Fungi detection using molecular methods
PCR as we know it. The invention of PCR ushered in a major shift in the field of plant pathology. PCR that is nested. To achieve a high level of specificity and sensitivity, nested PCR is used. Multiplex PCR.
RT-PCR
Fungi were isolated from the root samples that were obtained. After removing soil debris with tap water, samples were submerged in 1 percent sodium hypochlorite NaOCl) for 1-2 minutes. After 2-3 minutes in sterile distilled water (SDW), the samples were dried on sterile filter paper.
When identifying, look for the following essential characteristics:
Shape, color, and size of the fruiting bodyA spore print can also be acquired from the gills, specifically how they adhere to the stem.Shape, color, and size of the stemThe smell and the texture.Preformed antifungal chemicals found naturally in healthy plants are thought to act as intrinsic chemical barriers to infection, protecting plants from a wide spectrum of possible pathogens.
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When two species both have similar anatomical structures that were inherited from the same ancestor that also had them, the similarities are referred to as being Group of answer choices analogies homologies neither of the above
If or extra species share a completely unique bodily feature, inclusive of a complex bone structure or a body plan, they will all have inherited this option from a common ancestor. Bodily features shared due to evolutionary history (a commonplace ancestor) are stated to be homologous.
Homologous systems are similar physical capabilities in organisms that proportion a commonplace ancestor, however, the capabilities serve absolutely specific capabilities.
For example, the bones in the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones within the human arm. These structures aren't analogous. The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a chook are analogous but no longer homologous.
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what is the adaptation of the heart in human body?
Answer:
below and pls make me brainliest
Explanation:
The researchers discovered that the human heart has evolved to be better at tolerating endurance type of activities, rather than short and intense bouts. Also, they found that those individuals who engage in activities for endurance sports will have longer, larger, and more elastic left ventricles.
Though we have found the remains of many dinosaurs, the record is incomplete as paleontologists often do not find full skeletons. What factors would be involved in an incomplete record of dinosaurs? Select all that apply.
The following options are correct:
Their large size prevented undisturbed burial and fossilization.Much of the large corpse would have been scavenged.Dinosaur bone tends to dissolve in waterDue to the fact that many early forms of life had large and soft bodies, the fossil record contains gaps. Soft creature parts do not make good fossils while, Their large size prevented undisturbed burial and fossilization.. This indicates that little is known about how these organisms appeared. Any fossil remains that may have existed have likely been obliterated by geological processes.Their bones were dispersed, frequently over very large distances, as a result of tectonic movements, weathering, and environmental changes. After dying, the majority of organisms decayed or were consumed by scavengers. Since hard parts are significantly more prone to fossilize, many animals lacked them.All of the squishy components of its body disintegrate as it decays, leaving only the hard components, like as bones, teeth, and horns, to remain. Water in the adjacent rocks has surrounded these tough rocks for millions of years. parts, and minerals in the water replace them, bit by bit.learn more about fossilization of dinosaurs here: https://brainly.com/question/10821025
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"Dave", the feathered lizard fossil is thought of as a(n) ______________________ species, or an organism that may represent a common ancestor shared by different but related lineages of organisms
"Dave", the feathered lizard fossil is thought of as a(n) homologous species, or an organism that may represent a common ancestor shared by different but related lineages of organisms.
What is homologous evolution?Homologous evolution is similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.
Homologous structures include the human arm, a bird or bat's wing, a dog's leg, a dolphin or whale's flipper, and the wing of a bird or a bat. They are distinct and serve different purposes, although they are comparable and have similar characteristics. They are regarded as homologous structures because their underlying anatomies are comparable.
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A mutation occurred in a population of wombo birds. Birds with the mutation are able to eat mangoes but those without the mutation
cannot. Birds with the mutation no longer fly north during winter and stay to feed on mangoes. What is likely to happen over time?
OA they will evolve into a new species that can't breed with the other wombo birds
OB. the other wombo birds will evolve and become mango eaters too
OC. a new species of mangoes will evolve and live along the wombo birds migration route
OD. they will eat all the mangoes and start migrating again
A mutation occurred in a population of wombo birds, and birds with the mutation are able to eat mangoes, but those without the mutation cannot. This is due to the fact that the other wombo birds will evolve and become mango eaters too, which is option B. So option B is the correct answer.
Since birds with the mutation can eat mangoes, and mangoes appear to be a valuable food resource, natural selection will likely favor the birds with the mutation. As a result, over generations, more and more birds in the population will carry the mutation, and eventually, the entire population may evolve to become mango eaters. This process may take time, and the rate of evolution will depend on factors such as the size of the population, the rate of mutation, and the availability of mangoes as a food source.
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Which of the following is an example of a falsifiable hypothesis that could lead to scientific knowledge?
A. Loch Ness has a giant reptile living in it.
B. No aliens have crashed on Earth.
C. Humans were created.
D. Aliens have crashed on Earth.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Proof that aliens exist would lead to many scientific discoveries
What sort of environment (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic) does consuming excessive amounts of pure water create in the body fluid that surrounds your cells
Consuming excessive amounts of pure water creates hypotonic environment in the body fluid surrounding the cell.
What is a hypotonic solution?A solution having lower osmotic pressure than the solution to which it is compared.It has lower amount of solute (high amount of solvent) compared to other solution separated by a semi-permeable membrane.After consuming excessive amounts of pure water, the body fluid becomes hypotonic, so water enters from body fluid to the cell resulting in the cell to swell or break.Learn more about different solutions here:
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9. Which of the following is the example of the action of the autonomous nervous system? A. Kicking a ball B. Swinging of arms C. Swallowing of food D. Movement of food in small intestine.
Answer:
Your answer will be D. Movement of food in small intestine.
Explanation:
SOOOOO, here's a shorter, simplified answer for you:
When you digest things, you don't control it, like you can't tell your stomach to stop moving or your heart to stop beating. That's why it's called the "Autonomous Nervous System." Meaning that it's automatic, you don't have to think about it all the time...
Hope this helps you!
In an element's square on the periodic table, the number with the greatest numerical value represents the
O number of neutrons..
number of electrons.
atomic number.
atomic mass.
Mark this and return
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In the square of an element on the periodic table, the number with the highest numerical value represents the atomic number.
atomic number.What is the atomic number Z?The atomic number is represented by the letter Z and indicates the number of protons (p) in the nucleus of the atom. This quantity is characteristic of each chemical element.
With this information, we can conclude that The atomic number, represented by the capital letter Z, corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus of atoms (Z = p).
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The negative charge established along a nerve cell membrane is due to (select all that apply) A. movement of Cl- into the cell B. movement of proteins out of the cell C. movement of Na into the cell D. higher permeability of K relative to Na E. intracellular protein anions
The negative charge established along a nerve cell membrane is due to the D.higher permeability of K relative to Na.
Whilst the membrane will become permeable to k+, the k+ ions will freely waft until that membrane potential is reached. In this case, the ok+ ions will float OUT of the mobile, contributing to the mobile's hyperpolarization (from -70mV towards -96mV) within the path of the k+ equilibrium potential.
The bad charge inside the cellular is created via the cellular membrane being greater permeable to potassium ion movement than sodium ion movement. In neurons, potassium ions are maintained at excessive concentrations in the mobile whilst sodium ions are maintained at high concentrations out of doors of the cellular.
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A metastasis is _________. (a) a secondary tumor in a different part of the body that arises from a cell from the primary tumor. (b) a cell that is dividing in defiance of normal constraints. (c) a part of the primary tumor that has invaded the surrounding
A metastasis is a secondary tumor in a different part of the body that arises from a cell from the primary tumor (option A).
What is metastasis?A metastasis in medicine refers to the transference of a bodily disease to another part of the body.
It is specifically the development of a secondary area of disease remote from the original site e.g in cases of cancers.
Therefore, if a secondary tumor arises in a different part of the body from a cell from the primary tumor, it is called metastasis.
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Use complete sentences to explain how the mass of carbon is conserved during cellular respiration.
please help fast!!!!!
I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST IF YOU ANSWER THIS QUESTION. THANKS!
Human skin cells are replaced every 20 days, while human brain cells last 30 to 50
years. Why would brain cells need to last for so long? Why might this be a problem if
we managed to extend human life beyond 100 years?
In this question, there is a misinterpretation of the term "cell lifetime."
The body's structural building blocks are called cells. One of the body's methods for improving performance over time is to extend cell longevity.
Blood and skin cells are examples of "deliberately" disposable cells. This is because the best method for a cell's function is cell turnover. Skin cells are harmed when they are exposed to the abrasive outside environment. A wonderful method for combating the entropy of environmental harm is to slough them off and replace them with fresh ones. Red blood cells are transient "by design" since they lack a nucleus.
The brain's neurons are tuned for a fundamentally different purpose: memory. The brain's objective is to improve throughout time by building up knowledge and memories. These abilities and memories are "stored" as subtle structural adjustments to the way the brain's neuronal connections are organized. In order to maintain that structure as long as possible, the brain must. Since cells are the only thing that exist, the structure of neurons takes the form of their peculiar cell forms, which resemble the complicated tree branches that wind through the brain. If a neuron dies, it also leaves behind its structure and memories. Therefore, neurons should never die in the brain according to ideal design. This has resulted in several safeguards for this structure, including the blood brain barrier that guards against poisoning and the hard shell of the skull. '
Long-term brain health would be an issue if humans could live longer than 100 years. We would need to make investments in preventing this catastrophic mental failure as well as create therapies to keep the brain "fresh" because the brain did not adapt to endure that long (for example, dementia).
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing. Group of answer choices P wave T wave QRS complex P-R interval
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the QRS complex in an ECG tracing.
The conduction system in the ventricles depolarizes, and this depolarization spreads along the walls of the ventricles to produce the QRS complex. It represents electrical activity that occurs before the ventricles contract (ventricular systole). The QRS complex appears immediately after the onset of ventricular systole.An aberrant depolarization of the ventricles results in the formation of an abnormal QRS complex. The SA node, an ectopic pacemaker in the atria, AV junction, bundle branches, Purkinje network, or the ventricular myocardium are all possible pacemaker sites in these aberrant QRS complexes.An aberrant QRS complex might have any shape, from normal to wide and odd to slurred and notched.learn more about QRS complex here: https://brainly.com/question/10842164
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6. Your myth: dogs and cats are related
o Fact: they are in the same domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order
o Evidence:
o 1. they are in a lot of the same things but they are not the same because they are not in the same species or family.
o 2.
i need one more eason why they arent related
Answer:
dogs and cats are in the same kingdom, phylum, class, family, and order but the are of different species
Explanation:
this is because dogs are Canis familiaris and cats Felis catus, therefore they cant produce viable offspring. Moreover, in the cat family cats are basically loners, they are independent creatures. While dogs are mostly found in pack.
Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels
The postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway; option(c), is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels.
What is the pathway of the sympathetic nervous system?Preganglionic neurons found in the intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord, from the thoracic to mid-lumbar levels, are the exit points for sympathetic pathways from the central nervous system.
Postganglionic neurons connect with preganglionic axons at the sympathetic chain ganglia. After exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia through a gray ramus communicans (unmyelinated axons), the postganglionic neuron rejoins the spinal nerve and travels to the skin and blood vessels all over the body.
An inhibitory input to the smooth muscle in the body of the bladder, an excitatory input to the smooth muscle in the urethra, and an inhibitory and facilitatory input to the vesical parasympathetic ganglia are all provided by sympathetic postganglionic nerves that produce norepinephrine.
The complete question is:
Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels?
A. Splanchnic nerve pathway
B. Adrenal medulla pathway
C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
D. Spinal nerve pathway
E. None of the choices is correct.
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In an energy pyramid, the amount of energy at the producer level is 475,650 kilocalories. the pyramid has four trophic levels, including the producer level. assuming that 10% of the energy is retained at every level, how much energy is available for the second-level consumers? the energy available for the second-level consumers is kilocalories.
The energy available for the second-level consumers is 4756.5 kilocalories.
A trophic level is a position in the food chain or nutrient cycle of an ecosystem. Based on their eating habits, organisms in a food chain are divided into various levels. The first trophic level is usually occupied by producers that can synthesize their own food.
The efficient energy transfer from one trophic to another is only 10% rest of the energy is lost in the ecosystem. The studies of the transfer of energy in different food chains in a large number of ecosystems have revealed a uniform pattern, which is stated as the 10 percent law by Lindemann. According to this law, only 10 percent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.
Calculation:
Producers (475650 kilocalories) —> Primary consumers (10% of 475650 = 47565 kilocalories) —> Secondary consumers (10% of 47565 = 4756.5 kilocalories).
So, the energy available for second-level consumers is 4756.5 kilocalories.
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Answer:
4756.5
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
what is the end result of miosis
Mutation resulting from changes in a single gene is called ______________. gene mutations chromosomal mutations chromosomal aberrations translocation
Mutation resulting from changes in a single gene is called Gene mutation.
A gene variation is an alteration to a gene's DNA sequence that takes place throughout time. Gene variation is regarded to be a more accurate word for this sort of genetic change than gene mutation since changes in DNA do not necessarily result in illness.Gene variations can be acquired from one's parents or develop naturally over time.Inheritable variations are present in almost all of a person's cells throughout their lifetime and are transferred from parent to kid.Non-inherited variations appear at some point in a person's life and are found in just a subset of the body's cells, not all of them. Non-inherited variations are sometimes referred to as somatic variants since they generally arise in somatic cells.So we can conclude that a gene variation is a change in a gene's DNA sequence that occurs over time; it is thought to be a more appropriate term for this type of genetic change than gene mutation because DNA variations do not always cause disease, it also resulting from changes in a single gene.
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Many farmers and gardeners compost their plant and animal waste. The living material naturally decays in compost bins, forming a dirt-like substance that’s rich in nutrients. The next season, farmers use this substance as a natural fertilizer for their crops.
A biology student has grown tomato plants for several years. Until now, he used an artificial fertilizer formulated for tomato plants. This fertilizer caused his plants to grow faster and taller than they grew in unfertilized soil. The student wants to know whether using natural compost will cause his tomato plants to grow faster and taller than his artificial fertilizer.
The use of artificial fertilizer has helped the tomato plant to grow faster and taller.
Natural fertilizers such as plant and animal wastes are considered eco-friendly as they are not harmful to the environment. They add nutrients to the soil in a natural way and do not degrade the soil. But, their impact is slow and cannot fulfil all the lacking nutrients. On the other hand, artificial fertilisers are harmful to the environment as they degrade the soilStill, the farmers prefer artificial fertilizers over natural fertilizers. This is because they help the plant to grow faster and taller by fulfilling the requirement of all lacking nutrients.Thus, tomato plants are grown faster and taller due to the use of artificial fertilizers. Artificial fertilizers have a greater impact than natural fertilizers and provide the soil with the required nutrients.
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The fact that the body does not normally mount an immune response to the molecules in food is an example of ___.
The body does not normally mount an immune response to the food molecules due to Cell-Mediated Immunity which is a part of Humoral Immunity.
What is Cell-Mediated Immunity?
The cell-Mediated immune response involves the destruction of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells or the destruction of intracellular pathogens by macrophages.It does not involve antibody formation.It protects the body through T-cell mediated immunity, macrophages, and natural killer cells.The gastrointestinal immune system has the unique capacity to discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous materials.Dietary antigens trigger the generation of a regulatory Treg cell type in the small intestine that suppresses immune response to food.
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Someone please help
Answer:
1)Increase
2) oxygen and nitrogen
Explanation:
1) increases b/c if radiation is not going into space, its just staying in our atmosphere and heating stuff up cuz radiation is just heat.
2) This I am not 100% sure but it should be oxygen and nitrogen based on what I found on the web. https://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/absorption.html
Why do you think it is important to study the science of human life (biology) in psychology
Answer:
to understand the human and animal behaviour
Explanation:
By looking at the biological bases of human behavior, psychologists are better able to understand how the brain and physiological processes might influence the way people think, act, and feel.
Why is salivary amylase active for only an hour or so, whereas lingual lipase isn't active until reaching the stomach
Salivary amylase will be active for only an hour or so because the optimum pH for activity of amylase is about 6.7–7.0 which is available in the mouth but the pH of the stomach is acidic around 1-2 due to which the amylase enzyme becomes inactive in short-time.
The lingual lipase enzyme is present in the saliva but isn't active until reaching the stomach because this enzyme is acid stable and works efficiently in the stomach, not in the mouth.
Amylase enzyme is secreted in the mouth and is responsible for the breakdown of starch in food into sugars and it starts acting as soon as we put food in the mouth whereas Lingual lipase enzyme is secreted along with saliva but it is not active in the mouth rather its activity starts in the stomach which is responsible for the degradation of triacylglycerol molecules.
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Crossing over is __________. Crossing over is __________. the formation of tetrads an independent assortment of chromosomes the exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome
Crossing over is the exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes.
What is Crossing over?Chromosomal hybrid, or crossing over, is the trading of hereditary material during sexual multiplication between two homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids that outcomes in recombinant chromosomes. It is one of the last periods of hereditary recombination, which happens in the pachytene phase of prophase I of meiosis during a cycle called synapsis. Synapsis starts before the synaptonemal complex creates and isn't finished until close to the furthest limit of prophase I. Hybrid normally happens while matching areas on matching chromosomes break and afterward reconnect to the next chromosome. Getting over and DNA fix is very much like cycles, which use a considerable lot of similar protein edifices.To learn more about Crossing over refer to:
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Somebody Help me please
Answer:
shorter, more
Explanation:
When a gamma ray and a radio wave are compared, a gamma ray has a shorter wavelength and more energy than a radio wave.
What are the characteristics of most unsaturated fatty acids found within a human cell?.
The characteristics of most unsaturated fatty acids found within a human cell are deprotonated carboxylic acid and cis double bonds.
With the exception of steroids, fatty acids are carboxylic acids that provide the structural foundation of fats, oils, and all other types of lipids. More than 70 have been found in the natural world. They are typically unbranched, contain an even number of carbon atoms (often 12–20), and can be divided into groups based on the existence and quantity of carbon–carbon double bonds. As a result, saturated fatty acids don't have any carbon-to-carbon double bonds, while monounsaturated fatty acids have one, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more.learn more about unsaturated fatty acids here: https://brainly.com/question/3007736
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state the application of binomial nomenclature in naming organism
Answer:
simplifies the study of names of organisms in common language worldwide to all scientists
If a post-synaptic ionotropic receptor is permeable to potassium and assuming all normal ionic distributions, the response in the post synaptic cell will be...
If a post-synaptic ionotropic receptor is permeable to potassium and assuming all normal ionic distributions, the response in the post synaptic cell will be inhibitory.
Ion channels that open in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter are known as ionotropic receptors, also known as neurotransmitter-gated or ligand-gated channels. If there is a synapse, they can be found anywhere along the neuron, though they are typically found around the dendrites or cell body.Ligand-gated channels play a crucial role in the transmission of information from one neuron to another.Postsynaptic receptors can identify two different kinds of neurotransmitters. The action potential is swiftly transmitted by ionotropic receptors, also known as ligand-gated ion channels, to depolarize the neuron (or hyperpolarize the neuron and inhibit additional action potentials).learn more about ionotropic receptor here: https://brainly.com/question/9713967
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The ocean and the atmosphere serve aa long term storage areas for carbon and other nutrients.
The ocean and the atmosphere serve as long term storage areas for carbon and other nutrients which is referred to as reservoirs.
What is a Reservoir?This is referred to an area of water which contains various forms of nutrient in excess quantities.
It serves as a storage area and example include carbon sink where carbon compounds such as coal are found. This is therefore the reason why reservoir is the most appropriate choice.
The options include the following:
reservoirsfossil fuelsbiostoragescompoundsRead more about Reservoir here https://brainly.com/question/12725067
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