A dentist wants to know whether posters of calming nature scenes will reduce patient anxiety. Which of these is the most important Confounding Variable in this experiment?

a) the age of the patient
b) a reduction of anxiety
c) how crowded the waiting room becomes
d) both a and c

Answer:

d

Explanation:

The most important confounding variable in this experiment is d) both a and c.

Confounding variables are factors that are not directly controlled or manipulated by the experimenter but can influence the relationship between the independent variable (calming nature scenes) and the dependent variable (patient anxiety). They can introduce alternative explanations for the observed results.

In this experiment, the age of the patient (variable a) and how crowded the waiting room becomes (variable c) are both potential confounding variables. Here's why:

a) The age of the patient: Different age groups may respond differently to calming nature scenes. For example, younger patients might have different levels of anxiety compared to older patients. Age-related factors such as life experiences, previous dental visits, or personal preferences may influence anxiety levels and responses to the nature scenes. If the age distribution is not controlled or accounted for, it could confound the relationship between the nature scenes and anxiety reduction.

c) How crowded the waiting room becomes: The level of crowding in the waiting room can create a different environment and affect patient anxiety levels. A crowded waiting room may increase anxiety due to the lack of personal space or increased social interactions. On the other hand, a less crowded waiting room might provide a more relaxed environment. If the level of crowding is not controlled or accounted for, it could confound the relationship between the nature scenes and anxiety reduction.

Considering both variables a and c as potential confounding variables is important to ensure that any observed effects of the calming nature scenes on patient anxiety are not solely attributed to age or waiting room crowding. Controlling for these variables or including them as factors in the experimental design or analysis can help isolate the true effect of the nature scenes on anxiety reduction.

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