness causes bronchial constriction that causes wheezing and shortness of breath?Asthma or bronchial asthma is a lung condition. Excess mucus constricts and swells your airways, obstructing them. These symptoms may respond well to medication.
Which airways are able to constrict and dilate because they have smooth muscle in their walls but lack cartilage?While respiratory bronchioles are supported by cartilage, bronchioles have smooth muscle but no cartilage in their walls.
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An expanse of sea away from land
The Sea is the name given to the body of salt water that encircles all of the land masses on Earth and covers the majority of its surface.
What Is the sea ?
The Sea is the name given to the body of salt water that encircles all of the land masses on Earth and covers the majority of its surface. Sea refers to the portion of the ocean that is partly encircled by land. There are also situations, like the Caspian Sea, when the sea is entirely landlocked.
What Is an Ocean ?
A large portion of a planet's hydrosphere is made up of oceans. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface. The Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Antarctic Ocean are the world's five oceans.
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The correct question is -
Difference expanse of sea away from land.
Many biological structures are composed of smaller units assembled into more complex structures
having functions based on their structural organization.
For THREE of the following complex structures, describe the smaller units, their assembly into the
larger structures, and one major function of these larger, organized structures. (a) A eukaryotic chromosome
(b) A mature angiosperm root
(c) A colony of bees
(d) An inner membrane of a mitochondrion (e) An enzyme
Bigger structure assembly, and one main function:
Eukaryotic chromosomes: Serve as bodies that can bind and absorb the colors contained in the cell nucleus. The order of the smallest to the largest, gene → DNA → chromosome → NucleusMitochondrial inner membrane: Serves to produce energy. From smallest to largest, mitochondrial matrix → inner member → space between members → outer memberEnzymes: Function to build muscles, destroy toxins, and break down food particles during the digestive process. The order of the order from smallest to largest, amino acids → polypeptide chain. These amino acids are made of carboxyl groups, R groups, carbon atoms, and amino groups.Traits passed from parent to child are stored in the genes. Physically, the gene itself is a sequence of nitrogenous bases contained in DNA. DNA is a type of nucleic acid with a double chain composed of a phosphate molecule, ribose sugar (5-carbon chain) of the deoxyribose type, and a nitrogenous base. The DNA strands then combine with histone proteins and non-histone proteins to form chromatin threads. These chromatin threads come together, condense, shorten, and condense to form chromosomes. At the time of cell division, chromosomes can be observed using a microscope. Chromosomes themselves are found in the cell nucleus or nucleus in eukaryotic cells and spread in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
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a. What type of cross did Mendel perform which lead to his "traits don't blend" discovery?
Answer:
He crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants.
Explanation:
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Mendel crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants.
What was Mendel's law?Mendel's first law is the law of segregation in which during gamete formation each member of a gamete pair separates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete.
The second law of Mendel is the law of independent assortment which describes how alleles of different genes independently segregate from each other during the formation of gametes.
Mendel's third law was the law of inheritance which states that the separation of an allele pair into two daughter cells during the second phase of meiosis does not affect the way in which the other allele pair separates or segregates.
Mendel's laws are important because they allow us to understand how characters are inherited and what determines the phenotypes that are obtained by different individuals. When Mendel crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants, these traits don't blend during his discovery.
Thus, Mendel crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants.
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Please help this is environmental science : )
Concept maps are diagrams that represent information visually.
What are examples of concept map?Concept maps are diagrams that represent information visually. Charts, visual organizers, tables, flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, timelines, and T-charts are a few examples of how they might be presented.Concept maps may provide a graphically explicit way to depict and analyze the complex relationships between the different parties that characterize environmental challenges.Environmental science aims to shed light on how life on Earth is maintained, what causes our numerous environmental issues, and how to address them. The field of environmental science and management studies the relationships and interactions between people and the environment.To learn more about Concept maps refer,
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The streamlined shape of the dolphin, seal and other swimming animals is most important for
A) overcoming the forces of gravity acting on the animal
B) reducing the mass of the animal's body
C) maintaining a consistent speed in the dense medium
D) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
D) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
The streamlined shape of dolphins, seals, and other swimming animals helps to reduce the drag that they experience as they move through the water. Drag is a type of force that acts in the opposite direction of motion, and it can significantly slow down an animal's movement through the water. By having a streamlined shape, these animals are able to minimize the amount of drag that they experience, which allows them to swim more efficiently and with less effort. This is especially important for animals that need to swim long distances or maintain a consistent speed in the water.\
D) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
The streamlined shape of dolphins, seals, and other swimming animals helps to reduce the drag that they experience as they move through the water. Drag is a type of force that acts in the opposite direction of motion, and it can significantly slow down an animal's movement through the water. By having a streamlined shape, these animals are able to minimize the amount of drag that they experience, which allows them to swim more efficiently and with less effort. This is especially important for animals that need to swim long distances or maintain a consistent speed in the water.
Superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of ___ stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual
Superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of cytokines stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual.
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), also known as cytokine storm or cytokine-associated toxicity, is a condition that occurs when your immune system overreacts to infection. It can also occur following particular types of immunotherapy, example CAR T-Cell Therapy.
Cytokines are classified into several types, which include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factor. Cytokines can act alone, in groups, or against one another, but their primary function would be to help manage the immune response.
Cytokine storm occurs when the body's immune system produces an excessive amount of inflammatory signals. This can result in severe symptoms, including organ dysfunction and death in some instances. Cytokine storm symptoms tend to involve confusion, breathlessness, lethargy, and others.
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x. There is no digestion of starch in the stomach because:
A the stomach contains hydrochloric acid.
B peristalsis is taking place.
C the stomach does not secrete a starch-digesting enzyme.
D salivary amylase does not work in acid conditions.
Answer:
C the stomach does not secrete a starch-digesting enzyme.
:)
reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme
Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumour microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression through upregulation of the interferon (IFN)—inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of a predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO).
It is unclear whether these effects are caused by Trp depletion in the TME or are mediated by the accumulation of a IDO1 and/or TDO (hereby referred to it as IDO1/TDO) product kynurenine (Kyn)5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. We show that giving a pharmacologically optimised enzyme (PEGylated kynureninase; abbreviated as PEG-KYNase) which it degrades Kyn in to the immunologically inert, nontoxic, and easily cleared metabolites inhibits tumour growth. The use of enzymes was linked to an increase in tumour infiltration as well as proliferation of polyfunctional CD8+ lymphocytes.
When combined with approved checkpoint inhibitors or a cancer vaccine, PEG-KYNase administration had significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of large B16-F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma, or CT26 colon carcinoma tumours. PEG-KYNase prolonged Kyn depletion in the TME and reversed this same modulatory effect.
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