0.175M is found to be the concentration of the solution from the given titration reaction.
The idea of concentration is one that is frequently utilized in chemistry and related domains. It is a measurement of how much of one substance is diluted with another.
A chemical species' concentration in a solution, specifically the quantity of a solute per unit volume of solution, is measured by its molar concentration.
Given:
Weight = 0.458g
Volume = 12.84mL
Molecular weight = 204.22g/mol
To find:
Concentration = ?
Formula:
Concentration = no. of moles / volume
Calculations:
No. of moles = weight given / molecular weight
No. of moles = 0.458 / 204.22g/mol
No. of moles = 2.242 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] mol
Concentration = 2.242 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] / 12.84mL
Concentration = 0.175M
Result:
The concentration of the given solution is found to be 0.175M
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When performing the last step in the reaction, aluminum metal is added in excess to the solution. It reacts and dissolves. What happens to the excess aluminum metal when recovering the copper metal?.
Using the law of the conservation of mass, we can see that the aluminum metal would precipitate out of the solution as aluminum oxide.
What is the last step of the reaction?Let us recall that the law of the conservation of mass states that mass can not be created nor destroyed but the mass can be converted from one form to another. In this case, we can see that the mass of the system would remain a constant. The mass of the system does not change this is in accordance with the law of the conservation of mass.
Hence, When performing the last step in the reaction, aluminum metal is added in excess to the solution. It reacts and dissolves, there would be a recovery of the aluminum as the oxide of the aluminum and by doing the mass of the system would remain the same but before and after the reaction.
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How do ionization energies provide evidence for the quantization of the energies of electrons?.
Ionization energies provide evidence for the quantization of the energies of electrons by taking a specific amount of energy to remove exactly one electron from an atom.
Quantization of energy:
An electron can radiate or absorb energy as radiations only in limited amounts or bundles called quanta. This is known as quantization energy
The formula for quantization of energy:
E = hf
E = energy
f frequency
h = plank's constant
As we know the motion of the electron in the hydrogen atom is not free. The electron is bound to the atom by the attractive force of the nucleus and consequently, quantum mechanics predicts that the total energy of the electron is quantized. There is an approximate amount of energy that is needed to overcome the attractive force between the electrons and the nucleus.
If less than the required ionization energy then the electrons can not be removed.
Therefore Ionization energies provide evidence for the quantization of the energies of electrons by taking a specific amount of energy to remove exactly one electron from an atom.
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The unit for density found in many density tables is kg/m3. At a certain temperature, the gasoline you pump into your car’s gas tank has a density of 732.22 kg/m3. If your tank has a capacity of 12 gallons, how many grams of gasoline are in your tank when it is full? How many pounds?
You may enter answers using e-notation.
For example, 1.3 × 10-8 would be entered as 1.3E-8.
g
lbs
Answer:
5.12x10+5 lbs
2.32E+9 g
Explanation:
Density = 732.22 kg/m^3
Volume = 12 gal
Conversion Factor: 0.00378541 gal/m^3 or 264.1721769 m^3/gal
Convert 12 gallons to m^3: (12 gal)*(264.2 m^3/gal) = 3170 m^3 in 12 gal
Determine total mass from volume: (3170 m^3/12 gal)(732.2 kg/m^3) = 2321186 kg in 12 gal.
Conversion Factor: 1000 g/kg
Mass of gasoline: (2321186 kg)*(1000g/kg) = 2.32E+9 g
Conversion Factor: 0.453592 kg/lb or 2.20462442 lb/kg
Yotal wieght = 231186 kg)*(2.205 lb/kg = 511734 lbs (5.12E+5 lbs)
you can increase thermal energy of a substance by heating it. hen you apply heat, you are ________ energy from the _____ source to the ________
You can increase the thermal energy of a substance by heating it. When you apply heat, you are transferring energy from one source to another.
The state of matter of a substance is an extrinsic property, which means that its surroundings can alter it. The state of matter is influenced by physical factors like pressure and temperature. A substance’s temperature rises when thermal energy is applied, changing the substance’s state from solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (vaporization), or solid to gas (sublimation).
Sublimation is defined as the property of a substance when it directly converts to a gaseous state from a solid state. Condensation can occur when a substance is subjected to increasing pressure. It may evaporate as a result of a decrease in pressure. Decreased pressure can also cause some forms of rock to melt.
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Ammonia gas decomposes when heated.
15
2NH₂(g) → N₂(g) + 3H₂(g)
In an experiment, a sample of 500 cm³ of ammonia was heated and 20% decomposed.
The total volume of gas present at the end of the experiment, in cm³, was
D A 200
00= 100 cm
B
400
C
600
D 1000
The total volume of gas present at the end of the experiment in cm³ was 600. Option C.
In this chemical reaction, 2 molecules of ammonia NH3 are decomposed or decomposed into 1 molecule of nitrogen N2 and 3 molecules of hydrogen H2. Laboratory glass tubing is used in many laboratories and industrial workplaces to connect other glassware and equipment and to transport or dispense chemicals, solvents, liquids, gases, and other products.
Laboratory glass tubes are typically manufactured from borosilicate glass for the most demanding applications. Ammonia gas which has a lower molecular weight than hydrogen chloride diffuses faster and travels a longer distance in the tube. As a result, a white ring of ammonium chloride forms much closer to the hydrochloric acid end of the tube.
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Look up the density of water (CRC Handbook 6-6). Is it necessary to use the density of water in calculations for the %error?
Answer:
The density is 33.4
Explanation:
mark as brianlest
describe a shell model of a lithium atom (li), which has 3 protons. predict whether the majority of lithium atoms on earth are uncharged, positively charged, or negatively charged.
Majority of lithium atoms on earth are positively charged.
What is the charge of lithium?3 protons and 3 electrons respectively, make up a lithium atom. It might become an ion if one of its electrons is lost. It now has a net positive charge since there are more positive protons than negative electrons. It is a positive ion as a result.
What is lithium atom?An atom of the chemical element lithium is known as a lithium atom. Three electrons connected by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus with three protons and either three or four neutrons, depending on the isotope, are what make up stable lithium. The nucleus is held together by strong force.
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consider the given balanced equation. n 2 3 h 2 ⟶ 2 n h 3 how many moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react? select one: 8 4 2 1
From the balanced equation, 8 moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react.
N₂ + 3H₂ ⇒ 2NH₃
That's the balanced equation in the question. A mole in a chemical equation is usually denoted by the coefficient of each substance. From the equation, one mole of Nitrogen reacted with three moles of hydrogen to produce 2 moles of ammonia. Using this information, we can produce a mole ratio. A mole ratio is the ratio of the number of moles of one reactant required to completely react with another reactant or the ratio of the number of moles of one product produced to another product.
The mole ratio in the above equation is
1 : 3 : 2
To easily find how many moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react:
1 mole of Nitrogen = 2 moles of ammonia
4 moles of nitrogen = x moles of ammonia
Therefore, x = 4 x 2/1 = 8 moles of ammonia.
Thus, 8 moles of ammonia are formed when 4 moles of nitrogen react.
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Which type of bond will most likely be found in hbr given that the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2. 20 and the electronegativity of bromine is 2. 96?.
A polar covalent bond will exist in HBr if the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2. 20 and the electronegativity of bromine is 2.96
In HBr, a covalent bond is present which is formed as a result of a small electronegativity difference between the two atoms.
It is also formed when two atoms share electrons mutually to form a bond.
For example, in the HBr case, both Bromine and hydrogen share their pair of electrons and form a covalent bond.
In general, a covalent bond forms between atoms when the forces of attraction and repulsion are balanced and in a stable condition.
In covalent bonding, shared pair of electrons is called bonding pair.
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3. Comparing and Contrasting The compound
in blood that carries oxygen to cells throughout
the body contains iron. Iron has an atomic number
of 26. Iron-59 is used to diagnose disorders in the
blood. How is iron-59 different from all other
isotopes of iron? How is it the same?
HELPP ASAP
Its is different because Iron-59 contains 33 neutrons. We also call it the same because it has 26 protons.
Due to its 33 neutrons, iron-59 differs from other iron isotopes. Due to the fact that all isotopes have 26 protons, they are all the same.
What are Isotopes?
Isotopes two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
Hence, Iron-59 is different form other isotopes of iron because it contains 33 neutrons. It is the same as other isotopes because they all contain 26 protons.
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Clarify the chemical reaction, and then write a balanced formula chemical equation
NaF
The balanced chemical equation for the formation of sodium fluoride, NaF is given below:
2 Na (s) + F₂ (g) ----> 2 NaF (s)
What kind of reaction is the formation of sodium fluoride?The formation of sodium fluoride, NaF is an example of a synthesis reaction.
In a synthesis reaction, two or more elements or compounds react together to form a single compound.
The formation of sodium fluoride is given in the chemical equation below:
2 Na (s) + F₂ (g) ----> 2 NaF (s)
The reaction is a highly exothermic reaction. The compound formed, NaF is an ionic compound.
During the reaction, two moles of sodium atoms lose an electron each to fluorine gas atom which readily accepts the electrons to fluoride ions.
electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely-charges ions keep the compound in a crystal lattice form.
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if the total energy of the two atomic orbitals is x and the energy difference between bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals is y then the energy of bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbital will be:
As ′y′ is the energy of molecular orbitals, then for bonding molecular orbital, it is [tex]\frac{y}{2} - x[/tex] and for antibonding molecular orbital, it is [tex]\frac{y}{2} + x[/tex] according to the molecular orbital theory.
Different electron affinities cause the phenomena of different molecular orbital distributions in bonds. Atoms with a high electron affinity tend to control the filled molecular orbitals because they have a strong inclination to attract electrons inward and toward their centers. The vacant molecular orbitals are often dominated by those with weak electron affinities.
According to the molecular orbital theory, a bonding and antibonding molecular orbital pair's differing energies are accompanied by the fact that the energy by which a bond is reduced is less than the energy by which a bond is increased, i.e., the stabilizing energy of each bonding interaction is smaller than the destabilizing energy of antibonding.
Therefore, if ‘y’ is the molecular orbital energy, the antibonding molecular orbital has [tex]\frac{y}{2} + x[/tex] and the bonding molecular orbital has [tex]\frac{y}{2} - x[/tex].
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Which gas(es) ill diffuse faster than CO2, if they are all at the same temperature and concentration?
Ammonia (NH[tex]_{3}[/tex]) is the gas that will diffuse faster as it has lower molecular weight than CO[tex]_{2}[/tex].
The rate of diffusion or effusion is explained by Graham's law. According to this law, lighter atoms and molecules will diffuse through the air more quickly than heavier atoms and molecules while a gas's temperature and pressure are kept constant.
The rate of effusion of a gas is the process by which material particles from the confined region gradually start to escape. Think about how a balloon would deflate from the inside out if we made a hole in it, allowing the gas inside to start escaping into the atmosphere. This is referred to as the effusion of gas into the atmosphere.
As ammonia has lower molecular weight than CO[tex]_{2}[/tex], it will diffuse faster.
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Calculate the frequency of wave that had a wavelength of 425 nm
The frequency of the wave is found to be 7.05×10¹⁴hertz.
The relation between speed of light, frequency and wavelength is given by,
C= fλ
f=c/λ
f= 3×10⁸/425×10⁻⁹
f=7.05×10¹⁴.
Thus, the frequency of the wave is found to be 7.05×10¹⁴ hertz.
The number of waves that pass a specific place in a given period of time is known as the wave frequency. The hertz (Hz) is the SI unit for wave frequency, and 1 hertz is equivalent to 1 wave crossing a fixed point in 1 second. A wave with a higher frequency has more energy than a wave with a lower frequency of the same amplitude.
A wave’s wavelength is the separation between two adjacent waves’ corresponding points. The Greek letter lambda () is typically used to represent a wave’s length. Wavelength is defined as the product of a wave train’s frequency (f) and speed (v) in a medium.
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What is the value of the gas constant, r, in units of l ⋅ atm mol ⋅ k ? report the value with at least three significant figures.
If you choose the first value of R, which is 0.082057 L atm mol-1K-1, then your units for pressure, volume, and temperature must all be in atm, liters, and Kelvin respectively.
What is gas constant?
The physical constant known as the gas constant (abbreviated R) is measured in terms of units of energy per degree increase in temperature per mole. Other names for it include the universal gas constant, the ideal gas constant, and the molar gas constant.
The gas constant is the same as the Boltzmann constant in terms of value, but it is stated as the pressure-volume product rather than energy per particle per degree of temperature increase.
Hence, the value of gas constant is 0.082057 L atm mol-1K-1,.
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a chemist recrystallizes 10 g of a solid and isolates 7 g as the first crop and 1 g as the second crop. what is the percent recovery in the first crop? what is the total percent recovery?
Percent recovery in the first crop is 70%
Total percent recovery is 80%
Percent recovery is defined as amount recovered divided by the total possible amount recovered
First part:
Amount recovered=7g
Total amount recoverable=10g
Percent recovery=7/10=.7=70%
Percent recovery in the first crop is 70%
Second part:
Amount recovered=(7+1)g=8g
Total amount Recoverable=10g
Percent recovery=8/10=.8=80%
Total percent recovery is 80%
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Calculate the number of atoms in 24.83g calcium phosphate.
Avogadro's Number:
Avogadro's number, which is equal to 6.02214076 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] , is the quantity of units in one mole of any material. Hence, 1 mole of calcium phosphate,[tex]Ca_{3} (PO_{4}) _{2}[/tex] will contain 6.02214076 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] atoms.
The molar mass of calcium phosphate is 310.18 g/mol,
Then, number of moles in 24.83g of calcium phosphate = [tex]\frac{mass}{molar mass}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{24.83}{310.18}[/tex]
= 0.08 mole
Then, 0.08 mole of [tex]Ca_{3} (PO_{4}) _{2}[/tex] will contain,
= 0.08 moles x 6.02214076 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] atoms
= 0.4818 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] atoms = 4.818 x [tex]10^{22}[/tex] atoms.
Hence, 0.08 mole of calcium phosphate will contain 4.818 x [tex]10^{22}[/tex] atoms.
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How many total atoms does C6H₁2O6 contain?
Answer:
So, total number of atoms = 6 + 12 + 6 = 24.
Explanation:
Onsider this reaction. 2mg(s)+o2(g) 2mgo(s) what volume (in milliliters) of oxygen gas is required to react with 4.03 g of mg at stp? 1860 ml 2880 ml 3710 ml 45,100 ml
The volume of oxygen required to react with 4.03g Mg at STP is found to be 1860mL by using the ideal gas equation.
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas comprised of numerous randomly moving particles that do not interact with one another. A true gas is the polar opposite; it takes up space (volume) and its molecules interact. As a result, PV is always equal to nRT.
The ideal gas law is a single equation that links an ideal gas's pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles. The combined gas law describes the relationship between a gas's pressure, volume, and temperature.
Reaction:
[tex]2Mg (s) + O_2 (g) \rightarrow 2MgO (s)[/tex]
Given:
Mass of Mg = 4.03g
STP
To find:
Volume of Oxygen = ?
Formula:
PV = nRT
Calculations:
No. of moles of Mg = 4.03/24 = 0.168 mol
2 moles of MgO are obtained from 2 moles of Mg
1 mole of [tex]O_2[/tex] gives 2 moles of MgO
Therefore,
No. of moles of Oxygen = 0.168 / 2 = 0.084 mol
Volume of Oxygen = nRT/P
Volume of Oxygen = 0.084 x 0.082 x 273 / 1
Volume of Oxygen = 1.860L
Volume of Oxygen = 1860mL
Result:
1860mL of oxygen is required to react with 4.03g Mg at STP.
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The light-gathering ability of a reflecting telescope depends on its _____
a. length
b. mirrors
c. lenses
d. materials
Answer:Mirrors
Explanation:
List these drinks in order of kinetic energy, starting with
the drink whose particles have the highest kinetic
energy.
Drink
Hot Chocolate
Milk
Juice
Water
Intro
Temperature
(in °C)
50
35
40
15
O hot chocolate, water, juice, milk
hot chocolate, juice, milk, water
Owater, milk, juice, hot chocolate
O water, hot chocolate, juice, milk
The correct order for the kinetic energy of the drinks is hot chocolate, juice, milk, and water at their respective temperature ie. option b.
What is kinetic energy?
The energy that a body has because it is moving is called kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy is directly related to the temperature. Therefore, the temperature means more kinetic energy.
Since the hot chocolate has the highest temperature followed by juice and then milk and water.
Hence, the correct answer is option b
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the system absorbs 34.7 j from the surroundings in form of heat as it increases its volume to 12.80 l under an external pressure of 0.900 atm. what was the initial volume of the system if the internal energy of the system decreased by 127.5 j? (to convert between l⋅atm and j, use 1l⋅atm
The initial volume of the gas is obtained as 11.02 L.
What is the initial volume?The work done can be obtained from the use of the formula;
W = PΔV
W = work done on the gas
P = pressure of the gas
ΔV = Change in volume
Now we can see that;
Internal energy = 127.5 J or 1.26 Latm
Heat lost = 34.7 J or 0.34 Latm
We now have;
-1.26 = 0.34 - 0.900(12.80 - V1)
-1.26 = 0.34 - 11.52 + 0.9V1
-1.26 + 11.18 = 0.9V1
V1 = -1.26 + 11.18 / 0.9
V1 = 11.02 L
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If a circuit is arranged so that the current may take two or more different paths, what
type of circuit is it?
An open circuit
A closed circuit
A series circuit
A parallel circuit
If a circuit is arranged so that the current may take two or more different paths then it is a parallel circuit .
What is circuit.
circuit is a completely circular path where electricity flow.
A circuit consists a current source , conductor and a load.
It is a close path or a line forming boundary.
A parallel circuit comprises branches so that the current divided .
The rule of parallel circuit is all components share the same voltage .
It is simple safe and reliable it's allowed for additional components .
The application of parallel circuit is the electrical wiring to the power point in every household is in the form of parallel circuit.
That's why it's called parallel circuit.
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Answer:
Parallel circuit
Explanation:
Penn Foster
How would this model be like after being separated chemically?
A separation method known as chemical extraction depends on the difference between an element's solubility in an organic solvent and an aqueous solution.
What exactly are organic solvents?Organic solvents are chemicals with a carbon structure that can dissolve or disperse one or more other compounds. Organic solvents have the potential to be neurotoxins, genital poisons, and carcinogens. The organic solvents benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene are carcinogenic. The boiling point of organic solvents is low – Organic solvents are known to have very low boiling points.
Is oil a type of organic solvent?Vegetable oil is analysed and weighed for use as an organic solvent for wastewater treatment in liquid membrane systems.e vegetable oil as a more sustainable organic solvent is highlighted.
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Therefore, the independent variable was ___________
and the dependent
variable was ___________
Therefore, the independent variable was cause and the dependent
variable was effect.
What is independent variable?An independent variable is a variable that you manipulate or change in an experimental study to study its effects. It is called "independent" because it is not influenced by other variables in the study.
Independent variables are also called:
Explanatory variables (they explain an event or result) Predictor variables (they can be used to predict the value of the dependent variable) Right variables (they appear on the right side of the variable) ). regression equation).These terms are especially used in statistics, where you can assess the extent to which a change in the independent variable can explain or predict changes in the dependent variable.
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Answer:
the whole answer for everything is
temperature
solubility
temperature
solubility
clearly supported
Explanation:
hop this helped ong
in the laboratory, a quantity of i2 was reacted with excess h2 to give 0.590 moles of hi. it is also known that the percent yield of this reaction was 74.0%. how many moles of i2 reacted
Using the balanced reaction equation, we can calculate that 0.399 moles of iodine reacted.
To solve this, we need to write the balanced reaction equation first:
H₂ + I₂ → 2HI
Now we can use the actual yield and the percent yield to calculate the theoretical yield:
0.590 mol / 0.740 = 0.797 mol of HI
From the reaction equation, we can see that 1 mole of iodine produces two moles HI. Using that information, we can set up the following proportion:
1 mol of I₂ : 2 mol of HI = X : 0.797 mol of HI
X = 1 mol of I₂ * 0.797 mol of HI / 2 mol of HI
X = 0.399 mol of I₂
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what is the ratio of constants at 25 c for two reactions a and bif the standard free energy of activiation of reaction a is 28 kj/mol less than that of reaction b
The ratio of the constants for the two reactions is found to be 7.10 by using the Arrhenius equation.
The Arrhenius equation is [tex]k = A e^\frac{-Ea}{RT}[/tex], where A is the frequency or pre-exponential factor and [tex]e^\frac{-Ea}{RT}[/tex] is the proportion of collisions at temperature T that have enough energy to overcome the activation barrier (i.e., have energy higher than or equal to the activation energy Ea).
The exponential part in the Arrhenius equation means that when the activation energy diminishes, the rate constant of a reaction grows exponentially. Because the rate of a reaction is exactly proportional to its rate constant, the rate also grows exponentially. Because a reaction with a low activation energy requires less energy to reach the transition state, it should occur more quickly than a reaction with a higher activation energy.
Given:
T = 25℃ = 25 + 273 = 298K
[tex]Ea^B - Ea^A[/tex] = 28kJ/mol = 28000J/mol
R = 8.314J
To find:
kA / kB = ?
Formula:
[tex]k = A e^\frac{-Ea}{RT}[/tex]
Calculations:
From Arrhenius equation,
kA = [tex]A e^\frac{-Ea^A}{RT}[/tex]
kB = [tex]A e^\frac{-Ea^B}{RT}[/tex]
kA / kB = [tex]e^\frac{Ea^B - Ea^A}{RT}[/tex]
kA / kB = [tex]e^\frac{28000}{8.314 * 298}[/tex]
kA / kB = 7.10
Result:
The ratio of the constants is found to be 7.10
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PLEASE HELP, AWARDING BRAINLIEST!
The maximum kinetic energy of an ejected electron is 5.08 e⁻²⁰.
Total energy = threshold energy + kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy = Total energy - threshold energy
= hc/λ - hc/λ₀
= 6.64 × 10⁻³⁴ × 3 × 10⁸( 1/312 - 1/339) × 10⁹ J
= 0.00508 × 10⁻¹⁷ J
Into three significant figures = 5.08 × 10⁻²⁰
or 5.08 e⁻²⁰.
The threshold wavelength is the most wavelength that the incident radiation should have so that the photoelectric effect takes region. The painting's characteristic is defined as the minimal electricity had to take away an electron from the strong to a degree in vacuum immediately outdoors the surface of the stable.
The threshold frequency is defined because the minimum frequency of incident radiation underneath which the photoelectric emission is not feasible absolutely. regardless of the depth of incident radiation.
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label each of the following product pairs as optically active or inactive. a. 50% r enantiomer and 50% s enantiomer b. a pair of diastereomers c. a meso compound d. 40% r enantiomer and 60% s enantiomer e. just the r enantiomer f. a racemic mixture
The optical activity of the given enantiomer pairs is inactive, active, inactive, active, active, and inactive respectively.
Enantiomers have similar physical and chemical characteristics, making it difficult to identify and separate them. A chiral compound's right- and left-handed enantiomers cause different perturbations in plane-polarized light. It has been called optical activity and is specific to chiral compounds.
Optically active substances rotate the plane of polarized light. A stereoisomeric pair has two identical but sign-opposite enantiomers, each of which is optically active. Because they are scientifically established constants that describe and distinguish pure enantiomers, specific rotations are helpful.
a) 50% r enantiomer and 50% s enantiomer – Optically inactive because the plane-polarized light is moved in an equal but opposing direction by both the r and s enantiomers.
b) A pair of diastereomers – Optically active because these compounds have the same molecular formula but also have non-superimposable non-mirror images.
c) A meso compound – Optically inactive as they do not have enantiomers, because the mirror image of a meso compound is itself.
d) 40% r enantiomer and 60% s enantiomer – Optically active since the s enantiomer is in excess (60 – 40 = 20%).
e) Just the r enantiomer – Optically active because of the light's plane of polarization rotating.
f) A racemic mixture – Optically inactive because each component's rotatory impact completely balances out the other.
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WhiCh
of the following atoms has the smallest number of neutrons?
carbon-14
chlorine-25
carbon-12
carbon-13