a large industrial vapor compression refrigeration system uses ammonia as the working fluid.

The minimum duration of the pulse is approximately 3.27 femtoseconds. This calculation is based on the uncertainty principle and the given uncertainty in energy, wavelength, and Planck's constant.

According to the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, there is a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as energy and time, can be simultaneously known. In the case of light, the uncertainty principle relates the uncertainty in energy (∆E) to the uncertainty in time (∆t) through the equation:

∆E ∆t ≥ h/2π

where ∆E is the uncertainty in energy, ∆t is the uncertainty in time, and h is Planck's constant (approximately 6.626 × 10^(-34) J·s).

We are given the uncertainty in energy as 1.0% of the total energy of the photons. This can be expressed as:

∆E = 0.01 × E

where E is the total energy of the photons.

The energy of a photon can be calculated using the equation:

E = hc/λ

where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 3.0 × 10^8 m/s), and λ is the wavelength of the light.

Substituting the given wavelength into the equation:

E = (6.626 × 10^(-34) J·s × 3.0 × 10^8 m/s) / (615 × 10^(-9) m)

E ≈ 3.22 × 10^(-19) J

Substituting the value of ∆E into the uncertainty principle equation:

0.01 × E ∆t ≥ h/2π

0.01 × (3.22 × 10^(-19) J) ∆t ≥ (6.626 × 10^(-34) J·s) / (2π)

0.01 × (3.22 × 10^(-19) J) ∆t ≥ 1.05 × 10^(-34) J·s

∆t ≥ (1.05 × 10^(-34) J·s) / (0.01 × 3.22 × 10^(-19) J)

∆t ≥ 3.27 × 10^(-15) s

To convert the time to femtoseconds (fs), we multiply by 10^15:

∆t ≈ 3.27 fs

Therefore, the minimum duration of the pulse is approximately 3.27 femtoseconds.

The minimum duration of the pulse is approximately 3.27 femtoseconds. This calculation is based on the uncertainty principle and the given uncertainty in energy, wavelength, and Planck's constant.

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In summary, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the potential and kinetic energy of all the particles in the system. It is a property of the system that depends only on the current state of the system and can be affected by a number of factors such as temperature, pressure, and composition of the system.

Internal energy is the energy that is associated with the microscopic components of the system, such as molecules and atoms. The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the total potential energy and kinetic energy of all of the particles in the system. It includes the energy that is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules and the kinetic energy of the individual particles. The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is a property of the system that depends only on the current state of the system. It can be increased or decreased by adding or removing heat or work from the system. "The internal energy of a system can be represented by the symbol U. "There are many factors that can affect the internal energy of a thermodynamic system. These include the temperature, pressure, and composition of the system, as well as any external forces that are acting on the system. The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is a key concept in the study of thermodynamics, as it helps to describe the behavior of systems as they undergo changes in temperature, pressure, and other variables.

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Answer:

31.25 m

25m/sec

Explanation:

Given :-

Time = 5sec

V = 0 (in going up)

U = 0 (in comming down)

Find :-

H and U by which it is thrown up

Since the total time is 5 sec ,therefore half time will be taken to go up and another half will be taken to go down .

We know that ,

V = U + gt

0 = U - 10*2.5

U = 25 m/sec

Also,

V² = U² +2gs

0 = 625 - 20s

s = 625/20 = 31.25 m

The correct answer is: a. Maximum Kinetic energy - smaller, Period - smaller. When block 2 is placed on top of block 1 without interrupting the oscillation, the system's mass increases.

As a result, the effective mass of the combined blocks increases, which leads to a decrease in the maximum kinetic energy of the system. This is because the kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the system. Additionally, the period of oscillation is determined by the mass and the spring constant of the system. With an increase in the combined mass of the blocks, the period of oscillation becomes smaller. This is because the effective mass affects how quickly the system can oscillate back and forth, and a larger mass requires more time to complete each oscillation. Therefore, when block 1 and block 2 stick together, the maximum kinetic energy decreases compared to block 1 alone, and the period of oscillation also decreases.

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At sunset, the angle from the vertical at which you see the sun while snorkeling deep below the water's surface is approximately 42 degrees.

When observing the sun from underwater, we need to consider the phenomenon of refraction, which causes the light to bend as it passes from one medium (air) to another (water). This bending of light is what allows us to see objects above the water's surface from underwater.

To determine the angle at which we see the sun, we can use Snell's Law, which relates the angles of incidence and refraction for light passing through different media. Snell's Law states:

n₁ * sin(θ₁) = n₂ * sin(θ₂)

Where:

n₁ and n₂ are the refractive indices of the two media (air and water, respectively).

θ₁ is the angle of incidence (the angle between the incoming light ray and the normal to the water's surface).

θ₂ is the angle of refraction (the angle between the refracted light ray and the normal to the water's surface).

The refractive index of air is approximately 1.0003, and the refractive index of water is around 1.333. Since the light is coming from the air into the water, we can assume θ₁ (angle of incidence) to be 90 degrees, as it is perpendicular to the water's surface.

Using Snell's Law, we can calculate θ₂:

1.0003 * sin(90°) = 1.333 * sin(θ₂)

Simplifying the equation:

sin(θ₂) = (1.0003 / 1.333) * sin(90°)

sin(θ₂) ≈ 0.750

To find θ₂, we take the inverse sine (arcsine) of 0.750:

θ₂ ≈ arcsin(0.750)

θ₂ ≈ 48.6 degrees

However, this angle represents the angle from the normal to the water's surface, not the angle from the vertical. To find the angle from the vertical, we subtract θ₂ from 90 degrees:

The angle from the vertical = 90° - θ₂

The angle from the vertical ≈ 90° - 48.6°

The angle from the vertical ≈ 41.4 degrees

Rounded to two significant figures, the angle from the vertical at which you would see the sun at sunset while snorkeling deep below the water's surface is approximately 42 degrees.

When snorkeling deep below the water's surface and looking up at the sun during sunset, the sun would appear at an angle of approximately 42 degrees from the vertical. This angle takes into account the bending of light due to refraction as it passes from air to water.

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Answer:

2

Explanation:

wave length is the distance between corresponding points of two consecutive waves

3. hertz

Answer:

Conductor

Explanation:

A battery holds all of the energy in itself. So without the battery, the circuit cannot work.

Hope this helped, and please mark as Brainliest <3

Answer:

Due to lower risk of injury or damage.

Explanation:

The high divers would choose to enter the water from the feet first because there is low risk of injury. The brain is the most important part of the body which very sensitive to any small injury. Small injury to brain leads to big problems in life. High divers can reach speeds of nearly 60 mph and enters about 28m into the water in about three seconds which can damage the head region if comes in contact with the ground so this is the reason the high divers avoid of entering in the water through their heads and choose entering through their feet.

The tension along the chain, when an 11.7 kg hammer is whirled at a rate of 0.489 rev/s in a simple horizontal circle with a 1.2 m chain, is approximately 140.79 N.

To find the tension along the chain, we can analyze the forces acting on the hammer in circular motion.

In this case, the tension in the chain provides the centripetal force required to keep the hammer moving in a circle.

The centripetal force is given by the formula:

F = m * v² / r

Where:

F is the centripetal force

m is the mass of the hammer

v is the velocity of the hammer

r is the radius of the circular path

m = 11.7 kg

v = 0.489 rev/s (angular velocity)

r = 1.2 m

To calculate the linear velocity, we need to convert the angular velocity to linear velocity. The formula for converting angular velocity to linear velocity is:

v = ω * r

Where:

v is the linear velocity

ω is the angular velocity

r is the radius of the circular path

Substituting the values, we have:

v = 0.489 rev/s * 2π radians/rev * 1.2 m

v ≈ 3.678 m/s

Now we can calculate the centripetal force:

F = (11.7 kg) * (3.678 m/s)²/ 1.2 m

F ≈ 140.79 N

Therefore, the tension along the chain is approximately 140.79 N.

The tension along the chain, when an 11.7 kg hammer is whirled at a rate of 0.489 rev/s in a simple horizontal circle with a 1.2 m chain, is approximately 140.79 N.

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Answer:

5.84×10^-10 N

Explanation:

F=G×ms×mr/r^2

ms=50 kg

mr= 70 kg

r=20 m

F=6.67×10^-11 N×m^2/kg^2×50 kg×70 kg/(20 m)^2

F=5.84×10^-10 N

The gravitational force is [tex]5.84*10^{-10} N[/tex].

The gravitational force is a force that attracts any two objects with mass.

[tex]F=G{\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}}[/tex]

Where,

F = force

G = gravitational constant

[tex]m_{1}[/tex] = mass of object 1

[tex]m_{2}[/tex] = mass of object 2

r = distance between centers of the masses

[tex]m_{1}[/tex] =      70kg

[tex]m_{2}[/tex] = 50kg

r       =      20 m

G     =       [tex]6.67*10^{-11} Nm^2/kg^2[/tex]

[tex]F= \frac{6.67*10^{-11}*70*50}{20^2}[/tex]

[tex]F = 5.84*10^{-10} N[/tex]

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(a) The satellite takes approximately 1.47 hours to complete one orbit.

(b) The satellite's speed is approximately 7430 m/s.

(c) The minimum energy input necessary to place the satellite in orbit, starting from the Earth's surface, is approximately 7.33 x 10^9 J.

(a) To determine the time taken to complete one orbit, we can use Kepler's third law, which states that the square of the orbital period (T) is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis (a) of the orbit.

Since the satellite is in a circular orbit, the semi-major axis is equal to the radius of the orbit, which is the sum of the Earth's radius (R) and the height above the surface (h). Using the given values, we can calculate T as follows:

T² = (4π² / GM) * a³

T² = (4π² / GM) * (R + h)³

T = √[(4π² / GM) * (R + h)³]

Substituting the known values, we find T ≈ 1.47 hours.

(b) The speed of the satellite can be determined using the formula for orbital speed:

v = √(GM / r)

where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the Earth, and r is the distance from the center of the Earth to the satellite's orbit (R + h). Plugging in the values, we find v ≈ 7430 m/s.

(c) The minimum energy input required to place the satellite in orbit can be calculated as the sum of the gravitational potential energy and the kinetic energy of the satellite. The gravitational potential energy is given by:

PE = -GMm / r

where m is the mass of the satellite and r is the distance from the center of the Earth to the satellite's orbit (R + h). The kinetic energy is given by:

KE = 0.5mv²

Plugging in the values, we find the minimum energy input is approximately 7.33 x 10^9 J.

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Answer:

B is the answer

trust me

naturo na kasi samin yan eh

Answer:

  The wavelength of the wave is [tex]1.06\times10^6 m[/tex]  

Explanation:

Lets calculate

We know an electromagnetic wave is propagating through an insulating magnetic material of dielectric constant K and relative permeability [tex]K_m[/tex] ,then the speed of the wave in this dielectric medium is [tex]\nu[/tex] is less than the speed of the light c and is given by a relation

               [tex]\nu=\frac{c}{\sqrt{KK_m} }[/tex]  --------- 1

In case the electromagnetic  wave propagating through the insulating magnetic material , the amplitudes of electric and  magnetic fields are related as -

             [tex]E_m_a_x= \nu B_m_a_x[/tex]

The magnitude of the 'time averaged value' of the pointing vector is called the intensity of the wave and is given by a relation

                       [tex]I = S_a_v[/tex]

                        [tex]\frac{E_m_a_xB_m_a_x}{2K_m\mu0}[/tex]----------- 3

now , we will find the speed of the propagation of an electromagnetic wave by using equation 1

[tex]\nu=\frac{c}{\sqrt{KK_m} }[/tex]

Putting the values ,

   =[tex]\nu= \frac{3.00\times10^8}{\sqrt{(3.64)(5.18)} }[/tex]

 =[tex]0.6908\times10^8m/s[/tex]

 = [tex]6.91\times10^7m/s[/tex]

Now , using this above solution , we will find the wavelength of the wave -

     [tex]\lambda=\frac{\nu}{f}[/tex]

    Putting the values from above equations -

  [tex]\frac{6.91\times10^7m/s}{65.0Hz}[/tex]

        [tex]\lambda= 1.06\times10^6 m[/tex]

Hence , the answer is [tex]\lambda= 1.06\times10^6 m[/tex]

Answer:

/\ = 0.75m

Explanation:

v = f × /\

342.5= 457/\

/\ = 0.75m

Answer:

I think true but im not sure sorry if this didnt help/

Explanation:

Answer:

true 50%

Explanation:

The amplitude of the motion is 0.02 m. The maximum speed attained by the object is 0.352 m/s.

a.

In simple harmonic motion (SHM), the displacement of an object from its equilibrium position can be described by the equation:

x(t) = A * cos(ωt + φ)

where:

x(t) is the displacement at time t,

A is the amplitude of the motion,

ω is the angular frequency,

t is the time, and

φ is the phase constant.

The speed of the object is given by:

v(t) = A * ω * sin(ωt + φ)

Mass of the object, m = 2.7 kg

Spring constant, k = 310 N/m

Displacement from equilibrium position, x = 0.02 m

Speed of the object, v = 0.55 m/s

We can relate the angular frequency (ω) to the mass and spring constant using the equation:

ω = sqrt(k / m)

Let's calculate ω first:

ω = sqrt(310 N/m / 2.7 kg) ≈ 8.064 rad/s

To find the amplitude (A), we can use the given displacement:

0.02 m = A * cos(0 + φ)

cos(0) = 1

Therefore, we have:

A = 0.02 m

The amplitude of the motion is 0.02 m.

b.

The maximum speed in simple harmonic motion occurs when the displacement is zero (i.e., at the equilibrium position). At this point, the speed is at its maximum value.

Amplitude of the motion, A = 0.02 m

We can find the maximum speed (v_max) using the equation:

v_max = A * ω

Substituting the values:

v_max = 0.02 m * 8.064 rad/s ≈ 0.352 m/s

Conclusion:

The maximum speed attained by the object is 0.352 m/s.

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By applying this rule, you can determine the force between objects at any given distance by comparing it to the force measured at a reference distance.

F1 / F2 = [tex](r2 / r1)^2[/tex]

The rule based on the measured force between objects that are 10 meters apart to find the force between objects at any distance apart is as follows:

"The force between two objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them."

Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

F1 / F2 = [tex](r2 / r1)^2[/tex]

Where:

F1 is the measured force between objects at a distance r1.

F2 is the force between objects at a distance r2.

r1 is the initial distance between the objects where the force was measured.

r2 is the new distance between the objects at which the force is to be calculated.

By applying this rule, you can determine the force between objects at any given distance by comparing it to the force measured at a reference distance.

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Option (A) t = 6 , is the correct option .

The object changes direction at t = 6. The given velocity equation is v = -5t + 30, where v represents velocity and t represents time.

To determine when the object changes direction, we need to find the time at which the velocity becomes zero. The given velocity equation is v = -5t + 30, where v represents velocity and t represents time.

Setting the velocity equation equal to zero, we have:

-5t + 30 = 0

To solve for t, we can isolate t by subtracting 30 from both sides of the equation:

-5t = -30

Next, divide both sides of the equation by -5 to solve for t:

t = -30 / -5

t = 6

The object changes direction at t = 6. At this time, the velocity becomes zero.

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a) The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation needed to excite the electron to the n = 3 state is approximately 1808.26 nm.

b) The width of the square well is approximately 904.13 nm.

To find the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation needed to excite the electron to the n = 3 state, we can use the formula:

λ = hc / ΔE

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck's constant (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s), c is the speed of light (2.998 × 10⁸ m/s), and ΔE is the energy difference between the two states.

First, let's convert the energy difference ΔE from electron volts (eV) to joules (J):

ΔE = (3² - 1²) x e₁

ΔE = (9 - 1) x 0.86 eV

ΔE = 8 x 0.86 eV

ΔE = 6.88 eV

Next, let's convert the energy difference ΔE from eV to joules (J):

1 eV = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

ΔE = 6.88 x 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

ΔE ≈ 1.101376 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

Now we can calculate the wavelength λ:

λ = (hc) / ΔE

λ = (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s x 2.998 × 10⁸ m/s) / (1.101376 × 10⁻¹⁸ J)

λ ≈ 1.80826 × 10⁻⁶ m

Finally, let's convert the wavelength from meters (m) to nanometers (nm):

1 m = 1 × 10⁹ nm

λ ≈ 1.80826 × 10⁻⁶ m x 1 × 10⁹ nm/m

λ ≈ 1808.26 nm

Therefore, the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation needed to excite the electron to the n = 3 state is approximately 1808.26 nm.

To find the width of the square well, we can use the formula:

L = λ / 2

where L is the width of the square well.

Using the value we calculated for λ in part (a):

L = 1808.26/2 nm

L = 904.13 nm

Therefore, the width of the square well is approximately 904.13 nm.

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The phenomenon that allows the Sun's heat to pass through to the Earth's surface while stopping it from spreading back into space is the greenhouse effect.

In Science, the greenhouse effect can be defined as a terminology that is used by scientists and researchers to describe the role that greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, play in keeping the temperature of planet Earth warm.

Generally speaking, greenhouse effect help in the regulation of atmospheric temperature during the day and at night.

However, it is important to note that the greenhouse effect does not result in a fall or decrease in sea levels and lower rainfall in coastal zones.

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Answer:

The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is 2.251.

Explanation:

In this case, the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator ([tex]COP[/tex]), no unit, is equal to the ratio of the heat rate received from the water to the power needed to work, that is:

[tex]COP = \frac{\dot Q_{L}}{\dot W}[/tex] (1)

[tex]COP = \frac{\rho\cdot V\cdot c_{w}\cdot \Delta T}{\dot W \cdot \Delta t}[/tex] (2)

Where:

[tex]\dot Q_{L}[/tex] - Heat rate received from the water, in watts.

[tex]\dot W[/tex] - Power, in watts.

[tex]\rho[/tex] - Density of water, in kilograms per cubic meter.

[tex]V[/tex] - Volume of water, in cubic meters.

[tex]c_{w}[/tex] - Specific heat of water, in joules per kilogram-degree Celsius.

[tex]\Delta T[/tex] - Temperature change, in degrees Celsius.

[tex]\Delta t[/tex] - Cooling time, in seconds.

If we know that [tex]\rho = 1000\,\frac{kg}{m^{3}}[/tex], [tex]V = 1.45\times 10^{-3}\,m^{3}[/tex], [tex]c_{w} = 4187\,\frac{J}{kg\cdot ^{ \circ}C}[/tex], [tex]\Delta T = 10\,^{\circ}C[/tex], [tex]\dot W = 10.7\,W[/tex] and [tex]\Delta t = 2520\,s[/tex], then the coefficient of refrigeration of the refrigerator is:

[tex]COP = \frac{\rho\cdot V\cdot c_{w}\cdot \Delta T}{\dot W \cdot \Delta t}[/tex]

[tex]COP = 2.251[/tex]

The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is 2.251.

The RMS values of the electric and magnetic fields are approximate:

Electric field RMS (Erms) ≈ 4.015 x 10⁻⁴ N/C

Magnetic field RMS (Brms) ≈ 1.338 x 10⁻¹² T

The relationship between the intensity, electric field, and magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave is given by:

Intensity = (1/2) x c x  ε₀ x E₀²

where:

Intensity is the average power per unit area (in watts per square meter, W/m²).

Electric field RMS (Erms) = E₀ / √2

Magnetic field RMS (Brms) = (Erms / c)

Let's calculate the RMS values:

Given:

Intensity average (I_avg) = 800 W/m²

Calculate the amplitude (E₀) of the electric field.

Intensity = (1/2) x c x ε₀ x E₀²

E₀² = (2 x Iavg) / (c x ε₀)

E₀ = √[(2 x Iavg) / (c x ε₀)]

Calculate the RMS values.

Electric field RMS (Erms) = E₀ / √2

Magnetic field RMS (Brms) = (Erms / c)

Let's substitute the values and calculate the RMS values:

E₀ = √[(2 x 800) / (3 x 10⁸ x 8.854 x 10⁻¹²)]

E₀ ≈ 5.670 x 10⁻⁴ N/C

Erms = (5.670 x 10⁻⁴) / √2

Erms ≈ 4.015 x 10⁻⁴ N/C

Brms = (4.015 x 10⁻⁴) / (3 x 10⁸)

Brms ≈ 1.338 x 10⁻¹² T

Therefore, the RMS values of the electric and magnetic fields are approximate:

Electric field RMS (Erms) ≈ 4.015 x 10⁻⁴ N/C

Magnetic field RMS (Brms) ≈ 1.338 x 10⁻¹² T

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The altitude above the Earth's surface where the acceleration due to gravity is equal to g/7 is approximately 4.9019353 × 10^7 meters, or 49,019,353 meters, or 49,019.353 kilometers.

The acceleration due to gravity, denoted as "g," is approximately 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s²) near the Earth's surface. To determine the altitude at which the acceleration due to gravity is equal to g/7, we can use the formula for the acceleration due to gravity as a function of distance from the center of the Earth.

The formula for the acceleration due to gravity (g') at a certain distance (h) from the Earth's center is given by:

g' = (G * M) / (R + h)²

where:

- G is the gravitational constant (approximately 6.67430 × 10^(-11) m³/(kg·s²)),

- M is the mass of the Earth (approximately 5.972 × 10^24 kg),

- R is the mean radius of the Earth (approximately 6,371,000 meters),

- h is the distance above the Earth's surface.

Given that g' = g/7, we can set up the equation:

g/7 = (G * M) / (R + h)²

Rearranging the equation, we can solve for h:

h = sqrt((G * M) / (g/7)) - R

Substituting the known values, we get:

h = sqrt((6.67430 × 10^(-11) * 5.972 × 10^24) / (9.8/7)) - 6,371,000

Evaluating this equation will give us the altitude above the Earth's surface where the acceleration due to gravity is equal to g/7.

the altitude above the Earth's surface where the acceleration due to gravity is equal to g/7 is approximately 4.9019353 × 10^7 meters, or 49,019,353 meters, or 49,019.353 kilometers.

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Uranus and Neptune are like the other Jovian planets because they have a lot of gaseous composition, they lack a solid surface, and they are situated far from the sun.

The Jovian planets are four planets in the outer solar system that are gas giants, also known as the gas planets. They are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. In terms of the composition of Uranus and Neptune, they contain methane, ammonia, water, and other elements that form gas. Like the other Jovian planets, they lack a solid surface, and they are situated far from the sun.

The rings of Uranus and Neptune are fainter and less complex than the rings of Jupiter and Saturn, but they share certain features. Both Uranus and Neptune are thought to have a small rocky core surrounded by a mix of rock and ice, then a thick layer of metallic hydrogen, and an atmosphere mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium. So therefore because gaseous composition, lack a solid surface, and situated far from the sun, Uranus and Neptune are like the other Jovian planets.

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Answer:

They would all most likely have the same weight

Explanation:

Think about it the smaller the person or object the smaller the weight. But theyre all the same height now. And its not like you don't have any weight in the moon. So in conclusion they would all be the same weight

Answer:

the catcher and outfielder

Explanation:

Answer: The catcher and the player at first base are the only players permitted to wear mitts rather than gloves. So, the answer would be 3.

Explanation: I had this on a quiz and got it right.

Hope this helps!

Explanation:

A. Up along the page

Using the law of the right hand

The radius of the output cylinder is 0.11 m.

Radius of the input cylinder, r₁ = 0.01 m

Input force applied, F₁ = 200 N

Mass of the output cylinder, m₂ = 2500 kg

Since more collisions with the piston occur when the area is increased but the number of molecules per cubic centimetre remains constant, the force is proportional to the area.

Force applied on the output cylinder = Weight of the output cylinder

F₂ = m₂g

F₂ = 2500 x 9.8

F₂ = 245 x 10²N

We know that the force applied on an object is directly proportional to the area of the object.

F ∝ A

So, F₁/F₂ = A₁/A₂

F₁/F₂ = (r₁/r₂)²

200/24500 = (r₁/r₂)²

Therefore, the radius of the output cylinder is,

r₂ = r₁√(24500/200)

r₂ = 0.01 x√122.5

r₂ = 0.01 x 11.06

r₂ = 0.11 m

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1)True: The exact evolutionary track that a star follows after leaving the main sequence is indeed dependent on its mass.

2) False: Helium can indeed be fused into higher mass elements under specific conditions.

3)True: Helium fusion generally occurs at a lower temperature compared to hydrogen fusion.

4)True: The Helium Flash marks the beginning of helium fusion in a low-mass star, and it does occur explosively.

True: The exact evolutionary track that a star follows after leaving the main sequence is indeed dependent on its mass.

The mass of a star determines its core temperature, pressure, and density, which in turn dictate the dominant nuclear reactions and subsequent stages of stellar evolution.

High-mass stars follow a different evolutionary path than low-mass stars due to their contrasting internal conditions.

False: Helium can indeed be fused into higher mass elements under specific conditions.

Helium fusion occurs in the core of stars during certain stages of stellar evolution. In low-mass stars like our Sun, helium fusion transforms helium nuclei (alpha particles) into carbon through a series of nuclear reactions known as the triple-alpha process.

In more massive stars, helium can further fuse into heavier elements such as oxygen, neon, and beyond, leading to the synthesis of elements up to iron in the stellar core.

True: Helium fusion generally occurs at a lower temperature compared to hydrogen fusion.

In stars, hydrogen fusion, which primarily takes place during the main sequence phase, involves the conversion of hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium through the proton-proton chain or the CNO cycle. This process requires higher temperatures (around millions of Kelvin) to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons.

On the other hand, helium fusion occurs at higher densities but lower temperatures (in the tens of millions of Kelvin), where the helium nuclei have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the stronger Coulomb repulsion between two positively charged alpha particles.

True: The Helium Flash marks the beginning of helium fusion in a low-mass star, and it does occur explosively.

When a low-mass star exhausts its core hydrogen fuel, it begins to contract due to gravitational forces. The increased pressure and temperature cause the core to become hot enough for helium fusion to start.

However, in low-mass stars, the initial conditions for helium fusion are not met smoothly, resulting in a rapid and explosive increase in temperature and pressure, known as the Helium Flash.

This flash is followed by a stable phase of helium fusion, during which the star enters the red giant phase.

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