A neurotransmitter can have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic cell, depending on which of its receptor(s) are present on the postsynaptic (target) cell.
How do excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters act?Sometimes neurotransmitters can bind to receptors and cause an electrical signal to be transmitted through the cell (excitatory). In other cases, the neurotransmitter can prevent the signal from continuing, preventing the message from being carried (inhibitory).
With this information, we can conclude that a neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
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Specifically, for cancer treatments, the CRISPR system targets DNA sequence for ____________ , proteins in which the genes have been mutated and are causing unregulated growth of a cell.
The CRISPR system targets DNA sequences for precisely cutting DNA and then letting natural DNA repair processes take over.
What is the CRISPR system?
CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by accurately slicing DNA, which is then repaired by the body's mechanisms. The Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA make up the system's two components. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which some bacterial species use as a component of their antiviral defenses. Co-founder Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier and a team of researchers figured out how to employ this technology as a gene-editing tool (Jinek, et al. Science 2012) An enzyme known as a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease that functions as a "molecular scissors" to cut DNA where a guide specifies RNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic informational molecule that most organisms use to store the "instructions for life". Living beings employ ribonucleic acid (RNA), a molecule related to DNA, for a variety of tasks, including carrying and reading the DNA "instructions." RNA molecules known as "guide RNA" (gRNA) attach to Cas9.
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Who was the first scientist to us phylogenetic taxonomy
Answer:
Charles Darwin (1859)
Explanation
Is usually credited as being the originator of modern phylogenetic trees, with contemporary taxa at the leaves and ancestors at the internal nodes.
DNA is coiled into chromosomes in a cell’s
Answer:
I DONT UNDERSTAND THE QUESTION
Explanation:
What other system of measurements is still used by a few countries?
Explanation:
555555dddfffccccvvbkf
An organism that must eat
food to obtain its energy is
a(n)
A. Producer
B. Autotroph
C. Biomass
D. Heterotroph
Answer:
D. Heterotroph
Explanation:
Heterotrophs rely on outside food sources, such as plant or animal materials, for their energy. In contrast, photo- or chemoautotrophs obtain their energy and building materials from the sun or from inorganic chemicals.
Diagnostic reagents useful for detecting antigen by the COAGGLUTINATION reaction may be prepared by binding antibody to killed staphylococcal cells via the Fc receptor of staphylococcal protein A. The class of antibody bound by this protein is:
Diagnostic reagents useful for detecting antigen by the COAGGLUTINATION reaction may be prepared by binding antibody to killed staphylococcal cells via the Fc receptor of staphylococcal protein A. The class of antibody bound by this protein is IgG.
IgG antibodies are monomers and do not agglutinate immediately (termed non-agglutinating antibodies).IgG antibodies are powerful molecules that have the special capacity to connect foreign particles to innate immune cells. IgG antibodies attach to cellular Fc receptors with a low affinity while recognizing antigens with a high affinity. Immune complexes are formed during these encounters, producing high-avidity interactions. Although numerous factors, including the IgG isotype and the makeup of the glycan on the IgG antibody, can affect the Fc receptor binding by IgG antibodies, the effector actions induced by IgG antibodies are strongly dependent on the kind of Fc receptor that is bound.learn more about antibody here: https://brainly.com/question/15382995
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person who has a weakened immune system may not be able to fight against infection because
Answer:
When your immune system is weakened, your body can't fight off viruses, bacteria, or fungi very well. This can lead to serious infections and can pose a major health risk.
A proto-oncogene may not only move next to another gene, but also be transcribed and translated with it as if they are one gene. The double gene product is called a(n)
The double gene product is called oncogene
What is oncogene?Numerous crucial genes that control cell growth and division are present in your cells. Proto-oncogenes are the names given to these genes in their normal state.Many vital genes that control cell division and proliferation are present in your cells. Oncogenes are the mutated versions. Oncogenes can cause cancer by causing uncontrolled cell division.Activation is the process through which a proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene. Numerous genetic processes, such as transduction, insertional mutagenesis, amplification, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations, can activate proto-oncogenes.Learn more about gene here:
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Medicine is an example of pure science.
True
False
which molecule most likely has the greastest amount of stored energy in its bond
Answer:
O=C=O
Explanation:
Visual and hearing receptors are irreplaceable, but the taste and olfactory receptors are continuously renewed True False
The statement "although taste and olfactory receptors are constantly renewed, visual and auditory or hearing receptors are irreplaceable." is true.
Visual Receptors: Rods and cones are the two types of cells present in the retina of the eye. They work as visual receptors which establishes a synaptic network involving neurons which connects the receptors to brain and help us in visualizing. However loss of neurons in the retina because of any kind of physical or biological damage permanently cuts the connection of receptors with brain and it cannot be replaced naturally.
Hearing receptors: Inside the ears there is a small structure known as cochlea which contains the Organ of Corti which further contains the hair cells [sensory cells] working as hearing receptors but research till date concludes that mammalian cochlear hair cells do not regenerate, either spontaneously or after damage.
Taste receptors: The small little bumps present of our tongue are known as papillae which functions as taste receptors as they contain taste buds. Scientifically there taste buds die off and regenerate every few weeks.
Olfactory receptors: These receptors keep on replacing due to continuous differentiation of basal cells which develop and are capable of reestablishing the connection with Central nervous system.
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When groundwater is depleted, the ground surface above can sink down over time. This is
called:
Select one:
O a. Ground Loss
O b. Subtrusion
O c. Subsidence
O d. Land Subsistence
Answer:
The answer is D
Explanation:
When groundwater is depleted, the ground surface above can sink down over time. This is called Land Subsistence. Thus, option "D" is correct.
What causes subsidence?Subsidence is a phenomenon of lowering of the ground surface due to changes in the underground support. The phenomenon occurs in several places in the world due to the
extraction of wateroiland gas from the subsoil.With this information, we can conclude that Land subsidence is related to human population growth.
Thus, option "D" is correct.
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Cells that primarily produce steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, have large quantities of.
Answer: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cells that primarily produce steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, have large quantities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Thus, Depending on whether ribosomes are present or not, the endoplasmic reticulum may be smooth or rough.
Small, spherical organelles called ribosomes produce the proteins that cells need.
They are also known as the cell's protein factories. Ribosomes are found in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. The two forms of ER frequently give the impression of being distinct, yet they are actually parts of the same organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum.
Thus, Cells that primarily produce steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, have large quantities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Thyroid hormones A. regulate basal metabolic rate B. are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis C. contain chromium and tyrosine as structural cofactors D. are tropic E. A and B
Thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate.
The hormone known as thyroid hormone regulates your body's metabolism, or how your body turns the food you eat into energy.Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the two primary hormones your thyroid secretes, together make up thyroid hormone.The thyroid gland creates hormones that control the body's metabolic rate, which affects bone growth and maintenance, heart, muscle, and digestive function.Thyroid hormones regulate the amount of energy expended during activity to the extent that people with thyroid disorders exercise more or less. They also have a direct impact on the basal or resting metabolic rate in humans and a permissive effect on small animals' adaptive thermogenesis.learn more about Thyroid hormones here: https://brainly.com/question/9251938
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The action potential spreads through an axon by Group of answer choices depolarizing adjacent membrane to threshold, triggering another action potential. inflow of potassium ions and outflow of sodium ions. a non-decremental of graded potential. a decremental of graded potential.
The action potential spreads through an axon by depolarizing adjacent membrane to threshold.
K+ departs the cell after Na+, which enters the cell first. Ions can move freely across the axon membrane because of the difference during the action potential.Because sodium contains a positive charge, the neuron becomes more positive and depolarized. Potassium channels take longer to open. As soon as the cell does open, K+ rushes out, reversing the depolarization known as repolarization.Sodium channels close during the peak of the action potential when potassium leaves the cell. When potassium ions are effluxed, the membrane potential is lowered or the cell becomes hyperpolarized.Outside of the cell, the concentration of Na+ is greater than inside the cell. while the concentration of K+ is is greater inside the cell than outside.learn more about action potential here: brainly.com/question/6705448
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Why does an analysis of all an animal’s genes reveal more about its classification than studying its visible features or behavior?
The analysis of all an animal’s genes reveals more about its classification than behavior because fine-tuning evolution is evidenced by homo-logous sequences.
What is sequence homo-logy?Sequence homo-logy refers to different nucleotide sequences that are similar due to a common origin.
Behavior may be due to the convergence of a feature in distinct lineages, but evolution is largely determined by homo-logy between gene sequences.
In conclusion, fine-tuning evolution is evidenced by homo-logous sequences.
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I need help with these questions
Answer:
1. Vacuole, nucleotide, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus can all occur in certain eukaryotes. I would say 2,3,4 is the safest answer but you might want to wait for someone else as well
2. B
Explanation:
Two genes are 14 map units apart on the X chromosome. What percent of the father's gametes will be recombinant
Two genes are separated by 14 map units on the X chromosome. The percentage of the father's gametes that will be recombinant is 30%.
How is the recombination rate calculated?To assess the occurrence of the permutation, the rate of recombination between two genes is determined. As the ratio is multiplied by 100, the value expresses the percentage of recombinant gametes in the total gametes. Thus, if the recombinant gametes make up 30% of the total, the recombination rate is 30%.
With this information, we can conclude that Parental Gametes are formed even if there is no recombination and appear in greater numbers. Recombinant Gametes are formed only if there is an exchange and appear in smaller numbers.
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Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______. Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______. passive transport active transport pinocytosis phagocytosis
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport.
What is facilitated diffusion?Facilitated diffusion is the process in which molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers.Selective processEven though it involves transport proteins, it is passive because the solute is moving down the concentration gradient whereas in active process molecules move against concentration gradient.Small nonpolar molecules can easily diffuse across the cell membrane.Learn more about active and passive transport here:
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Find the missing link:
Answer:
biotic
Explanation:
What is the main difference between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell?
Answer:
The primary distinction between these two types of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.
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What are the key important things you need to know about dna
For revision notes
Answer:
Nucleic acids are the organic materials present in all organisms in the form of DNA or RNA.
These nucleic acids are formed by the combination of nitrogenous bases, sugar molecules and phosphate groups that are linked by different bonds in a series of sequences.
Explanation:
“DNA is a group of molecules that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the hereditary materials or the genetic instructions from parents to offsprings.”
DNA is known as Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is an organic compound that has a unique molecular structure. It is found in all prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
The four roles that DNA plays in the cell are:
(1) storage of information via the genetic code so that cellular processes can be initiated and maintained.
(2) the generation of genetic variation through mutation and recombination.
(3) The copying and replication of genetic information so that it can be passed onto daughter cells. It is this function that makes DNA the molecule of inheritance.
(4) gene expression. The transcription and translation of genetic material to produce proteins, enzymes and other gene products necessary for growth and life.
Replacing native gel electrophoresis with nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) during the purification step results in eluates with no enzymatic activity. The best explanation of this observation would be:
Replacing native gel electrophoresis with SDS results in eluates with no enzymatic activity because it confers a negative charge to proteins, thereby neutralizing them.
What is sodium dodecyl sulfate?The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a detergent used in molecular biology laboratories.
This detergent (SDS) confers a negative charge to proteins, thereby neutralizing them (loss of their enzymatic activity).
In conclusion, SDS results in eluates with no enzymatic activity because this detergent may neutralize them.
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Toward the end of heavy exercise lasting 3 hr or more, _______________ provides almost all the carbohydrate used by the muscles.
Toward the end of heavy exercise lasting 3 hr or more, glycogen provides almost all the carbohydrates used by the muscles.
Glycogen stored in active muscles supplies almost all of the energy in the transition from rest to moderate submaximal exercise. During the initial hour of submaximal prolonged exercise, muscle glycogen is the main carbohydrate source. However, muscle glycogen levels decrease over time and more blood glucose is used. It takes 3,500 calories to burn a pound of fat.
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Pollination by birds is called:
w) autogamy
x) ornithophily
y) entomophily
z) anemophily
Answer:
x) OrnithophilyWhen pollination is carried out by birds, it is called "Ornithophily." Hummingbirds, spiderhunters, sunbirds, honeycreepers and honeyeaters are the most common species of birds who pollinate. Hummingbird facts.Explanation:
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[tex]\\ \red{MaggieEve}[/tex]
which type of organism can obtain energy directly from any of the other organisms in an ecosystem? is it herbivour,producer decompocer or carnivour
Answer:
Herbivores
Explanation:
Herbivores obtain energy directly from producers (i.e green plants)
Compare and contrast genetic engineering to the process of natural selection select all statements that are are
Genetic engineering is due to the human selection of desired phenotypes, whereas natural selection is a slow process of differential survival and reproduction.
What does natural selection mean?According to the evolution theory, natural selection is a slow process of differential survival of the fittest organisms in a given environment.
Conversely, genetic engineering refers to the molecular biology techniques used in the laboratory to produce organisms expressing desired phenotypes.
In conclusion, genetic engineering is based on human molecular biology techniques, whereas natural selection refers to differential survival and reproduction in nature.
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After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material. After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material. labeled DNA ... DNA labeled DNA ... labeled protein labeled protein ... DNA labeled protein .... protein labeled DNA .... protein
After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained 32P which demonstrated that DNA is the phage's genetic material.
Scientists weren't sure if a cell's genetic material was made up of proteins or DNA until the middle of the 20th century.It was known that some viruses could transmit their genetic material into hosts and only contained DNA and a protein coat.Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed several tests in 1952 to demonstrate that DNA was the genetic material.In order to radioactively label a particular viral component, viruses (T2 bacteriophage) were cultured in one of two isotopic media.Viral proteins that had been radiolabeled during growth in radioactive sulfur (35S) (sulfur is present in proteins but not DNA)Radiolabeled DNA was found in viruses growing in radioactive phosphorus (32P) (phosphorus is present in DNA but not proteins)After the viruses had a chance to infect the bacteria (E. coli), they were centrifuged to separate the bacteria from the virus.While the tiny viruses stayed in the supernatant, the larger bacteria formed a solid pellet.The 32P-viruses (DNA) were found to make the bacterial pellet radioactive, but not the 35S-viruses (protein)Because DNA was transferred to the bacteria, it was proven that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.learn more about Hershey and Chase experiment here: https://brainly.com/question/14452453
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can someone help with this activity please!
Answer:
Replicated DNA Sequence: CCC | CTC | TTA | CTT | TGA | CAA | ACA | TCG
Transcribed RNA Sequence: GGG | GAG | AAU | GAA | ACU | AUU | UGU | AGC
Mystery Word: GENETICS
Explanation:
Original DNA Sequence:
GGG | GAG | AAT | GAA | ACT | ATT | TGT | AGC
Replicated DNA Sequence: Adenine--Thymine, Guanine--Cytosine
CCC | CTC | TTA | CTT | TGA | CAA | ACA | TCG
Transcribed RNA Sequence: Adenine--Uracil
GGG | GAG | AAU | GAA | ACU | AUU | UGU | AGC
Mystery Word: Use the codon chart
G - E - N - E - T - I - C - S
A. according to the data, what ph is optimum for bread mold growth? how do you know?
Explanation:
Fungi can grow in various pH levels, however oxygen would need to be present in the process. Increased mold growth has typically been seen in pH levels. The pH levels below 7 generally have had increased mold growth. mold growth on bakery product spoilage and partly look into the affects of pH on the bread.