1. the cytochemical stain result is MPO(+), and the classification of the disease using FAB classification is AML M1.
2. The WHO classification of this patient's hematologic malignancy is AML with myelodysplasia-related changes
3. Based on the flow cytometry result, the expected cytogenetic abnormality is t(8;21) or inv(16).
4. MRD+ constitutes the presence of leukemic cells in the patient's bone marrow or blood even after therapy.
5. RQ-PCR is the gold standard method with a sensitivity range of 0.001% and a specificity range of 90-100%.
6. Based on the follow-up flow cytometry, the diagnosis did differ.
7. Cytarabine was given to the patient to treat AML.
8. Cytarabine interacts with the deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) gene.
9. The diagnosis did become different based on the flow cytometry results.
10. The molecular marker that would determine the prognostic score for this is FLT3.
Here is the explanation:
1. Based on the initial laboratory data available pointing to the clonal malignancy, the cytochemical stain result is MPO(+), and the classification of the disease using FAB classification is AML M1.
2. The WHO classification of this patient's hematologic malignancy is AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC).
3. Based on the flow cytometry result, the expected cytogenetic abnormality is t(8;21) or inv(16). This cytogenetic abnormality would show the flow cytometry results as positive for CD34, CD33, and HLA-DR.
4. MRD+ constitutes the presence of leukemic cells in the patient's bone marrow or blood even after therapy. The laboratory techniques that would detect MRD+ status include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. MRD+ would negatively impact the prognosis of the patient.
5. The methods for the detection of MRD+ using specificity, sensitivity, the method employed, and linearity/limits of detection include real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR), digital PCR (dPCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and flow cytometry. RQ-PCR is the gold standard method with a sensitivity range of 0.001% and a specificity range of 90-100%.
6. Based on the follow-up flow cytometry, the diagnosis did differ. The preliminary diagnosis based on the population described by flow cytometry is AML with multilineage dysplasia.
7. Cytarabine was given to the patient to treat AML. The drug works by inhibiting DNA polymerase, leading to the cessation of DNA synthesis and the termination of cell division.
8. Cytarabine interacts with the deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) gene. The methodology employed to determine this gene that will interact with the drug is the genotyping method.
9. The diagnosis did become different based on the flow cytometry results. The preliminary diagnosis based on the initial flow cytometry is AML M1. The preliminary diagnosis based on the follow-up flow cytometry is AML with multilineage dysplasia.
10. The molecular marker that would determine the prognostic score for this is FLT3. Finding this marker would impact the disease as it would help predict the disease prognosis and guide therapy.
Final Diagnosis: AML with multilineage dysplasia (AML MLD).
To know more about cytochemical stains click here:
https://brainly.com/question/13063589
#SPJ11
Which of the following is true about bacteria?
A) They have an open digestive system
B) They belong to the domain Eukarya
C) They lack a nucleus and other organelles
D) They are not living things
i would say the answer is
A) They have an open digestive system
What is the benefit of writing a net ionic equation instead of a formula equation?
A) The net ionic equation shows the spectator ions in the reaction.
B) The net ionic equation shows a balance of atomic mass of each molecule.
C) The net ionic equation shows only the substances that change in the reaction.
D) The net ionic equation shows only the product that is soluble.
The benefit of writing a net ionic equation instead of a formula equation is that the net ionic equation shows only the substances that change in the reaction (Option C).
A formula equation is a representation of the chemical reactions that occur in a substance in the form of symbols and formulae for each substance. It provides information about the reactants, products, and other chemical species involved in the reaction, as well as the balanced chemical equation for the response. A net ionic equation is a chemical equation that shows only the soluble, vital electrolytes that are changed in a chemical reaction, omitting spectator ions. The ions that appear in both the reactant and product side, that do not change in the response, are known as spectator ions. Hence, the benefit of writing a net ionic equation instead of a formula equation is that the net ionic equation helps to focus on the essence of the chemical reaction by removing spectator ions, which do not play any part in the response and may sometimes obscure the underlying chemical process.
for further information on the chemical equation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28792948
#SPJ11
The Xylem carries ______.
A. water
B. sugar
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The phloem carries sugar
In treisman's theory, a stimulus is broken down into separate feature maps after it is initially registered in area:
Explanation:
In Treisman's theory, a stimulus is broken down into separate feature maps after it is initially registered in area: A) V1. B) V3. C) V4. D) V5.follow me
Complete the following sentence.
_______ disease is a common type of dementia that causes problems with short-term memory and daily living.
Answer:
Alzheimer's
Hope this helps!
1
What theory explains how the plates of the Earth are continually moving?
A
The Continental Drift Theory
B
The Theory of Evolution
C
The Plate Tectonic Theory
D
The Big Bang Theory
Answer:
A
Explanation:
1.
How many chromosomes are in each human cell?
Answer:
46
Explanation:
True or False?
It takes about the one million years for
the magma to complete one circular
convection flow.
Answer:
False, since it takes more than one million years
Explanation:
Speeds can be faster for small-scale convection occurring in low-viscosity regions beneath the lithosphere, and slower in the lowermost mantle where viscosities are larger. A single shallow convection cycle takes on the order of 50 million years, though deeper convection can be closer to 200 million years.
Whichof the following techniques was used to create the Flavr Savr tomato? (1 Point)
a. Geneknockout
b. Transgenic technology
d. Antisense RNA
e. Stem cell technology
The Flavr Savr tomato was produced using genetic engineering methods. A gene construct incorporating the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus and a full-length PG cDNA in reverse orientation was introduced into tomato plants to create antisense RNA. Hence (a) is the correct option.
Through transformation mediated by Agrobacterium, the construct was incorporated into the tomato genome. The kanamycin-resistance gene was employed to enable scientists identify plants with the genes effectively inserted during the development of the tomato. Genetic engineering is the method utilised to produce the Flavr Savr tomato. Flavr Savr is produced via an agrobacterium system. The PG-Gene's antisense RNA has been implanted, and this is the foundation of the method.
To know more about genetic engineering, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/27079198
#SPJ4
Which of the following techniques was used to create the Flavr Savr tomato? (1 Point)
a. genetic engineering.
b. Transgenic technology
d. Antisense RNA
e. Stem cell technology
 True or False: If two organisms are located near one another on a phylogenetic tree they share a recent common ancestor.
HELP ILL MARK BRAINLIEST!
Answer:
True
Explanation:
When are the two organisms that share the most common ancestor in the tree 1. the sequence of branching does not necessarily indicate the actual (absolute) ages of the particular species 2. we cannot assume that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it (just bc two species are located near each other does not mean the are more clostly related)
“Phylogenetic relationship” refers to the relative times in the past that species shared common ancestors. Two species (B & C) are more closely related to one another than either one is to a third species (A) if, and only if, they share a more recent common ancestor with one another (at Time 2) than they do with the third species (at Time 1).
virus-infected cells produce ________, proteins that help neighboring cells fight further viral infections. group of answer choices histamines interferons lysozymes interleukin 2
Virus-infected cells produce interferons, proteins that help neighboring cells fight further viral infections.
What are interferons?
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. The primary role of interferons is to signal and activate immune cells such as natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells to defend the body against pathogens. They also have antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties that prevent virus replication and help clear the infection.
Interferons are classified into three categories based on their structure, mode of action, and the cells that produce them:
Type I interferons: They are produced by almost all cells in the body, including fibroblasts, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. They include IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, and IFN-ω.
Type II interferons: They are mainly produced by T-cells and natural killer cells. They include IFN-γ.
Type III interferons: They are produced by epithelial cells and leukocytes. They include IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3.
If you need to learn more about proteins click here:
https://brainly.com/question/10058019
#SPJ11
Which of the four learning styles is associated with
learning through the visual presentation of material in a written
format.
a.
Visual/Graphic
b.
Auditory/Verbal
c.
Tactile/Kinesthetic
d.
Read/Write
What is the significance of cdk/cyclin interactions with respect to cancer cell proliferation?
Understanding the mechanisms of CDK/cyclin regulation is crucial for the development of new therapeutic targets for cancer and other diseases.
The cell cycle is crucial for proper cell growth and differentiation in the body. The process of cell cycle regulation is regulated by the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their binding partner, the cyclins. CDK/cyclin interactions are vital for driving the cells through the different stages of the cell cycle, including the G1, S, G2, and M phases. The deregulation of CDK/cyclin interactions has been identified as a significant contributor to the development of cancer and other diseases. CDK/cyclin complexes can phosphorylate critical proteins in the cell that govern cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (cell death). Therefore, the disruption of these interactions can lead to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, which is a hallmark of cancer. For instance, Cyclin D1 is overexpressed in many cancers, including breast cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. The overexpression of Cyclin D1 results in hyperactivation of CDK4/6, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. In conclusion, CDK/cyclin interactions play a critical role in cell cycle progression and can have profound effects on cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of CDK/cyclin regulation is crucial for the development of new therapeutic targets for cancer and other diseases.
To know more about cyclin-dependent kinases visit: https://brainly.com/question/8166089
#SPJ11
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes __________.
A. glucagon
B. epinephrine
C. estradiol
D. aldosterone
E. cortisol
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes E) cortisol.
The adrenal gland is composed of different layers, including the zona fasciculata, which is responsible for the secretion of cortisol.
Cortisol is a steroid hormone classified as a glucocorticoid and plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body.
It is involved in the regulation of metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Cortisol helps in maintaining blood glucose levels, suppressing inflammation, and modulating the immune system.
The secretion of cortisol is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with the zona fasciculata responding to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released by the pituitary gland.
Learn more about adrenal gland here: brainly.com/question/29590708
#SPJ11
CAN SOMEONE PLEASE HELP ME!!!!!! THIS IS MY LAST CHANCE!!!!
What are three of the products whales are hunted for by the whalers and their substitute products?
the two traditional modes of genetic engineering may result in alterations of:
The two traditional modes of genetic engineering may result in alterations of the genetic information.
Traditional modes that result in genetic transformation:
Transgenic or Gene Addition: In this mode, a gene from one organism is introduced into the genome of another organism. This process can result in alterations of several aspects, including:
Phenotypic Traits: The introduced gene can express a new protein or modify the expression of existing proteins, leading to changes in the phenotypic traits of the organism. For example, the introduction of a gene for insect resistance into a crop plant can alter its resistance to pests.Metabolic Pathways: The introduced gene can encode enzymes that participate in metabolic pathways, affecting the production or breakdown of specific compounds within the organism. This can lead to alterations in the metabolic profile of the organism.Developmental Processes: If the introduced gene is involved in developmental processes, such as regulating the timing or pattern of growth, it can result in modifications in the organism's development and morphology.Gene Editing: In this mode, specific changes are made to the organism's own DNA sequence. The alterations that can occur through gene editing include:
Gene Knockout: By using techniques like CRISPR-Cas9, specific genes can be targeted and disrupted or deleted. This can result in the loss or reduction of function of the targeted gene, which may lead to phenotypic changes.Gene Insertion or Modification: Gene editing techniques can also be used to insert new genetic material or modify existing genes within the organism's genome. This can lead to alterations in protein expression or the functioning of specific genes, impacting various biological processes.The alterations resulting from traditional modes of genetic engineering are aimed at introducing desired traits or modifying specific characteristics of an organism for various purposes, such as improving crop yields, enhancing disease resistance, or producing valuable proteins. It's important to note that the effects of genetic engineering can vary depending on the specific genes and organisms involved and the intended modifications.
Learn more about genetic engineering:
https://brainly.com/question/1204462
#SPJ11
Fill in the blank
DNA IS NOT “TURNED ON” ALL OF THE _____ IN ALL OF THE CELLS.
name the living matter of the cell.
A garden contains 40 flowers, 30 of which are red. What is the frequency of red flowers?
Answer:
0.75
Explanation:
a frequency of 1.0 occurs when all the flowers are red
A garden that contains 40 flowers, 30 of which are red. Then, the frequency of red flowers is 75% of 1:3.
What is Frequency?Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as the temporal frequency for clarity, and is distinct from angular frequency. Frequency is usually measured in hertz (Hz) which is equal to one event per second.
Gene frequency is the fraction or percentage of a population which carries a particular allele at a particular gene locus. In this case, a garden has 40 flowers, in which 30 are red.
Therefore, the frequency of red flowers = Number of red flowers/ Total number of flowers
The frequency of red flowers = 30/ 40 = 75% or 1/3
Learn more about Frequency here:
https://brainly.com/question/5102661
#SPJ2
Please help and thank you whoever you are
Answer: Should be 3
factors necessary for germination of seed..
pls answer and hiii
How might we determine if the trait of albinism is dominant or recessive?
Answer:
inheritance. Oculocutaneous albinism is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of a gene in each cell have mutations.
Explanation:
Hope this helped Mark BRAINLIEST!!!
a. explain what is the recombinant technological procedure in biotechnology
Recombinant technology involves transferring specific genes into organisms using vectors, enabling the expression of desired traits or proteins in the recipient organism.
Recombinant technology, also known as genetic engineering or genetic modification, is a fundamental procedure in biotechnology that involves manipulating the genetic material of organisms to create new and improved products or traits. It allows scientists to transfer specific genes from one organism to another, regardless of species boundaries, to produce desired characteristics or perform specific functions.
The recombinant technological procedure typically involves several key steps. First, the target gene of interest is identified and isolated from the DNA of the donor organism. This gene is then inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or a viral DNA, which serves as a carrier for the gene. The vector is modified to ensure efficient uptake and expression of the gene in the recipient organism.
Next, the vector containing the desired gene is introduced into the recipient organism through various methods, such as transformation, transfection, or viral infection. Once inside the recipient organism, the vector integrates into the host's DNA and the gene is expressed, leading to the production of the desired protein or trait.
To learn more about recombinant technology
https://brainly.com/question/32508064
#SPJ4
Which biome has no trees and is frozen year round?
A tundra
B taiga
C desert
D grassland
Answer:
tundra
Explanation:
tree growth is hindered specifically by low temperatures
Explain the mistake you see in image 1
Cytoplasm should be present inside the cell.
Select all that apply. Which of the following molecules stimulate the activation of lipases in adipocytes?
caffeine
erythropoietin
glutamate
epinephrine
insulin
2.) When pyruvate is formed in a well-oxygenated human cell it will:
a.) become decarboxylated, leaving its remaining two carbon atoms bound to coenzyme A.
b.) lose carbon dioxide, producing acetaldehyde.
c.) be reduced to lactate.
d.) eventually be converted to glucose in the liver via gluconeogenesis.
e.) be converted to ethanol plus CO2.
3.) Select all that apply. Which of the following is true concerning leptin?
a.) Leptin reduces the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
b.) Leptin is a fat substitute used by human dieters.
c.) Leptin levels are always lower in obese people.
d.) Leptin generally depresses the appetite.
e.) Leptin reduces fatty acid oxidation.
Lipase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats or lipids. Adipocytes are fat cells that store fats in the form of triglycerides.
1) Epinephrine and caffeine stimulate the activation of lipases in adipocytes. Epinephrine, a hormone released from the adrenal glands, acts on the β-adrenergic receptors of adipocytes and stimulates the breakdown of stored triglycerides into free fatty acids.
Caffeine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, works by blocking the inhibitory effect of adenosine on the β-adrenergic receptor, thereby increasing the activity of epinephrine.
2) When pyruvate is formed in a well-oxygenated human cell it will eventually be converted to glucose in the liver via gluconeogenesis. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate through lactic acid fermentation.
Pyruvate can also be converted to acetyl-CoA through pyruvate dehydrogenase and then oxidized in the citric acid cycle to produce ATP. However, when the energy demand of the cell is high, pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase and then to glucose via gluconeogenesis.
3) Leptin generally depresses the appetite and reduces fatty acid oxidation. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that regulates body weight and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus. Leptin inhibits the synthesis of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide, which stimulate the appetite, and activates the synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, which reduce the appetite.
Leptin also stimulates the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase, which increases fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Therefore, options (d) and (e) are true concerning leptin. Options (a) and (c) are false because leptin increases the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and its levels are usually higher in obese people. Option (b) is false because leptin is not a fat substitute used by human dieters.
To learn more about pyruvate visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30452859
#SPJ11
carolus linnaeus used the plant and animal kingdoms to classify organisms in the 1700s. what was the most likely reason for only having a 2 kingdom system at that time.
The most likely reason for Carolus Linnaeus having a two-kingdom system for classifying organisms in the 1700s was due to limited knowledge and understanding of the diversity of life on Earth at that time. Linnaeus developed his classification system based on observable physical characteristics of organisms, primarily focusing on plants and animals. The understanding of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, was limited during Linnaeus' time, and their classification into separate kingdoms was not yet established.
Additionally, Linnaeus based his classification system on the concept of a hierarchical organization, where organisms were grouped into broader categories based on similarities and differences in their characteristics. The two-kingdom system of plants and animals provided a simplified framework for organizing and categorizing the known organisms.
As scientific knowledge advanced and more discoveries were made, the limitations of the two-kingdom system became apparent. The development of microscopy and the discovery of microorganisms led to the recognition of a separate kingdom for bacteria and later the inclusion of fungi as a separate kingdom. Over time, the classification system evolved and expanded to accommodate the growing understanding of the diversity of life forms, eventually leading to the development of the modern classification systems with multiple kingdoms and domains.
To know more about classification of organisms, visit:
brainly.com/question/1747655
#SPJ11
4 sentences saying the benefit of online delivery
What are the benefits of online delivery? Well online delivery can actually save you time and money. First of all since we are in a pandemic, its safer too get your packages to ship to your house or apartment. If you are working long shifts it saves you time then going out to purchase them. You can also choose when you want it to be delivered.
lol have a nice day
Answer:
Ordering online can often be more efficient than going out to a store to pick up and buy items. Its very easy to use as the ordering process is easier and you don't need to worry about it being out of stock and having to drive to different stores. You can do it in the comfort of your own home, so you don't have to drive around and wait in long lines to get the items you want or need. Online shopping can often be cheaper than instore prices, making it a better option for saving if your looking for that.
Explanation:
Changing an RNA sequence following transcription by removing segments is done by O the spliceosome O RNA editing O translation O capping O polyadenylation
The spliceosome is a complex molecular machinery responsible for the removal of introns, non-coding segments, from pre-mRNA during the process of RNA splicing. Here option A is the correct answer.
After transcription, pre-mRNA molecules contain both coding regions called exons and non-coding regions called introns. The spliceosome recognizes specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns, called splice sites, and precisely removes the introns from the pre-mRNA.
The spliceosome is composed of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and other associated proteins. These snRNPs, including U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs, recognize the splice sites and form a complex with the pre-mRNA. The spliceosome then catalyzes two transesterification reactions to remove the intron and join the exons together, forming a mature mRNA molecule.
Alternative splicing is another important aspect of RNA processing controlled by the spliceosome. It allows the generation of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by selectively including or excluding certain exons. This process greatly enhances the diversity of the proteome.
To learn more about spliceosome
https://brainly.com/question/31864341
#SPJ4
Complete question:
Which process is responsible for changing an RNA sequence following transcription by removing segments?
A) The spliceosome
B) RNA editing
C) Translation
D) Capping
E) Polyadenylation