For a frictionless pulley with mass connected by a light string, the acceleration for the system when released is equal to 6.5m/s²
How is the acceleration for a frictionless pulley calculated?Using the formula a = (m₂ - m₁)g/(m₁ + m₂)
Where a = acceleration, m = mass and g = gravity
m₁ = 2kg
m₂ = 10kg
g = 9.8m/s²
Applying to the formula, a = (m₂ - m₁)g/(m₁ + m₂) to find the acceleration of a frictionless pulley when released;
a = (10 - 2)(9.8)/(2 + 10)
a = 8(9.8)/12
a = 6.5m/s²
Therefore the system's acceleration 6.5m/s²
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A 1{,}000 \text{ kg}1,000 kg1, comma, 000, start text, space, k, g, end text car experiences a net force of 3{,}500 \text{ N}3,500 N3, comma, 500, start text, space, N, end text from its engine.
Calculate the magnitude of the car’s acceleration.
Magnitude of the car's acceleration is 3.5 m/s²
Given:
Mass of car = 1,000 kg
Net force applied by car = 3,500 N
How to find the acceleration of the car?
Formula:
Net force = Mass × Acceleration
So,
3,500 = 1,000 × Acceleration
Acceleration = 3,500 / 1,000
Acceleration = 3.5 m/s²
Therefore, the acceleration found from the formula is 3.5 m/s².
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A type of air cooler works by blowing air from the room through
a sponge soaked in water.
Explain how blowing air through a sponge soaked in water lowers
the temperature of the air.
two forces, f1 and f2, are applied to a block on a frictionless, horizontal surface as shown. if the magnitude of the block's acceleration is 2 m/s^2, what is the mass of the block?
The mass of the block on the frictionless horizontal surface is 5 kg.
How to determine the mass of the block?The mass of the block is determined by applying Newton's second law of motion:
F = ma
The given parameters are
the magnitude of the first force, F₁ = 12 N
the magnitude of the second force, F₂ = 2 N
acceleration of the block, a = 2 m/s²
So, determining the mass of the block is
F = ma
∑F = ma
F₁ - F₂ = ma
12 - 2 = 2m
10 = 2m
m = 5 kg
Thus, the mass of the block on the frictionless horizontal surface is 5 kg.
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find the mass and center of mass of a solid hemisphere of radius if the density at any point is proportional to its distance from the base.
center of mass of a solid hemisphere of radius R is 3R / 8 and the Mass of the solid is M.
An elemental disc at a height of h from the base of the hemisphere is taken.
The mass of the elemental disc is taken dM
and the width is taken dy.
et the solid hemisphere be of mass M and has the radius R.
The center of mass will lie vertically which passes through the center of the hemisphere.
Taking the elemental disc at a height h from the base of the hemisphere’s base. The DM is the mass of the elemental disc and the width is dy.
the radius of the disc is:
R = R²- y²
Mass of the disc dM
= (3 M/ 2π R³) × ( πr² dy ) …..(2)
eq.(1) in eq.(2)..................
dM = ( 3M / 2 π R³ ) × π ( R² – y² ) dy)
Y - coordinate of Centre of mass,
Yc = (1 / M) ഽ y dM
Here y is the y - coordinate representing the height of the elemental disc from the base.
Putting the dM and calculating the center of mass, we get
yc= (1/M) ഽ y(3M /2 R^3) × ( R^2 - y^2) dy)
Integrating between 0⟶R
yc = (1/M) ഽ y (3M / 2 R^3) × (R^2 - y^2) dy)
yc = ( 3/2r^3 ) ഽ × (R^3 y- y^3 ) dy
= ( 3/ 2R2)[ (R4 / 2 ) – ( R4 / 4)] = 3R / 8
yc = 3 R /8
Centre of Mass of solid hemisphere (yc) = 3 R / 8.
Mass of solid = M
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A car is travelling north at a constant speed of 20 m/s. A force is applied directly east on the car. The motion of the car will be change in which of these ways?.
D is the correct response because, although the car's speed won't change, its direction of travel will.
The car's acceleration is zero because it is driving at a constant speed of 20 meters per second. A further definition of force is the sum of mass and acceleration. Additionally, because there is no acceleration, there is no net force acting on the vehicle. For instance, the car might be round a corner at a steady speed. The speed will remain the same, but the car will change the direction it is moving.
The complete question is- car is travelling north at a constant speed of 20 m/s. A force is applied directly east on the car. The motion of the car will be change in which of these ways? A) The speed of the car will increase. B) The speed of the car will decrease. C) The speed will increase, and the car will change the direction it is moving. D) The speed will remain the same, but the car will change the direction it is moving.
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you know a 100 watt light bulb glows brighter than a 50 watt light bulb. but which bulb has the higher electrical resistance?
100 watt light bulb glows brighter than a 50 watt light bulb and 50 watt light bulb is higher resistance than 100 watt bulb.
A circuit's opposition to current flow is measured by its resistance. Resistance is the degree to which a substance obstructs or opposes an electric current. Electron flow is referred to as electric current. To better understand resistance, imagine how difficult it would be for a person to move from one shop to another in a crowded market. Resistors are used in heaters, toasters, microwaves, electric stoves, and a variety of other heating appliances due to their inherent ability to generate heat when conducting current. When electricity is passed through a metal filament in a light bulb, a very high temperature is created from the resistance, which causes the metal filament to glow white-hot. The ohm (), which represents resistance, is denoted by the letter R.
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What is the total energy of a stationary 350g ball 12m above the ground? What type of energy is it?
What is the total energy of the same ball right before it hits the ground? What type of energy is it?
If the same ball is 2m above the ground, what is the Potential Energy and what is the Kinetic Energy?
Calculate the velocity of the ball when it is 2m above the ground.
*with steps
The velocity of the ball is obtained as 6.26 m/s.
What is the energy?We know that the kinetic energy is the energy that is possessed by a body by virtue of the fact that it is in motion while the potential energy is the energy that is possessed by a body that is at rest.
Now we have that;
Mass of the ball = 350g or 0.35 Kg
Height of the ball = 12m
The energy of the ball at this height is potential energy. The total energy before the ball hits the ground is; 0.35 * 12 * 9.8 m/s^2 = 41.2 J and this energy is kinetic energy.
If the ball is 2m above the ground its potential energy is 2 * 2 * 9.8 m/s^2 = 39.2 m/s and the kinetic energy of the ball is zero m/s.
The velocity with which the ball hits the ground is;
mgh = 1/2mv^2
gh = 1/2v^2
v = √2gh
v = √2 * 9.8 * 2
v = 6.26 m/s
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A 3.5 kg bowling ball is rolling in a straight line. if its momentum is 14 kg * m/s , how fast is the bowling ball traveling?
The velocity of the bowling ball is 4 m/s when mass of the bowling ball is 3.5 kg and momentum given is 14kgm/s.
As we know that,
Momentum= Mass* Velocity
p=mv
Here, Mass of the Bowling Ball(m)= 3.5 Kg
Momentum(p)= 14kgm/s
Velocity= Momentum/Mass
=14/3.5 = 4m/s
The definition of momentum is "mass in motion." Since every item has mass, if it is moving, it must have momentum since its mass is in motion. The quantity of motion and the speed of the motion are the two factors that determine how much momentum an item possesses. The factors mass and velocity affect momentum. According to an equation, an object's momentum is determined by multiplying its mass by its velocity.
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To answer this question, we need to use the formula for momentum, which is:
momentum = mass * velocity
We can rearrange this formula to solve for velocity, which is:
velocity = momentum/mass
We are given the momentum and the mass of the bowling ball, so we can plug them into the formula:
velocity = 14 / 3.5
We can simplify this expression by dividing both numbers by 0.5:
velocity = 28 / 7
We can convert this fraction into a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator:
velocity = 4
Therefore, the bowling ball is travelling at 4 m/s.
if we lived in a system with only one planet, which of kepler's laws could never be discovered observationally?
Answer:
If we lived in a system with only one planet, Kepler's Third Law could never be discovered observationally.
What is the displacement for a trip from the math classroom in Figure 2.4 to the music classroom and then to the library? What is the distance for this trip?
14 m is the displacement for a trip from the math classroom in Figure 2.4 to the music classroom and then to the library
Displacement= final position-initial position
Displacement=14m-0
Displacement=14m
distance= total route= 14m
Distance is all covered distance but displacement is shortest distance. Being a vector quantity, displacement has both a magnitude and a direction. The vector (or straight line) distance between an initial and final position is what is meant by this term. Knowing these two places is consequently all that is necessary to determine the resultant displacement.
Calculate the inverse tangent of the ratio of the displacement components in the y- and x-directions to determine the direction of the displacement vector.
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An ideal incompressible fluid flows at 12 m/s in a horizontal pipe. If the pipe widens to twice its original radius, what is the flow speed in the wider section?.
The flow speed in the wider section of horizontal pipe is 3 m/s
How to find the value of flow speed in the wider section?Based on the Law of Continuity which states that a flowing fluid will have a constant discharge, where this discharge has a formula:
Q = A × v
where
Q = fluid discharge (m³/s)
A = pipe area (m²/s)
v = fluid speed (m/s)
From that formula, we can solve the problem by the formula of Q1 = Q2, here it is
A1 x v1 = A2 x v2
(π · r²) x 12 = (π · (2r)²) x v2
r² x 12 = (4) r² x v2
v2 = 12/4 m/s
v2 = 3 m/s
v2 is the speed from the pipe section that widens to twice from its original radius.
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an object of mass 0.8 kg is attached to an ideal horizontal spring of spring constant 180 n/m. the object is initially at rest at equilibrium. how much work would it take to set the object into an oscillation with amplitude 0.02 m?
0.072 J is the work would the spring take to set the object into an oscillation with amplitude 0.02 m
What is amplitude?A periodic variable's amplitude is a gauge of its change over a single period. A non-periodic signal's magnitude in relation to a standard value is its amplitude. There are several ways to define amplitude, and they are all dependent on how much the extreme values of the variable deviate from one another.
What is a spring constant?The stiffness of the spring is how we determine spring constant. In other words, we can define the spring constant as the force used to produce the specified displacement when the spring's displacement is one unit. It follows that a spring's spring constant will increase with increasing spring stiffness.
Now to calculate the work done by spring we use the Hookes’s law
F=kx
Where F is the force required
K is the spring constant
X is the amplitude or distance
So F=kx
F=180x0.02
F=3.6 N
Now to calculate work :
Work = Force × Distance.
Work=3.6 N x0.02m
Work =0.072 J
Hence, 0.072 J is the work would the spring take to set the object into an oscillation with amplitude 0.02 m
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. in this activity, you will be looking for a relationship between the force on the cart and the acceleration of the cart. which variable do you need to keep constant during this experiment?
A push or pull on an object is a force. All of the forces operating on an object are added together to form a net force. When an object is subject to a net force, the object will change its speed in that direction. The acceleration of an object reveals how much it accelerates or decelerates.
We can determine what occurs with the acceleration and force while maintaining the mass constant.
A connection between the mass of the cart and its acceleration. Taking into consideration Newton's second law, which states that
force = mass × acceleration
As a result, the force will change if the acceleration does. Keeping the mass constant will allow us to determine how changing the acceleration will affect the force. Once the mass is kept constant, you can determine what will happen. Therefore, if we want to maintain the acceleration constant while also changing, we must alter the mass of the car. This means adding mass to the cart—whether it be in the form of mass blocks or larger carts—or otherwise altering its mass.
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A 30 kg object is moving along with the velocity given below. Find the momentum vector, as well as the magnitude of the momentum. v=5i-2j
Using the concepts of momentum, we got that 150i-60j is the momentum vector and 162.3Kg-m/sec is the magnitude of the momentum of a 30 kg object.
We know very well that momentum is given by the product of mass and velocity of the object.
In other words P=M. v
But, here velocity is given in 2-D form, means momentum is possible in two different directions.
Therefore, for momentum we just need to multiply the mass of the object with velocity
=>Momentum of the object=M×(5i-2j)
=> p=30×(5i-2j)
=> p=150i-60j
Now, talking about the magnitude we know that magnitude is given by
√(x-component)² + (y-component)²
Therefore, magnitude of momentum (|p|)=√(150)²+(--60)²
=> |p|=√22500+3600
=> |p|=√26100
=> |p|=162.3Kg-m/sec
Hence, for 30 kg object is moving along with the velocity given, the momentum vector is 150i-60j, as well as the magnitude of the momentum for v=5i-2j is 162.3kg-m/sec.
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s the force that will stretch it right to its breaking point larger than, smaller than, or equal to 5000 N?
Yes, the force that will stretch is rights to the breaking point equal to 5000 N. Because the longer wire will аlso breаk аt 5000 N. The force per unit аreа is the sаme in both cаses.
What happens to stretch wire to breaking point?When а stress is аpplied to а piece of mаteriаl, the mаteriаl undergoes а corresponding deformаtion or strаin. Under а tensile stress, the mаteriаl stretches. Initiаlly, the аmount by which it stretches is proportionаl to the аpplied force. Thаt is, the mаteriаl obeys Hooke’s Lаw, which is expressed by the equаtion F = -kx, where k is а constаnt аnd x is the chаnge in the length of the mаteriаl.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was
A wire is stretched right to the breaking point by a 5000 N force. A longer wire made of the same material has the same diameter. Is the force that will stretch it right to the breaking point larger than, smaller than, or equal to 5000 N?
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a body with initial velocity 8 m/s moves along a straight line with constant acceleration and travels 744 m in 42 s. for this given time interval, find the acceleration in m/s2.
Answer: ACCELARATION = 0.462M/S²
Explanation: INITIAL VELOCITY (VI) = 8M/S
DISTANCE COVERED (S) = 744M
TIME (t) = 42 S
ACCELERATION (A)= ?
BY APPLYING 2ND EQUATION OF MOTION
S = VIT +1/2 AT²
744 = 8 X 42 +1/2 A X42²
744 - 336 = 1/2 A X 42²
408 X 2/1764 = A
A = 816 /1764
A = 0.462M/S²
A man falls 2.0 m to the floor (assume down to be the negative direction.)
How long does the fall take?
What is his velocity when he hits the floor?
With the use of equation of motion formulas, the time taken for him to fall is 0.64 s and his final velocity when hitting the floor is 6.3 m/s
Motion Under GravityThe motion of an object under gravity is the vertical motion of the object under the influence of acceleration due to gravity.
Given that a man falls 2.0 m to the floor and it is assumed that downward direction to be the negative direction.
To know how long it will take the object to fall, we will make use of the formula h = ut + 1/2gt²
Where
Height h = 2 mInitial velocity u = 0Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s²Time t = ?Substitute all the parameters into the formula
2 = 1/2 × 9.8 × t²
2 = 4.9t²
t² = 2/4.9
t² = 0.408
t = √0.408
t = 0.64 s
His velocity when he hits the floor can be calculated by using the formula
v = u + gt
where u = 0
v = 9.8 × 0.64
v = 6.3 m/s
Therefore, it takes 0.64 s to fall and his velocity when he hits the floor is 6.3 m/s
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he magnetic field inside a 25-cm-diameter solenoid is increasing at 2.4 T/s. How many turns should a coil wrapped around the outside of the solenoid have so that the emf induced in the coil is 15 V?
Using induced emf inside the magnetic field which is Faraday’s Law of Induction, we can calculate the number of turns a coil wrapped around the outside of the solenoid should have is 127 turns to induce 15v.
According to the Faraday’s Law of Induction, Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (emf) a phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction.
Induced emf = N ( dФ / dt )
where, N is the number of coil
and dФ is the change in magnetic flux
again, as we know,
dФ / dt = A (db/dt)
so, Induced emf = N A ( db/dt )
where A is the area of solenoid
Area of solenoid = πr² = π * ( 0.125 )² (diameter is 25cm)
putting the appropriate values, we get
15 = N x π x ( 0.125 )² x 2.4
N = [tex]\frac{15}{\pi * 0.015625 * 2.4}[/tex]
N = 15/0.11775
N = 127.38
N = 127 turns
hence 127 turns is needed to generate 15 v emf.
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What is the value of work done on an object when a 70–newton force moves it 9. 0 meters in the same direction as the force?.
The value of work done on an object when a 70-newton moves it 9.0m in the same direction as the force is 6.3 * 10^2 J
In physics, it measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement. In its simplest form, for a constant force aligned with the direction of motion, it equals the product of the force strength and the distance traveled.
How to calculate the value of work done on an object?
The formula for work (w) done is = force * distance
f = 70 N
d = 9 m
w = 70 × 9m
w = 630 J = 6 × 10² J
work is positive because work is being done on the object.
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Based on the marble and the steel ball bearing, what happens to the kinetic energy of an object when the mass is cut in half?.
The kinetic energy of an object will be halved when the mass is cut in half.
What is kinetic energy?Kinetic energy may be described as the energy that an object possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work required to accelerate a body of specified mass from rest to a specified velocity. After the body acquires this energy during acceleration, it retains this kinetic energy as long as the velocity does not change.
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy that moves matter. Everything that moves has kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy of a moving object is directly related to its mass and velocity.
KE = 1/2 mass × velocity²
For the given question:
Since,
KE = ¹/₂ mv²
If mass is cut in half i.e m/2, then the KE will be:
KE = ¹/₂ m/2 v²
KE = ¹/₄ mv²
KE = ¹/₂ (¹/₂ m/2 v²)
This indicates that kinetic energy is halved as the mass is cut in half.
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Which of the following is true of Earth’s atmosphere?
A. It is mostly made up CO2.
B. It gets more dense as you go higher in altitude.
C. It has more nitrogen than oxygen.
D. No one has ever been above it.
Answer:
c) It has more nitrogen than oxygen.
Explanation:
Our Earth’s atmosphere has more nitrogen (78%) than oxygen (21%). Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
Answer:
C. It has more nitrogen than oxygen.
Explanation:
Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. These gases are found in layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere).
0.000789kg/m3 divided by 2m3
Answer:
0.0003945 kg / m6
Explanation:
g a concave mirror has a focal length of 40 cm. if an object is placed 50 cm in front of the mirror, where will its image be located, and how will its size (height) compare to the original object?
image is formed at a distance 10 cm in front of the mirror
the focal length of concave mirror is 8cm.
What is concave mirror ?
A concave or converging mirror has a reflective surface that is recessed inward (away from the incident light). A concave mirror reflects light inwards towards a focal point. They are used to focus light. Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors display different types of images depending on the distance between the object and the mirror.
The mirror is called a "collecting mirror". This is because they tend to collect the light that hits the mirror and refocus the parallel incident rays to a focal point. This is because the normal to the mirror surface is different at each point, so light is reflected at different angles at different points on the mirror.
Given u=40 cm (negative)
m=14 (negative for the real image)
a. From m=−vu,−14=−v(−40) or v=-10 cm
Thus the image is formed at a distance 10 cm in front of the mirror.
b. Now from relation 1u+1v=1f
1f=1(−40)+1(−10)
=−540
or f=−405=−8cm
i.e., the focal length of concave mirror is 8cm.
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HELP STUCK IN PHYSICS 100PTS!!!
A small piece of putty of mass 27 g and
negligible size has a speed of 2.2 m/s. It makes
a collision with a rod of length 5 cm and mass
78 g (initially at rest) such that the putty hits
the very end of the rod. The putty sticks to
the end of the rod and spins around after the
collision; the putty-rod center of mass CM has
a linear velocity v and an angular velocity ω
about the CM.
(a)What is the angular momentum of the system relative to the CM after the collision?
The rod has a moment of inertia equal to (1/12)MR^2
about its center of mass; consider
the piece of putty as a point mass. Assume
the collision takes place in outer space where
there is no gravitational field and no friction.
Answer in units of kg · m2
/s.
(b)What is the system’s angular speed about the
CM after the collision?
Answer in units of rad/s.
I'm so confused :(
Answer:
a) 20.65kg
b)4.7rad
Explanation:
Celine is measuring all of the dry ingredients she needs for a recipe by packing them into containers and measuring their what?.
The term "visual weight" refers to a visual power that emerges from the contrasts of light among some of the individual visual elements that make up an image.
How does measuring work?Associating numerals with quantities and events is the process of measuring. The sciences, engineering, building, and other technological professions, as well as practically all daily activities, all depend on measurement.
What does measuring mean?Comparing a physical quantity to a recognized standard amount of the same kind is the activity of measurement. For instance, measuring length with Vernier Calipers and determining wire diameter with a screw gauge.
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which best describes the field of physics? the study of integrating natural sciences the study of scientific laws the study of foundational engineering the study of life and chemical interactions the study of matter and energy next
which best describes the field of physics the study of matter and energy
physics, science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the elemental constituents of the observable universe. the scope of study envelops not as it were the conduct of objects beneath the activity of given forces but the nature and root of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields. In simple words, physics is characterized as the science of matter, movement, and energy. Its laws are regularly expressed with economy and accuracy within the language of science.
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A student is subjected to a reaction force of 10 n northward from a 5 kg block while pushing the block over a smooth, level surface. Ignoring friction, what is the acceleration of the block?.
Ignoring the Friction, the Acceleration of the block would be 2 [tex]ms^{-2}[/tex].
The relation of force with mass and acceleration is given by :
Force = Mass * Acceleration
Here the Force is 10N and the mass of the block is 5 Kg so substituting the values in the formula we get
Acceleration = [tex]\frac{Force}{Mass}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{10}{5}[/tex] = 2 [tex]ms^{-2}[/tex] .
What is force-
According to physics. A force can cause an object with mass to accelerate when it changes its velocity, for as when it moves away from rest. An obvious way to describe force is as a push or a pull. A force is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction. It is calculated using the newton SI unit (N). Force is denoted by the letter F. (formerly P).
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Describe where gamma rays are found on the ems compared to the other six forms of radiation. In your description, compare and contrast its wavelength, frequency and energy with those of other regions of the ems.
The wavelength of UV radiation is longer than that of x-rays and gamma rays but shorter than that of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, and visible light.
The frequency of UV radiation is higher than that of radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, and visible light, but it is lower than that of x-rays and gamma rays.
UV radiation has a lower level of hazard.
What do you mean by wavelength, frequency and energy?Wavelength:
Distance between the crests of two waves, or from one wave's point to the same of the second.
Frequency:
Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, the larger the wavelength the lesser the frequency
Energy: The relationship between frequency and energy is straightforward.
From longest to shortest wavelengths, this is a list of electromagnetic waves.
Radio wave, Microwave, Infrared, Access to light, Ultraviolet rays, X-ray, Gamma rays
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a block of unknown mass is attached to a spring of spring constant 3.3 n/m and undergoes simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 5.8 cm. when the mass is halfway between its equilibrium position and the endpoint, its speed is measured to be 26.4 cm/s. calculate the mass of the block. answer in units of kg.
The correct answer of mass of the block is 16.379 Kg.
How is energy conserved in a spring?
The mass's kinetic energy is converted into elastic potential energy as the spring contracts and it slows down. The complete amount of mechanical energy is conserved throughout this transformation.
Energy is conserved for the block-spring system between the maximum-displacement and the half-maximum points:
(K+U)i=(K+U)f
0+1/2 kA²=1/2 mv²+1/2 kx²
0.5 (3.3 N/m) (0.058 m) ²=1/2 m (0.26 m/s) ²+1/2(3.3 N/m) (2.90×10−² m) ²
=> 0.555 = 0.0338 m + 0.00138
=> mass = (0.555 – 0.00138) / 0.0338 = 16.379 Kg
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2. As a shot putter in track, you want to throw as far as you can. You as the coach give your
best advice based on the Physics you learned. Give 2 suggestions to help your student and
explain why? (6 Pts.)
As a shot putter in track, if you want to throw far then throw it fast and at angle approximately 45 degrees.
How can shot putter throw farther?As a thrower spins, his body acts as an axis of rotation and therefore, farther the object is from the axis of rotation, larger is its moment of inertia.
The angle of release in the shot-put event is of great importance. The estimation of the optimum angle of release such that the distance thrown is maximized is a key. Theory has shown that the optimum angle of release is between 41 to 43 degrees.
Release velocity is also a important factor in determining the distance of a throw. Release velocities of about 13 m/s are necessary for elite-level throws.
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