When the critical concentration of GTP-tubulin heterodimers in vitro has been determined to be 200 nanomolar and 1000 nanomolar for the plus and minus ends, respectively, it is 650 nanomolar.
Which substances make up a tubulin heterodimer?One - and one -tubulin polypeptides make up the tubulin heterodimer. Without the coordinated action of a group of chaperone proteins, including five tubulin-specific chaperones known as TBCA-TBCE, neither protein can partition to the native form or assemble into heterodimers that are polymerization competent.
Quizlet: What Does Treadmilling in a Cell Mean?When the polymer maintains a consistent length while being assembled at the plus end and disassembled at the minus end at the same rates during treadmilling, dynamic instability alternates between slow growth and quick disassembly.
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Some cofactors participating in reactions of the citric acid cycle are given. Identify the position or positions each cofactor has in the cycle by selecting the appropriate letter or letters designating that position in the cycle diagram.
NADH+H+
FADH2--> H
GTPNADH+H+--> BDJ
FADH2--> H
GTP--> F
The cofactor and the appropriate letter or letters showing the position in the cycle diagram are:
NADH+H+ - BDJ
FADH2- H
GTP - F
A cofactor is known to be a kind of chemical compound that is said to be non-proteinous in nature. It is also known to be a metallic ion that is often needed in any reaction as a kind of catalyst in that chemical reaction.
Note that the Cofactors is often seen as the "helper molecules" that boast biochemical transformations and as such the letters that show the position in the cycle diagram are the ones given above.
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microtubules pull the lined-up chromosomes apart :prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis the cytoplasm divides, forming 2 identical daughter cells the cell begins to prepare for replication the spindle lines up the chromosomes down the center of the cell two new nuclei form, chromosomes unravel and spread out microtubules pull the lined-up chromosomes apart
when a nucleotide is added to a growing nucleic acid strand during dna replication, the incoming monomer is and the energy required to drive the polymerization is derived from . please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices a nucleoside triphosphate; dna polymerase an rna primer; cleaving a pyrophosphate dna; rna a nucleoside monophosphate; cleaving atp a nucleoside triphosphate; cleaving a pyrophosphate
When a nucleotide is added to a growing nucleic acid strand during DNA replication, the incoming monomer is a nucleoside triphosphate and the energy required to drive the polymerization is derived from cleaving a pyrophosphate.
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from a single original DNA molecule. DNA replication is the most important component of biological inheritance and occurs in all living organisms. This is required for cell division during growth and tissue repair, as well as for each new cell to receive its own copy of the DNA. The cell has the unique ability to divide, which necessitates DNA replication.
DNA is a double helix with two strands that are complementary to one another. The double helix describes the appearance of double-stranded DNA, which is made up of two linear strands that run opposite each other and twist together to form the double helix.
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Jacoby is studying a population of diploid single-celled Eukaryotic parasites that live inside mouse blood cells. He finds that a gene, H, has two alleles, H1 and H2, which show codominance. Looking under a microscope, Jacoby can count the parasite cells that have each phenotype. He finds that 2% of the cells have the phenotype associated with H1H1 and 1% of the cells have the phenotype associated with H1H2. Which of the following are accurate? There are 4 correct answers. f(H2H2) = 1.0 - 0.01 -0.02 = f(H1) = 0.02 +0.5 * 0.01 f(H2H2) = (0.97)2 The population is not in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium with respect to the H gene. The population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium with respect to the H gene Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium model predicts that f(H1H1) = f(H1)2 = The Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium model predicts that f(H2) = f(H2H2) + 0.5 * f(H1H2)
The First option is correct.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is an important concept of the population culture, which states that "genotype frequencies in a population remain constant between generations in the absence of disturbance by external factors".
According to HWE, for a locus with two alleles A and with corresponding frequencies p and q, three possible genotypes are AA, Aa, and aa with frequencies p2, 2pq, q2, respectively. However, various factors, including mutation, natural selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause deviations from HWE.
In simple terms, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a rule that states that genetic variation in a population will persist from generation to generation in the absence of perturbing factors.
With respect to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
we can calculate the total percentage to be 100.
Therefore, it is taken as 1.
f(H1H1) allel is taken as:
2/100= 0.02.
f(H1H2) is taken as:
1/100= 0.01
Hence, The First option is correct.
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In the somatosensory homunculus, what body parts flank the hand area? What can happen if these parts are touched in an individual whose hand has been amputated (on the same side)?
o Face, upper arm, and shoulder
o They felt similar sensations on their phantom limb
The answer to the question, In the somatosensory homunculus the face and the upper arm/shoulder flank the hand and if it is touched, it feels as if the hand is being touched.
Somatotopy is the exact matching of a region of the body to a certain location on the central nervous system. Usually, a spot on the primary somatosensory cortex corresponds to the region of the body (postcentral gyrus). This brain is frequently depicted as a sensory homunculus, onto which various body parts are oriented according to their positions.
The somatosensory cortex can serve as the sensory site for parts like the face, fingers, and appendages. The somatosensory cortex has bigger sections in finely regulated regions (such as the digits) than it does in coarsely controlled regions (such as the trunk). There are no sensory sites in regions like the viscera on the postcentral gyrus. One species of monkey, the macaque, already exhibit somatotopy in their somatosensory and motor systems at birth.
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glycolysis, which provides energy by breaking down carbohydrates like glucose, relates to activities lasting .
Activities lasting under three minutes are referred to as glycolysis, which produces energy by destroying carbs like glucose.
The decomposition of carbohydrates is known as glycolysis. Physical exercise lasts for around 10 seconds to between two and three minutes. Glucose or the stored form of glucose, glycogen, provides the energy for glycolysis.
Depending on the kind of workout and nutrition, restoring all of the glycogen in the body might take many hours or even days. Restoration for intermittent exercises, such as regular strength or endurance training, takes two hours to recover 40%, five hours to recover 55%, and twenty-four hours to fully restore 100%.
Every day, either with or without oxygen, it occurs. And while doing so, some energy is transferred to ATP.
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a phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?
A theory concerning the evolutionary links of bird groups would be a phylogenetic tree of bird families created through cladistic analysis.
A phylogenetic tree depicts the link between several creatures by tracing the course of evolution from a shared ancestor to various offspring. The links between people in a population to the whole Earth's history of life may all be represented by trees.
The most popular technique for creating phylogenetic trees is cladistics. Based on evolutionary ancestry, it produces cladograms, which are trees. Clades, which are collections of organisms made up of an ancestor species as well as its offspring, are also identified through cladistics.
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3. Based on the information in the unit, explain how some prisms create rainbows as light passes
through them.
Explanation:
When light passes through a prism, it is bent, or refracted, by the different layers of the prism. This causes the light to separate into its different colors, creating a rainbow. The specific colors that are produced depend on the angle at which the light hits the prism and the index of refraction of the prism material. The index of refraction is a measure of how much the light is bent as it passes through the material. Different materials have different indices of refraction, which can affect the colors that are produced by the prism. For example, a prism made of glass will produce different colors than a prism made of water, because glass and water have different indices of refraction.
three species of north american frogs, leopard frogs, green frogs, and wood frogs, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different mating calls. this is a specific example of a barrier, called . group of answer choices prezygotic ... temporal isolation prezygotic ... gametic isolation prezygotic ... behavioral isolation postzygotic ... behavioral isolation
The three species of North American frogs, leopard frogs, green frogs, and wood frogs, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly due to their different mating calls, which is an example of prezygotic behavioral isolation.
Prezygotic isolation is a reproductive barrier that prevents mating between species, or prevents the fusion of gametes, and is caused by external behaviors that prevent mating. In this case, the different mating calls of the three species act as a barrier, keeping them separate when they are in the same pond.
Behavioral isolation is a type of prezygotic isolation in which two species do not mate because their courting behaviors are different. The different mating calls of the three frog species are a form of behavioral isolation because the frogs are unable to recognize each other as potential mates, due to the difference in their mating calls. This barrier keeps the species from interbreeding, even when they are in the same pond.
In contrast to prezygotic isolation, postzygotic isolation occurs after mating and is caused by physiological or developmental differences that prevent the fertilized egg from developing into a viable offspring. In the case of the three frog species, there are no postzygotic barriers, as they are all able to mate successfully, and their offspring can develop into viable frogs.
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biochemical and functional characterization of mutant kras epitopes validates this oncoprotein for immunological targeting
The immunological targeting of cancer cells by this oncoprotein to grow and disseminate throughout the body is confirmed by the biochemical and functional characterization of mutant KRAS epitopes.
KRAS mutations are among the most prevalent gene mutations associated with cancer, found in around 25% of malignancies. They frequently contribute to pancreatic, colorectal, and lung malignancies. KRAS is the cause of 85% - 90% of pancreatic cancer cases, 40% of colorectal malignancies, and 32% of lung cancer cases.
The KRAS gene is a member of the oncogene gene family. Oncogenes can transform healthy cells into malignant ones when they are altered. The HRAS and NRAS genes are two more members of the Ras group of oncogenes, which also contain the KRAS gene.
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Of the following events that occur during meiosis, which contributes most to genetic diversity in the human population? Select one: a. Alignment of sister chromatids at the metaphase plate during meiosis 11 b. Recombination between homologous chromatids during meiosis 1 c. Separation of sister chromatids during meiosis II d. Condensation of chromatin during meiosis
Of the following events that occur during meiosis, (b) Recombination between homologous chromatids during meiosis 1 contributes most to genetic diversity in the human population.
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis, a kind of cell division, causes a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Human body cells, or somatic cells, are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
The egg and sperm that combine during fertilization must have a single pair of chromosomes, or be haploid, in order to sustain this condition. During meiosis, each diploid cell splits twice to create four haploid daughter cells called gametes.
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proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. which of the following best explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?
The option that best explains the presence of these possible time bombs in eukaryotic cells is proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division. Correct answer: letter D.
Proto-oncogenes are normally involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival in eukaryotic cells. When certain changes occur to these genes, they can become “activated” (or mutated) and can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which can result in the formation of cancerous tumors. Thus, proto-oncogenes can act as possible “time bombs” that can contribute to the development of cancer if activated.
What are proto-oncogenes?Are normal genes found in cells that have the potential to cause cancer if they mutate or are expressed at high levels. Proto-oncogenes encode proteins that are involved in cell growth and division, and when mutated or expressed at high levels, can cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably.
In addition to point mutations, retroviruses can also cause proto-oncogenes to become activated. Retroviruses are viruses that can insert their genetic material into the DNA of our cells. In doing so, they can activate proto-oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division.
Proto-oncogene can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?
A) Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections.
B) Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes.
C) Proto-oncogenes are genetic “ junk.”
D) Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division.
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In general, freshwater animals tend to: A) lose water and gain ions B) gain water and ions C) gain water and lose ions D) lose water and ions
Because they obtained water via a process known as US osmosis, Option C, which states that they gain water and lose ions, is the accurate response.
What is water that is fresh?
Freshwater is defined as water with less than 1,000 milligrams of dissolved particles per liter, most frequently salt. Earth's surface water bodies are often seen as renewable resources because they are a part of the water cycle, despite the fact that they rely heavily on other water cycle components.
What types of freshwater are there?
Glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands, and even groundwater all contain fresh water. Although they make up less than 1% of the world's surface, these freshwater environments are home to up to 40% of all known fish and 10% of all known animals.
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Please help!
Which of the following apply to RBC compatibility?
A. D donor antibody must recognize a cell surface molecule ( antigen) on the recipient (patient) RBC that results in a binding event
B. C. donor RBCs must have a cell surface molecule (antigen) recognized by recipient (patient) antibody that results in
a binding event
C. E. none of the above apply
D. A. recipient (patient) antibody must not recognize cell surface molecule (antigen) on the donor RBCs that results in
no binding
E. B. recipient (patient) RBCs must not recognize donor antibody that results in no binding
Donor RBC must have a cell surface molecules recognise by recipient antibody that result in a binding event.
What is RBC?Red blood cells, also this is referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles and haematids, erythroid cells or to the erythrocytes, are the most common type of the blood cell and this is the vertebrate's principals of to the means of delivering the oxygen to the body tissues—via the blood flow through to the circulatory system.
In the context of blood by the transfusions, a blood is match is a compatibility of the between the donor's and blood and to the recipient's blood. This does not not always mean anything identical blood of match. Red blood cells from the a donor that is type of O+ can be transfused into patients of four different of blood types: A+, B+, AB+, and of course O+.
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match the major nerve with its associated plexus. 1. femoral nerve (click to select)2. tibial nerve (click to select)3. median nerve (click to select)4. common fibular (peroneal) nerve (click to select)5. axillary nerve (click to select)6. radial nerve (click to select)7. musculocutaneous nerve (click to select)8. ulnar nerve (click to select)9. obturator nerve (click to select)
The below reference image shows the match major nerve with its associated plexus.
The cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus are the four main nerve plexuses. The brachial and lumbosacral plexuses are the two main nerve plexuses. The cervical spine is where the brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus arise, respectively. The name "plexus" refers to a "web" of nerves that develops just laterally to the intervertebral foramina via which T12-L5 exit the spinal cord. The plexus is bilateral and permits different levels of nerves to unite to form several functional nerves that innervate distinct areas.
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You can use the Punnett square to see what would happen to the distribution of phenotype frequencies if one of the three genes were lethal when homozygous recessive. Select (Figure 3) from the drop-down menu. Notice that bb has been used as an example of a lethal genotype. Because bb individuals would not survive, those squares have been crossed out.
Now what are the phenotypic frequencies of the surviving offspring?
the phenotype that is brought about by having three dark-skinned alleles. There are cross-outs on the squares.
What is a phenotypic?phenotype, all of an organism's observable traits that emerge from of the interaction of it's own genotypes (genetic variation inheritance) and environment.
What does phenotype versus genotype mean?Genotype is the individual's unique DNA pattern. The multiple alleles a person acquired for a single gene are more specifically referred to by this phrase. The clinical presentation of a patient's condition is the observable expression of this genotype.
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Which of the following protects plants from excess light by detoxifying reactive oxygen species?
The photosynthetic electron transfer chain (PETC) can produce O2• and H2O2 by reducing O2 using reduced forms of electron carriers. In chloroplasts, the interaction of O2 with PETC is thought to be the major source of ROS, and light is necessary for this ROS formation.
Regarding the reactive oxygen species quizlet, which statement is accurate?
Which of the following is accurate with regards to reactive oxygen species. When O2 is overexposed to electrons, reactive oxygen species are created.
Are ROS produced during photosynthesis?
Innumerable reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by photosynthesis. In redox signal transduction, which is crucial for chloroplast to nucleus communication, ROS and antioxidants perform a role. Some chloroplasts have unique signaling capabilities that control both genetic and epigenetic programming.
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Mention and explain different types of grafting (with crop examples).
Grafting is a process that unites two plants to create a single plant. In order for the tissue of both plants to grow together, a cut is typically made on one plant, and the other plant is then inserted into it.
Types of grafting -
Cleft grafting - Cleft grafting is a technique for changing the variety of fruiting and blooming trees. example - apples, cherries, pears, and peaches.Bark grafting - Bark grafting is mostly used to top work fruit and flower trees. Unlike cleft grafting, this method can be used on rootstock with a diameter of 4 to 12 inches, and it is carried out in the early spring. Example - persimmon, mango, etcSide veneer grafting - The most common method for grafting conifers, particularly those with a compact or dwarf form, is this method. On potted rootstock, side-veneer grafting is typically carried out. Example - pinus and spruceSplice grafting - To attach a scion to the stem of a rootstock or to an unbroken rootpiece, splice grafting is utilised. This straightforward technique is typically used on herbaceous materials that calluses or "knits."Bridge grafting - A plant's sick or damaged section can be "bridged" by bridge grafting, typically at or near the base of the trunk.Inarch grafting - Similar to bridge grafting, inarching is used to support or go around a plant stem's weak or damaged section.To know more about grafting click here
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Within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the _______; in nonvascular plants it is the _______.
A. gametophyte; sporophyte
B. sporophyte; gametophyte
C. gametophyte; gametophyte
D. sporophyte; sporophyte
E. None of the above
Within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the _______; in nonvascular plants it is the _______: B. sporophyte; gametophyte.
Plants have haploid and diploid stages in which the age and shift occur. The haploid period of the plant is known as the gametophyte and the diploid period of the plant is known as the sporophyte. The sporophyte creates spores in the plants while the gametophyte produces the gametes in the plants.
Difference Between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
Sporophytes
Sporophytes utilize the course of meiosis
Brings about the arrangement of spores
Sporophytes are diploid plants
Sporophytes have two arrangements of chromosomes
Sporophytes repeat asexually
Diploid spore mother cell goes through meiosis and results in the arrangement of haploid (n) meiospores
Gametophytes
Gametophytes utilize the course of mitosis
Brings about the creation of gametes
Gametophytes are haploid plants
Gametophytes have a solitary arrangement of chromosomes
Gametophytes produce sexually
The gametes partake in treatment or breaker, which leads to diploid (2n) zygote
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The process during which potassium and hydrogen ions, penicillin, and some toxic substances are put into the urine by active transport is called
A) tubular secretion
B) reabsorption.
C) filtration.
D) countercurrent multiplication.
a
Tubular secretion is the mechanism by which penicillin, potassium and hydrogen ions, as well as some hazardous compounds, are actively transported into the urine.
What is reabsorption in the production of urine?The process by which the nephron takes water and solutes from the tubular fluid (pre-urine) and returns them to the circulating blood is known as reabsorption or tubular reabsorption in the field of renal physiology.
What method eliminates potassium from the blood?To maintain a healthy balance of this mineral in the body, the kidneys remove too much potassium through the urine. Your kidneys might not be able to excrete the right quantity of potassium if they are not functioning properly. Potassium may consequently accumulate in the blood.
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which of the six basic nutrient might a person need to restric after an operation to remove the gallbladder? why?
You need to restrict lipids as the bile works on fats which is stored in the gall bladder until secretion.
What is Gall bladder?One of those organs that you usually don't give much thought to till something goes wrong is the gallbladder.
Bile, which aids in the body's breakdown and digestion of the fats you consume, is its primary purpose. It doesn't make bile; your liver does, and it enters your small intestine during meals via the common bile duct.
The majority of bile produced by the small intestine is transported to the gallbladder, where it is stored until it is required again. In the small intestine, where partially digested food is also present, your gallbladder releases bile when you ingest fatty meals.
Therefore, You need to restrict lipids as the bile works on fats which is stored in the gall bladder until secretion.
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Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
A. potassium
B. iron
C. bicarbonate
D. chloride
The correct answer is (A) potassium.
While potassium and phosphate are the major ions in the intracellular fluid, sodium chloride makes up the majority of the extracellular fluid. What ion does intracellular fluid contain? The main cation and anion in extracellular fluid, respectively, are sodium and chloride. In the intracellular fluid, potassium is the main cation. The ECF's main nonpenetrating solute is NaCl. The charge on its ions prevents them from smoothly passing through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Although some does enter cells, ATPases pump out at a rate that is about equal, rendering this substance effectively impenetrable. The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution is measured by osmolarity. Chemists may refer to it as a "collaborative" characteristic of the solution.
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which of the following are virulence factors used by helicobacter pylori to facilitate the development of stomach ulcers?
Polar flagella and VacA toxin production are factors used by helicobacter pylori to facilitate the development of stomach ulcers.
The protective lining of the stomach and small intestine can be harmed by H. pylori. This might enable stomach acid to cause an open wound (ulcer). In about 10% of H. pylori carriers, an ulcer will form. lining of the stomach inflamed.
Urease is a crucial component of H. pylori virulence and is necessary for the bacteria to colonize the human gastric mucosa.
Particular Virulence Elements
Colonization and Adherence Factors. Many bacteria must first stick to a mucosal surface in order to spread illness, Influences of invasion, Other Surface Components and Capsules, Endotoxins, Endotoxin's chemical make-up.
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chapter 29 which of the following is a mode of conceptus nutrition before week 8 of development? check all that apply.
A mode of conceptus nutrition before week 8 of development is uterine milk ,trophoblastic nutrition ,decidual cells .
What is meant by decidual cell ?A unique cell population known as decidual cells is found in the mammalian endometrium during pregnancy. With the right triggers, their appearance can also be generated in the hormone-primed pseudo regnant uterus.
Transcriptional regulators, morphogens, cytokines, cell cycle regulators, and signaling pathways interact in a complicated fashion to cause decidualization.
Prolactin, relaxin, renin, and at least three IGF-binding proteins are all synthesized and released by human decidual tissue, the specialized endometrium of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle during pregnancy.
Hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are secreted by the decidua. For example, it has receptors for growth hormone, progesterone, oestrogen, and others. Its products include hormones like cortisol, CRF, GnRH, prolactin, and relaxin that are frequently linked to other organs.
The complete question is : Which of the following is a mode of conceptus nutrition before week 8 of development? Check all that apply.
uterine milk
trophoblastic nutrition
decidual cells
all of the above
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FILL IN THE BLANK. dr. watson is interested in the effects that higher than normal amounts of testosterone have on the gender of embryos. dr. watson favors the___approach.
Dr. Watson is interested in the effects that higher than normal amounts of testosterone have on the gender of embryos. Dr. Watson favors the biological approach.
Does testosterone levels affect baby gender?In mammals, high parental testosterone levels present around the time of conception are thought to skew offspring sex ratio toward sons. The second to fourth digit ratio is now widely accepted as a negative correlate of prenatal testosterone.Testosterone can contribute to individual differences within each sex in gender-related characteristics, as well as to differences between the sexes, and the influences of testosterone are generally linear and graded, with increasing doses of testosterone producing increasingly large effects. Thus amount of testosterone will affect gender of embryos.Learn more about determine baby gender here: brainly.com/question/3216782
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When grown anaerobically on glucose, yeast (S. cerevisiae) converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using electrons from NADH.
a. Write the coupled half reactions, and the combined reaction representing the 2n6 step of fermentation mentioned above ("reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using electrons from NADH") b. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25"C, given the standard reduction potentials shown In Table 13.7 (page 521). Show vour work: c. Large-scale industrial fermenters generally require constant, vigorous cooling: Why? Support with information from your earlier answer.
Chemical formula
Alcohol Dehydrogenase is C2H5OH + NAD+ and CH3CHO + NADH + H+.
(Acetldehyde) (Ethanol) (Ethanol)
Ecell equals ereduction minus eoxidation
= -1.97 - (-3.20) (-3.20)
= 1.23 V
Nernst equation under normal circumstances Ecell equals 0.0592/n X (log K)
N (electron number) = 2
= 1.23 = 0.0592/2 Xlog K
= 1.23 = 0.0296 X log K
log K = 1.23 / 0.0296
log K = 41.55
K = 1041.55
K = 3.54 X 1041
3.54 X 1041 is the equilibrium constant (K).
When there is a shortage of oxygen (O2), glucose is converted to lactate through anaerobic glycolysis. Only during brief, intensive exercise, lasting between 10 seconds and 2 minutes, is anaerobic glycolysis a viable method of generating energy.
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which of the following lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible?
The lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible are covered in parotid salivary glands that are located beneath the skin.
On each side of the face, directly in front of the ears, are the parotid glands, which produce saliva. To help in chewing and digestion, salivary glands create saliva. The lips, cheeks, mouth, and throat all include salivary glands. Major salivary glands called parotid glands are found just in front of and beneath each ear. Our parotid glands generate saliva (spit), similar to our other major salivary glands (submandibular and sublingual), to keep our mouth moist and to help with eating and digestion. Salivary glands called parotids, which are situated between the ear and the jaw, become painfully swollen when we have parotitis. A virus, like the mumps, herpes, or Epstein-Barr, is the most frequent cause. Parotitis can also be brought on by bacterial infections, diabetes, salivary gland tumors or stones, and dental issues.
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a botanist studied a population of grasses in an area of erratic rainfall. she found that plants with curled leaves reproduced better in dry years, and those with flat leaves reproduced better in wet years. this situation would . group of answer choices lead to directional selection in the grass population lead to uniformity in the grass population cause gene flow in the grass population preserve the variability in the grass population
If the grass plants with alleles for flat leaves reproduced better in wet years, then the situation will lead to d)preserve the variability in the grass population. So, correct option is d.
As indicated by the inquiry, the region where the grass plant develops is described by unpredictable precipitation.This actually intends that in the locale both dry and wet environment endures.Thus, it is important for the grass plants to adjust to both the kind of environment, that is to say, dry and wet.In the dry environment, the grass plants which produce twisted leaves to forestall abundance water misfortune because of happening gets by.In the wet environment, the grass plants which produce level passes on to increment food creation because of the accessibility of enough water and furthermore for eliminating abundance water by the course of happening, makes due.The differentiating variety in environment which continues nearby in various time stretches forestalls the total regenerative strength or progress of one assortment of grass plant (twisted leaved) over the other (level leaves).Subsequently, both the twisted leaf and flat leaf assortment of grass plant exists nearby and the number of inhabitants in one or the other increment or lessening relying upon the climatic state of the area.Hence,correct option is d.
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(Complete question) is:
a botanist studied a population of grasses in an area of erratic rainfall. she found that plants with curled leaves reproduced better in dry years, and those with flat leaves reproduced better in wet years. this situation would . group of answer choices
a)lead to directional selection in the grass population
b)lead to uniformity in the grass population
c)cause gene flow in the grass population
d)preserve the variability in the grass population
question at position 4 which of the following is currently the best hypothesis for the ecological and evolutionary success of dinosaurs relative to other archosaurs after the triassic period?
Most other lineages of archosaurs went extinct at the end of the Triassic and dinosaurs did not.
Although most groups had vanished by the end of the Triassic, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and pterosaurs managed to live and flourish during the Jurassic and Cretaceous eras. Different forms of locomotion emerged in the two branches of archosaurs. The Triassic saw the first widespread diversification of archosaurs.The pseudosuchians walk stretched out and have an ankle that is often crocodile-like and flexes in the middle to allow the foot to twist against the ankle. Although pterosaurs and other dinosaurs were extinct by the end of the Cretaceous, crocodiles and birds survived because they developed in the Late Jurassic.However, as shown in crocodiles, this ankle joint can also tighten, causing the animal to walk with a high gait. The ornithischians, on the other hand, are compelled to walk erect and put one foot in front of the other like birds because they have an ankle that swings in just one plane (fore and aft).To know more about dinosaurs check the below link:
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accessory muscles including the upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and sternocleidomastoid will assist in:
Accessory muscles including the upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and sternocleidomastoid will assist in: Inspiratory Accessory Muscles
The diaphragm and external intercostals are the main respiratory muscles used during quiet, typical breathing. When the chest is unable to expand or contract sufficiently to meet ventilation demands, accessory muscles of respiration aid the primary muscles. Conditions that impair adequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs include advanced age, stress, bad posture, COPD, pneumonia, and sickness.
Inspiratory accessory muscles include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, and upper trapezius.
Rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, and internal intercostals are the exhalation accessory muscles.
Many of these muscles help with posture, thus strengthening them can not only improve postural alignment but may also help with improved chest expansion and contraction to promote breathing. Additionally, auxiliary expiratory muscles can help clear the airway and cough with force.
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