The boiling requires overcoming air pressure with vapor pressure, the boiling temperature of water depends on your height from sea level. Additionally, although this tends to raise the boiling point, it relies on the presence of contaminants in the water.
However, water boils at sea level at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. It serves as a definition. Because that is what the Celsius system is founded on, that temperature was picked. Actually, the temperature that pure liquid water at sea level cannot get above is 100 degrees Celsius, which is the most that it can be heated to before plateauing. The "boiling point" measures the actual object in question.
If you gauge the temperature from the first sign of boiling, it may occur at a little lower levels. Whisps of vapor may be seen around 90–95 degrees, but if you are at sea level with a reliable thermometer and clear water, the temperature should increase to 100 and remain there until the water starts to boil.
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Explain why the ymbol for the element ulfur and the formula for a molecule of ulfur differ�
The symbol for atomic sulfur and molecular sulfur is different. The symbol for atomic sulfur is S and the symbol for molecule sulfur is S₈.
The symbol of an element or atom is just the representation with few alphabets with no digit.
example
Symbol for Oxygen is O
Symbol for Nitrogen is N
Symbol for sulfur is S
However in case of molecule we know that molecule is the combination of atoms. In sulfur molecule 8 sulfur atom is present so we represent the molecule as S₈.
Thus the elemental form of sulfur is an eight atomic molecule
The forms is represented as S₈.
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carbon disulfide has a vapor pressure of 363 torr at 25 degrees and a normal boiling point of 46.3 degrees find the change in hvap
The change in enthalpy of vaporization is 27.4 kJ/mol that can be calculated using Clausius-Clapeyron relation.
The Clausius-Clapeyron relation is used to characterize a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of the same constituent such as ice. The plot is drawn between 1/T vs ln P.
T1= 25+273=298 K
P1=363 Torr
T2= 46.3+273 = 319.3 K
P2= 760 Torr which is the atmospheric pressure.
By using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
ln(P2/P1)=ΔH/R[1/T1-1/T2]
ln (760/363)=ΔH/8.314x10^-3[1/298-1/319.3]
ΔH=27.44 kJ/mol
Therefore, the change in enthalpy of vaporization is 27.4 kJ/mol.
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the inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s]. Explain this observation.
The inhibitory effect of an uncompetitive inhibitor is greater at high [s] than at low [s] because kcat/kM = 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland.
Uncompetitive inhibition is an example of a reversible inhibition.
At [S] > KM the effect of the inhibitor on reducing Vmax is apparent because as [S] increases, V approaches Vmax / α′
At [S] < KM the effect of the inhibitor is minimal because as [S] decreases, V approaches Vmax[S] / KM.
kcat = Vmax/[Etotal]
= ( 164*10-6 (mol/L)min-1 )/(1*10-9 mol/L)
= 1.64 x 10^5 min-1
kcat/kM = ( 164000 min-1 / 32*10-6 M
= 5125*106 (M.min)-1
= 8.5 x 107 (M.s)-1
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You measured the pH of 2 solutions, a 0.1M HCl solution and a 0.1M acetic acid solution. Which of the following would be true?
1) The pH of the HCl is higher and the [H30+] is lower
2) The pH of the HCl is higher and the [H30+] is higher
3) The pH of the HCl is lower and the [H30+] is higher
4) The pH of the HCl is lower and the [H30+] is lower
5) The pH and [H30+] for the 2 solutions are the same
The pH of 2 solutions, a 0.1M HCl solution and a 0.1M acetic acid solution. The pH of the HCl is lower and the [H30+] is higher is true. Therefore, option 3 is correct.
What is pH ?The pH scale determines how acidic or basic water is. The range is 0 to 14, with 7 representing neutrality. Acidity is indicated by pH values below 7, whereas baseness is shown by pH values above 7. In reality, pH is a measurement of the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water.
The pH scale, which previously stood for "potential of hydrogen," is used to describe how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is. The pH values of acidic solutions are typically lower than those of basic or alkaline solutions.
Thus, option 3 is correct.
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how many moles of agcl(s) would form when 100. ml of 0.400 m agno3 is mixed with 90.0 ml of 0.250 m cacl2 ? g
100ml of 0.400 m AgNO3 and 90.0 ml of 0.250 m CaCl2 would combine to create 0.0225 moles of AgCl(s).
AgNO3 + CaCl2 -> AgCl + Ca(NO3)2 is the result of the given reaction
One mole of AgNO3 interacts with one mole of CaCl2 to produce one mole of AgCl in this reaction.
Given that AgNO3 (v1) has a volume of= 100 ml
Volume of CaCl2(v2) = 90ml
molarity of AgNO3 (m1) = 0.400M
Molarity of CaCl2 (m2) = 0.250M
Moles of AgNO3 formed: v1 x m1/1L = 0.1 x 0.4/1 = 0.04
moles of CaCl2 formed: v2 x m2/1L = 0.09 x 0.25/1L = 0.0225
Since AgNO3 exceeds 0.0225 moles of AgCl, CaCl2 is the limiting reactant in this limiting reactant problem.
Hence the number of moles of AgCl formed = 0.0225
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What is the percent compositions for nature's mix of lithium isotopes? What do you notice about the average atomic mass compare to the mass numbers for these same lithium isotopes? How does this relate back to how the average atomic mass is calculated?
The percent compositions for the naturally occurring isotopes of lithium are as follows: lithium-6 (7.5%), lithium-7 (92.5%), and lithium-8 (0.01%). The average atomic mass of lithium is calculated by taking into account the masses of all of its naturally occurring isotopes and the percent abundance of each isotope. When we look at the average atomic mass of lithium and compare it to the mass numbers of its isotopes, we can see that the average atomic mass is not equal to any of the individual isotope mass numbers. This is because the average atomic mass is a weighted average that takes into account the percent abundance of each isotope. Therefore, the average atomic mass of lithium is not the same as the mass number of any of its individual isotopes.
consider the following two compounds: c5h11oh (1-pentanol) c5h11sh (1-pentanethiol) which compound has the higher molar mass? which compound has the higher boiling point?
1-pentanethiol has a higher molar mass.
What is Boiling Point?
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapour pressure equals that of the surrounding air. The liquid turns to a vapour at this temperature.
The boiling point of the liquid is influenced by the atmospheric pressure. When a liquid is at high pressure, its boiling point is higher than when it is at atmospheric pressure. Different liquids have variable boiling points at a certain pressure. The standard boiling point of a liquid was established by IUPAC in 1982 as the temperature at which a liquid starts to boil at a pressure of one bar.
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an element e has the electron configuration [ar]3d104s24p2. what is the formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be?
The formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be EF4.
Define electron configuration.
The most common nomenclature for describing an atom's electronic configuration is its electron configuration. We allow each electron to occupy an orbital under the orbital approximation, which can be solved by a single wave function.
Since the valency of the element E is 4 and and the valency of flourine is 1, the compound of these two elements will have the formula EF4.
Therefore, the formula for the fluoride of e most likely to be EF4.
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true or false even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in glycolysis are endergonic.
The statement "Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in glycolysis are endergonic" is a TRUE statement.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate (in the presence of oxygen) or lactate (in the absence of oxygen). There are ten sequences of reactions in it catalyzed by enzymes.
The overall reactions of glycolysis are exergonic, which means energy is released into its surroundings, However, some of the reactions within glycolysis absorb energy instead of releasing energy, making them endergonic reactions. One of them is the second reaction in glycolysis, where isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of G-6-P to F-6-P.
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what volume of 0.2500 m strontium hydroxide is required to completely react with 75.00 ml of 0.07942m hcl?
The volume of 0.2500 m strontium hydroxide is required to completely react with 75.00 ml of 0.07942m hcl is 11.91 mL.
Calculation:-
Sr(OH)2 + 2 HCl => SrCl2 + 2 H2O
Moles of HCl = volume x concentration of HCl
= 75.00/1000 x 0.07942 = 0.0059565 mol
Moles of Sr(OH)2 = 1/2 x moles of HCl
= 1/2 x 0.0059565 = 0.00297825 mol
Volume of Sr(OH)2 = moles/concentration of Sr(OH)2
= 0.00297825/0.2500
= 0.01191 L = 11.91 mL
The health risks associated with radioactive strontium are very low at concentrations commonly found in the environment. Higher-than-normal levels of radioactive strontium lower blood cell concentrations and increase the risk of certain types of cancer. There is a possibility. Strontium is a soft silvery-yellow alkaline earth metal.
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gas is placed in a balloon with a volume of 3.0 l at 35oc and 800 torr. what would be the new volume for the gas if placed under stp?
gas is placed in a balloon with a volume of 3.0 l at 35oc and 800 torr. what would be the new volume for the gas if placed under stp The new volume will be "13.0 L" when the balloon is inflated to less than 800 mmHg.
Ideal gas formula
The answer to the query is
P1 = 1 atm for pressure
P₂ = 1.053 atm
T1 = 273.15 K for the temperature.
T₂ = 373.15 K
V1 = 10.0 L of volume
The ideal gas equation can be used to:
⇒ PV = nRT
or,
Then,
The new book will be:
→ V₂ =
By changing the values above,
=
= 13.0 L
Consequently, the strategy described above is appropriate.
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if you have 25 ml of a buffer solution at an initial ph, and it takes 13 ml of 0.1m hcl to change the buffer to ph -1, what is the buffer capacity for this solution
If you have 25 ml of a buffer solution at an initial ph, and it takes 13 ml of 0.1m hcl to change the buffer to ph -1, 130 ml/M is the buffer capacity for this solution.
The buffer capacity of a solution is a measure of its ability to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It is defined as the amount of acid or base that must be added to the solution to change its pH by one unit.
To find the buffer capacity of a solution, we need to know the initial pH of the solution and the amount of acid or base required to change its pH by one unit.
In this case, we are given that the initial pH of the buffer solution is some value, and it takes 13 mL of 0.1 M HCl to change the pH by 1 unit. We can use this information to calculate the buffer capacity as follows:
Buffer capacity = amount of acid or base required to change pH by 1 unit / concentration of acid or base
= 13 mL / 0.1 M
= 130 mL/M
Therefore, the buffer capacity of this solution is 130 mL/M.
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is there evidence of the diffusion of iodine molecules? if so, what is the evidence and in which direction did iodine molecules diffuse?
Yes, Water moves through osmosis as it transitions from a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis via the dialysis tube was demonstrated by the fact that there was an increase in liquid in the dialysis bag and a decrease in water and iodine solution in the cup.
Osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane, and movement occurs continuously. A membrane is not required for diffusion, which is the movement of molecules.
They both transition from a high concentration to a low concentration, they don't require energy, and they happen in both plants and animals.
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What substance would precipitate if you were to add a saturated sodium carbonate solution to a saturated sodium chloride solution? Why?
NaCl + Na₂CO₃ ⇌ NaCl + Na₂CO₃
Answer:
Explanation: This is an example of a double displacement reaction. Here sodium carbonate is added to sodium chloride. The result is no visible reaction.
There is no effect of mixing the solids. Mixing solutions would have little effect unless they were at very high concentrations, then it is possible some sodium carbonate would precipitate due to the common ion effect.
an organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be
organic compound contains 73.14% carbon, 7.37% hydrogen and the rest oxygen. if the mole mass of this compound was 82.1 grams per mole. the empirical formula for this compound would be C10H12O2
73.14% C , 7.37% H , 19.49 % O
lets say there are 100g of compound then there are 73.14g C , 7.37g H , 19.49g O
no of moles of C = 73.14 / 12.01 = 6.09 mol
no of moles of H = 7.37/1.0079 = 7.31 mol
no of moles of O = 19.49/15.9994 = 1.22 mol
now divide by the smallest no of moles( 1.22 mol) for each
we get C:H:O = 4.99 : 5.99 : 1.00
therefore C5H6O is the empirical formula
molecular formula = n ( C5H6O)
n = molecular mass / empirical mass of compound = 164.2 / 82 = 2
molecular formula =2( C5H6O) = C10H12O2
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An organic compound contains 20.0 % Carbon, 6.66% Hydrogen, 47.33% Nitrogen and the rest was Oxygen. Its molar mass is 60 gm. The molecular formula of the compound is? (A)
C
H
4
N
2
O
(B)
C
H
2
N
O
2
(C)
C
2
H
6
N
O
(D)
C
H
18
N
O
A molar empirical mass of 60 g is present ( same as the given molar mass ). Consequently, the molecular formula is CN2OH4.
How is an organic molecule's percent yield calculated?After dividing the actual yield produced in the lab by the predicted theoretical yield, multiply the result by 100 to determine the yield percentage.
How do you figure out the recovery percentage?Percent recovery is calculated as the difference between what you actually gathered and what you were expected to collect. Consider that after recrystallization, you obtained 7.0 g of dry pure material from 10.0 g of impure material. Your recovery rate is then 70% (7/10 x 100).
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1. in this experiment, why 3-sulfolene was used instead of 1,3-butadiene? explain thoroughly for full credit.
Starting with solid 3-sulfolene and decomposing was easier than starting with gaseous 1,3-butadiene.
3-Sulfolene is used to produce 1,3-butadiene by decomposition with maleic anhydride in solution. The solution should be heated slightly to decompose all the sulfolene to butadiene which reacts with the anhydride.
Diene is produced in a reaction vessel by heating butadiene sulfone until it decomposes into 1,3-butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The Diels-Alder reaction involves the replacement of four pi electrons from the diene and two pi electrons from the dienophile. This reaction is used to generate vitamin B6. The activation energies for these processes are reached only at high temperatures.
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Glucose, C6H12O6 is a sugar found in fruits and honey. is the molar mass of fructose?
Answer:
C6H12O6 is molar mass of fructose
Explanation:
the major component of honey is fructose.180.16g/mol
why don't we see hydrogen balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k?
These stars are so cool that nearly all of the hydrogen atoms are in the ground state that's why don't we see hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 k.
What are hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra?The hydrogen emission spectrum includes the Balmer series as a subset. In the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, only these lines are present. The hydrogen Rydberg constant has a value of 109,677 cm. The section of the hydrogen emission spectrum known as the Balmer series is essentially where an electron is energised to go from the second shell to any other shell. Other transitions follow suit and have their own series titles. Here is a list of a few of them:
Lyman series: The changes from the first shell to any other shell.Balmer series: The change from any other shell to the second shell.Paschen series: Third shell to any other shell transition.Brackett series: Fourth shell to any other shell transition.Pfund series: Fifth shell to any other shell transition.To learn more about Hydrogen Atoms here:
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8) estimate how many ml of 0.100 m naoh would be needed to back titrate an analytical solution containing at most 200 mg of mg(oh)2 (fw 58.32) to which 45.0 ml of 0.225m hcl was added?
Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] + 2HCl [tex]- >[/tex] HgCl[tex]\\_{2}[/tex] +2H[tex]_{2}[/tex]O
200Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] = 200/58.32 of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] = 3.429 mol of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex]
1 mole of Mg(OH)[tex]_{2}\\[/tex] reacts with 2 moles of HCl = 10.125 moles of HCl
therefore result from the above equation is 6.858 moles of HCl .
Excess remaing HCl in the solution is 3.267 moles
we have to titrate the solution with 0.100M of NaOH.
HCl +NaOH [tex]- >[/tex] NaCl+ H[tex]_{2}[/tex]O
therefor the amount of NaOH required is 3.267/0.100
it is 32.67 ml
32.7ml of 0.100 m naoh would be needed to back titrate an analytical solution containing at most 200 mg of mg(oh)2 (fw 58.32) to which 45.0 ml of 0.225m hcl was added
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write the net ionic equation for powdered iron added to a solution of iron (iii) sulfate
Answer: Fe + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + H2 (Note: Dilute H2SO4)
Explanation:
it comes easy to me
determine the value of kp for the following reaction: 4hcl(g)+o2(g)⇌2cl2(g)+2h2o(g)
The equilibrium constant at a temperature of 25°C is Kp = 28.18. This value can be expressed to three significant digits as Kp = 28.2.
What exactly is balance?A state of balance between conflicting forces or influences is known as equilibrium. It is a principle that is applied in a variety of fields, including as physics, chemistry, and economics.
The following equation can be used to determine the equilibrium constant for the specified reaction:
Kp = [Cl₂]²[H₂O]² / [HCl]⁴[O₂]
The partial pressures of the gases can be used to determine Kp on the assumption that the gas is ideal.
Kp = (PCl₂)²(PH₂O)²/ (PHCl)⁴(PO₂)
Kp is easily calculable if the partial pressures of each gas are known. Finding the equilibrium constants at a given temperature is important because no pressures are provided in this scenario.
According to the information in the thermochemical table, Kp = 28.18 is the equilibrium constant at 25°C. 3 significant figures can be used to express this amount Kp = 28.2.
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A buffer solution is prepared that is 0.18 M NH3 and 0.27 M NH4Cl. What is the pH of this buffer? Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5
A. 4.57
B. 9.26
C. 9.43
D. 4.92
E. 9.08
Option E is Answer. The pH value of the buffer is 9.08
The pH of a solution: It is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn is a measure of its own acidity. Pure water dissociates slightly into equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl (OH−) ions.
The pH is then calculated using the expression:
pH = - log [OH-].-------------(1)
the pH of acidic buffer =pka+log[ acid/salt]
the pH of basic buffer =pkb+log[ base/salt]
Given that Kb=1.8x10^-5
base=0.27M
salt=0.18M
first, we have to calculate the value of kb,
pkb=−log[1.8×10 ^−5]
pkb=4.74
The pH of buffer=pkb+log[base/salt]-------------(2)
We find out the value of kb and now substitute it in equation(2)
pOH=4.74+log[ 0.27/0.18]
=4.74−0.176=4.92
pH=14−4.92=9.08
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What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions? How do they affect the enthalpy and the temperature of the system and the surroundings?
The enthalpy of a system refers to the heat content of the system. In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system increases because heat is being absorbed from the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system decreases because heat is being released to the surroundings.
The temperature of the surroundings can also be affected by endothermic and exothermic reactions. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases because heat is being absorbed by the system. In an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings increases because heat is being released by the system.
In summary, endothermic reactions absorb heat and have a positive enthalpy change, while exothermic reactions release heat and have a negative enthalpy change. The temperature of the system and the surroundings will change in opposite directions in endothermic and exothermic reactions.
In the electroplating of nickel, 0.200 faraday of electrical charge is passed through a solution of NiSO4. What mass of nickel is deposited?
a. 2.94
b. 5.87
c. 11.7
d. 58.7
When a solution of NiSO4 is exposed to a 0.2 faraday electrical charge, b. 5.87 g of nickel, Ni is deposited.
The Balanced equation is :
Ni²⁺ + 2e —> Ni
To Determine the mass of the Ni when there is 0.2 farad.
According to the balanced equation,
The molar mass of nickel is 1× 59 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex]
The number of farad =2
(Since, In the balanced equation nickel losses 2 electron. )
2 farad = 59 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex] of nickel
0.2 farad = ?
⇒[tex]\frac{(59)(0.2)}{2}[/tex]
⇒5.87 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex] ≈ 5.9 [tex]gmol^{-1}[/tex]
What is Nickel Electroplating ?Nickel is deposited onto a metal component by the technique of nickel electroplating. Before plating can start, parts must be clean and free of debris, corrosion, and flaws. A mixture of heat treating, cleaning, masking, pickling, and etching may be used to prepare and protect the part before plating.
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What is the energy of a wave with a wavelength of 7.3E-9 m
The energy of a wave with a wavelength of 7.3E-9 m is 2.72 x 10^-17 Joules.
What is wavelength?The wavelength is described as the spatial period of a periodic wave the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
To calculate the energy, we use the Planck's equation
E = h x c / λ
substitute the values of the given parameters, we have
Planck's constant in joules (h = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ J⋅s),
speed of light (c = 299792458 m/s).
λ = 7.3E-9 m
Energy = 6.6261 × 10⁻³⁴ x (299792458/ 7.3E-9 m)
Energy = 2.72 x 10^-17 Joules.
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calculate the freezing point of a 0.09500 m aqueous solution of glucose. the molal freezing-point-depression constant of water is 1.86oc/m
The freezing point of a 0.09500 m aqueous solution of glucose is -0.1767 °C.
Let's use the freezing point depression's accumulative feature.
ΔT=Kf.m.i
i= Van't Hoff factor (number of ions dissolved). Due to the non-electrolyte nature of glucose, I = 1
m = molality (mol of solute/kilogram of solvent).
We have these numbers → is 0.095 m
The freezing-point-depression constant for water Kf is 1.86 °C/m when
ΔT = T° freezing pure solvent - T° freezing solution
(0° - T° freezing solution)= 1.86 °C/m for . 0.095 m. 1
T° of freezing solution= 1.86 °C/m. 0.095 m . 1 → -0.1767°C
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according to ice core and fossil evidence, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are higher now than at any time for at least the last years. a) 65 b) 65,000 c) 650,000 d) 6.5 million e) 65 million
At any time for at least the last years C) 65,000 years.
To protect the climate and to mitigate climate change, firstly we have to control the emission of the greenhouse gases. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum etc releases a huge quantity of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, reducing the greenhouse gas emission is important to mitigate or stop climate change.
C) 650,000 years
Over the past 650,000 years, there has been almost seven cycles of glaciation(glacial advance and retreat) leading to excessively high carbon dioxide levels.
Thus, option C is the correct choice.
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Why do people debate how to account for different roughness conditions in different portions of compound channel cross-section? how do we try to deal with this concern?
People argue how to take into account for varied roughness conditions in different regions of natural and restored waterways since they are typically constructed of compound channels rather than simple cross-sectional areas like rectangles, trapezoids, triangles, or simple curved forms.
What is a compound channel ?
A "compound" channel consists of a main channel that can handle regular flows and a flood plain that is submerged during heavy flows on one or both sides.
According to several researchers and practitioners, non-compound channels with channel beds and sides constructed of different materials or main channels with unusually shaped geometry and varying roughness should be the key applications for these composite roughness coefficient approaches. Furthermore, they propose the use of a composite roughness for compound channels when there are negligible roughness variations between the main channel and flood plains. These engineers recommend that the segmented conveyance approach instead be used in the majority of compound channel applications.
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the water took longer to evaporate. what does this imply about the strength of the attraction of the molecules to each other?
The strength of attraction of the water molecules to each other is the hydrogen bonding.
The slowest evaporating liquid might be the water. Water 's hydrogen bonding, being the most powerful sort of intermolecular force, might be the toughest to triumph over to break out into the fueloline kingdom and could bring about the longest time. Hydrogen bonds do not form in all molecules because hydrogen can only form these bonds with highly electronegative atoms. It is a weak type of force that happens when a hydrogen atom is bonded to an atom which has a high electronegativity.
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