a light ray strikes one face of the zirconia crystal at an angle of incidence of 18. once inside, what is the ray's angle with respect to the face of the crystal?

After separation, each sphere will have a charge of 250e, which is equal to the total excess charge that was transferred between the two spheres.

After sphere x loses 500 electrons, it becomes negatively charged, with a charge of -500e, where e is the charge on an electron. After sphere y gains 1000 electrons, it becomes positively charged, with a charge of 1000e.

When the two spheres are put in contact with each other and then separated, they will transfer some of their excess charges to each other until they are both neutralized. This means that sphere x will lose some of its excess electrons to sphere y, and sphere y will gain some of the electrons that sphere x loses.

The total charge of the two spheres after separation will be the sum of the charges on each sphere. Therefore, the charge on sphere x after separation will be (-500e + 1000e) / 2 = 250e, and the charge on sphere y after separation will be (-500e + 1000e) / 2 = 250e.

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A body of mass 2.64 kg is pushed straight upward by a 32.9 N vertical force, then its acceleration is 2.67m/s^2

Given the mass of body (m) = 2.64kg

Force acting on the body (F) = 32.9N

We know that F = ma where a is the acceleration on the body.

Here when body is thrown upwards acceleration acts upwards along with the force but in the opposite direction the gravitational acceleration acts downwards.

Then Fg force due to gravity is = mg where g is the gravitational acceleration = 9.8m/s^2

Fnet = F - Fg

ma = F- mg

a = 32.9 - (2.64x9.8)/2.64 = 2.66

Hence the acceleration acting on the body is 2.67m/s^2

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The only planet without an atmosphere is Mercury. But it does have an exosphere, a layer of gases that are released from the terrestrial planet's surface after being absorbed by the solar wind.

Terrestrial planets' weak gravitational fields rendered their main atmospheres unsupportable. It is well known that these planets have weak gravitational fields. In addition, the atmosphere was lost as a result of the planet's velocity, atomic mass, and surface temperature.

Mercury, the smallest planet, has already lost the majority of its inner heat due to the different cooling speed.

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The speeds and the direction of each after the collision:

The proton = -1.692 x 10⁷m/s to the left.

The carbon = 0.3076 x 10⁷ m/s to the right.

If there are two object each with masses m₁ and m₂ move with speed v₁ and v₂, then the two objects collide, so after colliding the speed of each object becomes v₁’ and v₂'.

Since there are no external forces acting on the system, then the momentum of the system is conserved, meaning the momentum before and after the same collision.

The equation is:

(m₁)(v₁) + (m₂)(v₂) = (m₁v₁)' + (m₂v₂)'

We have,

velocity of the proton = 2.0 x 10⁷ m/s ⇒ v₁

Mass of the proton = m₁

The velocity of a carbon atom = 0 ⇒ v₂  

The mass of the carbon atom = 12 m₁

So, the speeds of proton after the collision:

(m₁)(v₁) + (m₂)(v₂) = (m₁v₁)' + (m₂v₂)'

v₁’ = (m₁ - m₂) / (m₁ + m₂) (v₁)

= (m₁ - 12m₁) / (m₁ + 12m₁) (2.0 x 10⁷)

= (-11 m₁) / (13m₁) (2.0 x 10⁷)

= -1.692 x 10⁷m/s ⇒ it's negative, so to the left.

Now, the speed of the carbon atom after collision:

V₂’ = (2m₁) / (m₁ + m₂)v₁

= 2/13 (2 x 10⁷)

=  0.3076 x 10⁷ m/s ⇒ it's positive, so to the right.

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Gamma radiation, commonly referred to as gamma rays, are piercing electromagnetic radiation waves that result from the radioactive disintegration of atomic nuclei. It comprises electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths than X-rays, on average.

It imparts the most photon energy at frequencies exceeding 30 exahertz (30 X [tex]10^{18}[/tex] Hz). While researching radiation emitted by radium, French chemist and physicist Paul Villard made the discovery of gamma radiation in 1900.

Based on this radiation's relatively strong penetration of matter, Ernest Rutherford gave it the name gamma rays in 1903; in 1900, he had already given the names alpha and beta rays, in ascending order of penetrating power, to two less penetrating types of decay radiation (discovered by Henri Becquerel).

The electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength and highest energy is known as a gamma ray. The wavelengths of gamma radiation are often less than a few tenths of an angstrom ([tex]10^{-10}[/tex] meter), yet the energy of gamma photons exceeds tens of thousands of electron volts.

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a) The index of refraction for Jell-O is  1.027.

b) The angle of refraction is 38.28°.

The index of refraction measures how a light beam bends when it travels through different media. The refractive index n is defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction.

if i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum (angle between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to the surface of a medium, known as the normal), and r is the angle of refraction (angle between the ray in the medium and the normal). Then:

[tex]n = \frac{sini}{sinr}[/tex]

a)   the index of refraction for Jell-O is = speed of light in air/speed of the light in the medium

=   3.00x 10^8 m/s /2.92 x 10^8 m/s

= 1.027

b) the angle of refraction is = sin⁻¹(1.027sin37.1°)

= 38.28°

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On a typical seismogram, surface waves will show the highest amplitudes.

Seismogram. the file of an earthquake's seismic waves produced through a seismograph. floor waves ( L ) remaining to go away focus; best travels via solids; reasons crust to ripple like waves on ocean (maximum destructive) Body waves ( P & S )waves journey quickest and are the primary to reach from the earthquake.

In S or shear waves, rock oscillates perpendicular to the course of wave propagation. In rock, S waves commonly journey approximately 60% the velocity of P waves, and the S wave constantly arrives after the P wave.

P waves are compressional waves and journey at the best velocity; hence, they come first.The primary, or P, waves journey maximum fast and are the primary to be registered through the seismograph. Secondary, or S, waves journey extra slowly.

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The utility cost can such a solar panel save is 4.286 m² and  the initial cost or any maintenance cost of the solar panels is $ 55.44/mo.

If we assume that the sun is behaving as an isotropic radiator, the power density that is arriving to the house, is constant and equal to the quoted solar irradiance.

If the energy conversion capability of the solar panels were 100%, the roof area needed to supply the power required, would be simply the quotient between the power required and the solar irradiance, as follows:

A = P / SI = 10 A* 120 V / 800 W/m² = 1200 W / 800 W/m²= 1,5 m²

As the solar panels are only 35% efficient in converting the solar energy to useful electrical energy, we will need more roof area, according to this expression:

Ae = At / 0.35 = 1,5 / 0.35 = 4.286 m²

b) If we can get 1200 W during 7 hs/day, the energy supplied by the solar panels will be the product of the power times the time, as follows:

E= 1200 W* 7 hs = 8.4 Kwh

If the cost per Kwh, is $0.22, assuming 7 hs. of use in average during a month (assumed to be of 30 days), we can have savings as follows:

Cost = 0.22($/Kwh)* 8.4 (Kwh/day)*30 (days/mo) = $ 55.44

Complete question: Assuming 800 W / m 2 solar irradiance and a 35 % efficient solar panel, how much roof area should be covered to supply 10 A at 120 V ? A = 4.286 m 2 (within three decimal places) Given an average of 7 h o u r s of sunshine per day and a utility cost of $ 0.22 k W h , how much of the utility cost can such a solar panel save? Ignore the initial cost or any maintenance cost of the solar panels

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The period of y for two satellites that are being watched as they orbit the planet is 22.63 times, and if the period of rotation of satellite x is T, satellite y.

Is four times as far from the Centre of the earth as satellite x. A satellite, often known as an artificial satellite, is a spacecraft that has been put into orbit on purpose. With the exception of passive satellites, most spacecraft have a method for producing electricity for the electronics they carry, such as solar cells or radioisotope thermoelectric generators. From above the Northern Hemisphere, Earth circles the Sun in a counterclockwise manner at an average distance of 149.60 million kilometres. It takes 365.256 days to complete one orbit.

Tx/Ty = (rx/ry) 3/2 = (8/1) 3/2 = 8 3/2 where Tx/Ty = (rx/ry) 3/2 =

X's revolution lasts for 8/3 = 22.63 times as long as Y does

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We will connect 18 resistors in series and in this combination we will get 3.5V across the last 7 resistors.

     _________R1__________R2________

as shown above let R1 and R2 be the final combination of resistors and the voltage across R2 be 3.5V

  since the combination is connected across 9V battery so we need to find the current flown through the circuit.

let the current through the circuit be I

so I = [tex]\frac{9}{R_1+R_2}[/tex]

so the voltage across R2  is  R2 *i

and  we have assumed that the volatage across R is 3.5V.

so 3.5 = (9*R2)/(R1+R2)

=>   3.5R1+ 3.5R2 =9R2

=>   3.5R1 = 5.5R2

=>    7R1 = 11 R2

so R1= 11Ω and R2 = 7Ω

so we have a series combination of 18 resistors and voltage across the last 7 resistor is 3.5V

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The air pressure drops as altitude rises. Initially, the pressure within the sealed container was the same as the pressure at sea level.

You bring a bag of chips with you when you get on an airline. Because the air pressure within the airtight bag is higher than the cabin air pressure, the bag expands while in flight.

There is a suction. In accordance with the Bernoulli principle, air pressure varies. The pressure in the flight cabin drops during takeoff and as the aircraft climbs in altitude. The pressure inside the package is higher when compared to the pressure inside the box or the bag.

Any variety of potato chips, including Pringles, are permitted in carry-on luggage for consumption during flights.

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The car will be going with the speed of 20m/s in 5 seconds.

It is provided that a car is starting from the rest and has a constant acceleration of 4m/s².

The time taken by the car during its motion is 5 seconds.

Using the first equation of motion,

V = U+at

Where,

V is the final velocity,

U is the initial velocity

a is the acceleration and,

t is the time taken by the car during the motion.

Now, putting all the values accordingly,

V = 4 × 5

V = 20 m/s.

So, the car will be going at a speed of 20m/s in 5 seconds.

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If the speed is doubled and the radius stays unchanged Acceleration becomes half.

For uniform circular motion, acceleration=v2/r where v is velocity and r is radius.

Let initial velocity be V and initial radius be R. So, initial acceleration = V2/R.

Finally, velocity is unchanged(=V) and radius is doubled. So, radius is 2R.

Hence, centripetal acceleration = V2/(2R) = 1/2 V2/R.

So, acceleration becomes half.

Any change in an object's velocity causes an acceleration, including increasing speed, decreasing speed, or changing direction. Yes, that's correct even when the traveling item neither speeds up nor slows down a change in direction of motion causes an acceleration.

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The angular momentum of the moon in its orbit around the earth is 28854.80* 10³⁰ kg.m²/s.

Given that,

Mass of the moon = 7.35 * 10²² kg

Radius of the orbit = 3.84 * 10⁸ m

Let us find the tangential velocity,

v = 2π* r/ T = (2π* 3.84 * 10⁸ )/ 2.36 * 10⁶ = 1022.35 m/s

T is transformed from days to seconds.

T = 27.3 * 86400 sec/ 1 day = 2.36 * 10⁶ s

The formula to find out angular momentum is, L = r *m* v

where, L is the angular momentum

r is the radius

m is the mass

v is the tangential velocity

L = 3.84 * 10⁸ * 7.35 * 10²² * 1022.35 = 28854.80* 10³⁰ kg.m²/s

Thus, the angular momentum of the moon in its orbit around the earth is 28854.80* 10³⁰ kg.m²/s.

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The maximum power that can be drawn from this photodiode is  5.6 μ w.

A photodiode is a light-touchy semiconductor diode. It produces cutting-edge when it absorbs photons. The bundle of a photodiode allows light to reach the sensitive part of the device. The bundle may additionally consist of lenses or optical filters.

Calculation:-

FF = Pmax/Pt

Pmax = ff× Pt

         = 0.5 * 80 μ * 140 m

        = Pmax = 5.6 μ w

Photodiodes. Photodiodes are a category of diodes that converts mild power to power. Their running is exactly the other of LEDs that are additionally diodes however they convert power to mild strength. Photodiodes also can be utilized in detecting the brightness of the light.

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Answer:

32 A.

Explanation:

In a transformer, the ratio of the voltage across the primary coil to the voltage across the secondary coil is equal to the ratio of the current in the primary coil to the current in the secondary coil. This relationship is known as the transformer equation, and it can be written as follows:

Vp / Vs = Is / Ip

Where Vp is the voltage across the primary coil, Vs is the voltage across the secondary coil, Is is the current in the secondary coil, and Ip is the current in the primary coil.

Given the values provided in the problem, we can substitute them into the transformer equation to find the current in the primary coil:

Ip = (Vp * Is) / Vs

= (132 kV * 8 A) / 33 kV

= 32 A

Therefore, the current in the primary coil of the transformer is 32 A.

The energy in biomass is used to make electricity and the energy stored in biomass  in the form of chemical bonds.

Biomass contains stored chemical energy from sun and plants produce biomass through photosynthesis. Biomass can be burned directly for heat or converted to renewable liquid and gaseous fuels through various other processes. Biomass is organic, which means it is made up of material derived from living beings like plants or animals.

Biogas is obtained from organic wastes( animal excreta, agricultural waste etc.). These wastes have stored chemical energy in them, and these chemical energy convert into bio-energy on combustion.

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Answer: v = 1.64 m/s

Explanation:

Fc = (m * v^2)/r

v = [tex]\sqrt{(r * Fc) / m}[/tex]

v = sqrt((1.31m * (30.2 N - (2.55kg * 9.8 m/s^2))) / 2.55 kg)

v = 1.64 m/s

The true statement of the magnitudes of tensions T₁, T2, and T3 in the

ropes in the diagram shown is the sum of the y-components of T₁ and

T₂ is equal to 20 N.

Option C is correct.

Tension is described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, a rope, chain, or similar object, or by each end of a rod, truss member, or similar three-dimensional object.

Tension might also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of said elements.

We know that the block remains in equilibrium, so the forces must balance themselves in each direction at all points.

Consider the forces acting at the intersection of the three strings.

Here T3 =W=20N

The forces at the point must balance in vertical direction.

Therefore T3= Sum of y-components of T1 and T2 =20N

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Identical forces act for the same length of time on two different objects. the magnitude of the change in momentum of the lighter object is: c. exactly equal to the magnitude of the change in momentum of the larger mass.

if a ball is thrown at a guy and strikes him in the face. It illustrates how difficult it would have been to stop the scenario. A baseball is flying through the air. An enormous truck is moving. This kind of gun fired a bullet. Momentum is measured by "mass velocity" since it depends on the body's motion's velocity and direction. Since mass is a scalar and velocity is a vector, momentum is a vector quantity. Momentum is the product of mass and speed.

Identical forces act for the same length of time on two different objects. the magnitude of the change in momentum of the lighter object is: _________a. larger than the magnitude of the change in momentum of the larger mass. b. smaller than the magnitude of the change in momentum of the larger mass, but not zero. c. exactly equal to the magnitude of the change in momentum of the larger mass. d. There is not enough information to answer the question zero.

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The change in internal energy of system is −87 J and that of environment is 87 J.

Calculation :

given,

        Q = 164 j

        W = 77 j

Q = W +ΔU

77 = 164 + ΔU

ΔU = 77 - 164

      = - 87 j

The change in internal energy of system is −87 J and that of environment is 87 J.

In physics, energy is the quantitative property transmitted to the body or physical system, perceived in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is Conserved - The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transformed into form, but cannot be created or destroyed. The unit of measure for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

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Speed be after traveling 40 m is  10 m/s.

From kinetic equation we will have

[tex]Vf^{2}[/tex] - [tex]Vi^{2}[/tex] = 2ad

5² - Vi² = 2a × 10

after 40m distance

[tex]Vf^{2}[/tex] - [tex]Vi^{2}[/tex] = 2a × 40

here let say it start from rest

vi = 0

5² - 0 = 2a × 10

[tex]Vf^{2}[/tex] - 0  = 2a × 40

divide the two equation

[tex]Vf^{2}[/tex] /25 = 2a ×40 / 2a × 10

Vf  = 10 m/s

The rate at which an object moves in relation to a reference point is measured as its speed. It is regarded as a magnitude or scalar quantity and has no direction. The formula: can be used to calculate speed.

Speed equals Distance/Time.

Average Speed - The average speed of an object is determined by the distance it covered in a predetermined amount of time. A car's average speed over the period of an hour if it traveled 50 miles is 50 mph. The car may have experienced instantaneous speeds between 40 and 60 mph throughout that time, but its average speed was 50 mph.

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A spectrum of seven colors ( red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet) is created when white light travels through a glass prism and is dispersed.

When white light travels through a prism, dispersion is the breaking of the light into its individual colors. The seven colors that make up the spectrum are produced. White light experiences varying degrees of color bending when it passes through a prism.

The longest wavelength and least bending color are red, yet violet bends the most. A red light would therefore be at the apex of the created spectrum, violet would be at the bottom, and the remaining hues or colors would be in between.

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The diameter of the lowest string is = 4 x the diameter of the highest string.

Option ( B ) is correct.

According to the given data in the question,

The number of strings on the guitar = 6

The highest string is vibrating 4 times more than that the lowest string.

The formula of the frequency is shown as,

[tex]F = \frac{V}{2L}[/tex]

V = velocity of the sound

L = length of the string

The formula of frequency could also be written as -

u is the linear density of the string ⇒ u = m / L

m is the mass of the string

T is the tension of the string,

[tex]F = \frac{1}{2L}\sqrt \frac{T}{u}[/tex]

A is depicted as the cross-sectional area of the string and d is the diameter so the mass =

m = ρ x A x L (ρ is the density)

m = ρ x [tex]\frac{\pi }{4}[/tex] x [tex]d^{2}[/tex] x L

Frequency =

[tex]F = \frac{1}{2L}\sqrt \frac{T}{u}[/tex]

F = [tex]\frac{1}{2L}[/tex] x [tex]\sqrt{} \frac{4T}{p\pi d^{2} }[/tex]

F = [tex]\frac{1}{L}\frac{1}{d}\sqrt{}\frac{4T}{p\pi }[/tex]

Lengths of the string are the same so frequency is inversely proportional to string diameter,

F ∝ [tex]\frac{1}{d}[/tex]

So, 4F( low ) = F ( high )

d ( low ) = 4d ( high )

Therefore, The diameter of the lowest string is = 4 x the diameter of the highest string.

Option ( B ) is correct.

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The 6 strings on a guitar all have about the same length and are stretched with about the same tension.The highest string vibrates with a frequency that is 4 times that of the lowest string.

If the strings are made of the same material, how would you expect the diameters of the lowest and highest strings to compare?

A. d(low)=2d(high)

B. d(low)=4d(high)

C. d(low)=16d(high)

Manometer-style pressure gauges have a small, liquid-filled U-shaped tube inside.

Reading the marks on this tube will tell you how pressurized your system is. When pressure is applied to either side of the gauge, the water in the tube rises in one direction or the other. The most important kinds of pressure measurements use atmospheric pressure as their standard. When a tire is inflated to 30 psi, for instance, a standard tire pressure gauge will display this number as 30 psig (the "g" stands for gauge pressure). The liquid fill makes pressure measurements simpler by attenuating vibration, mechanical stress, and pressure pulsations. Due to the ambient atmosphere, the liquid fill prevents corrosion, moisture infiltration, and ice.

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The average rate of change in concentration is calculated to be 0.00404 M/s.

Average rate of change is described as (change in concentration)/(change in time).

Given the concentrations of the reactant (A), we may first determine the average change in A.

Change in A = 0.14 - 0.395 = -0.51 M

Average rate = -0.51 M/252 s = -0.00202 M/s

The negative sign indicates the decreasing [A] over time.

The stoichiometry of the equation, which states that two Bs are produced for every A utilised, is used to determine the average rate of change of B.

So, average rate of change of B is 2 × 0.00202 = 0.00404 M/s

The question is incomplete. The complete question is 'A → 2B

Time(s)      Concentration of A (M)

0.                0.65

126.             0.395

252.            0.140'

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The tennis ball is 2.15 metre above the court.

The tennis ball departs from the racket horizontally with a speed of 29m/s and it hits the court at a horizontal distance of 19.3 m from the racket.

The vertical height of the tennis ball before it leave the racket can be found by using the relation,

R = V√(2H/g)

Where,

R is the horizontal range,

V is the initial speed of the tennis ball,

H is the vertical height of the tennis ball from the court,

g is the gravitational acceleration.

Putting all the values,

We get,

19.3 = 29√(2H/9.8)

H = 2.15 m.

So, the height of the tennis ball is 2.15m

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