40. Write electron configurations for the elements
that are identified by these atomic numbers:
a. 7
b. 9
c. 12
d. 36

If a bicycle pump contains 0.650 L of helium at 101 kpa. if the pump is closed, then the pressure is required to change the volume to 0.250 L is 262.6 kpa.

This can be calculated by using the boyle's law.

Boyle's law states that at constant temperature the pressure is directly proportional to the volume of the gas.

P1V1 = P2V2

Given,

P1 = 101 kpa

V1 = 0.650 L

V2 = 0.250 L

By substituting all the values, we get

101 × 0.650 = P2 × 0.250

P2 = 262.6 kpa

Thus, we concluded that If a bicycle pump contains 0.650 L of helium at 101 kpa. if the pump is closed, then the pressure is required to change the volume to 0.250 L is 262.6 kpa.

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The strong acid would exhibit a higher standard enthalpy change when neutralized with a strong base.

The difference between strong and weak acids is the level of dissociation. Strong acids dissociate completely, while weak acids dissociate only partially. That means that during the neutralization of a weak acid, a certain amount of energy needs to be expended on breaking the bond between the proton and the acid anion, lowering the overall enthalpy change in the process. On the other hand, because strong acids dissociate completely, no energy needs to be expended on total dissociation, meaning that the complete enthalpy change is greater.

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Answer:

317.5 g

Explanation:

1 mole of Cu = 63.5 g

so the mass of 5 moles of Cu = 63.5 x 5 = 317.5 g

The bond angles of each of the bonds are;

A - 107 degrees

B- 104.5 degrees

C- 120 degrees

D - 109.5 degrees

E - 120 degrees

We define the bond angle as the angle that exists between two atoms that have been bonded together. We must note that the bond angle depends on the nature of the bond between the atoms as well as the kind of the atoms that are bonded.

It should be noted that the presence of lone pairs on any of the atoms that is involved in the bond would tend to decrease the bond able of the bond.

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Answer:We need to separate different components of a mixture to separate the useful components from the non-useful or some harmful components. Examples: (a) Tea leaves are separated from tea.

The particles are allowed to settle out at the bottom before the water is passed through to separate the particles of the higher density and recovered from the bottom.

Sedimentation is the tendency for the particles to settle out of the fluid content. Then they come to rest against a specific barrier due to their own motion which is in the response to all the forces that are acting on them.

Sedimentation can be described as the opposite process of erosion which is the terminal end where the sediment is transported. Sedimentation allows the particles with different densities which are in the suspended form in water to settle under the gravitational force.

The settled particles from the suspension become sediment, while water treatment is called sludge. When this thick sediment continues to settle, which is assisted by mechanical means is called the process of thickening.

Then you can easily remove the sediment by using a filtration system that contains a water sediment filter.

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c)  ester can be produced by reacting alcohol with carboxylic acid

What is esterification ?

The general term for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (usually an alcohol and an acid) combine to create an ester as the end product is "esterification." Esters are frequently found in organic chemistry and biological materials, and they frequently have a distinctive, fruity scent.

The process of making ester typically involves combining a carboxylic acid with an excess of an alcohol while using a tiny amount of a strong acid, like conc.H2SO4, as a catalyst. The esterification reaction is reversible, and the equilibrium constant for the reaction is often close to 1. Numerous strategies are employed to raise the ester yield because the reaction is reversible.

c)  ester can be produced by reacting alcohol with carboxylic acid

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The empirical formula of the unknown compound is C2H4O

Number of moles = mass / molar mass

------

molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/ mole

Moles of CO2 =6.99/44 = 0.152 moles

Since there is 1 mole of C in CO2  

so, no. of moles of C = 0.152moles

mass of C = 0.152x 12 = 1.824  g

-------

molar mass of H2O = 18 g/ mole

moles of H2O =2.86/18 = 0.158moles

Since there are 2 moles of H in H2O

so, no. of moles of H = 0.158x2 = 0.317  moles

mass of H = 0.317x1.0079 = 0.3202g

--------

Total mass of H and C = 0.3202+1.824   = 2.144g

mass of sample =  3.50 g

mass of O =  3.50 - 2.144= 1.356 g

moles of O=1.356/16= 0.08475 moles

molar ratio of C : H : O =1.824  : 0.3202 : 0.08475

smallest number  = 0.0847

Divide number of moles of C,H and O by the smallest number:

Molar ratio of C : H : O = 21.53 : 3.9 : 1.0

                                        = 2:4:1

Hence the Empirical formula is C2H4O

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The final temperature must be 273 K or 0 °C to reduce the volume to  3.62 L.

Let's solve the problem by using Charles Law which states that at constant temperature and pressure, the quotient of the volume and the temperature will always have the same value.

Now , mathematically, we can write as

[tex]\frac{V}{T}[/tex]  = K

For initial and final states, the above equation can be written as

[tex]\frac{V1}{T1}[/tex]  = [tex]\frac{V2}{T2}[/tex]

Since, we are given

V1 = 4.39 L

T1 = 44  °C = 317 K (being O°C = 273 K)

V2 = 3.78 L

T2 = ?

Substituting the abovementioned values in Charles's law we get:

[tex]\frac{4.39L}{317K}[/tex]  = [tex]\frac{3.78L}{T2}[/tex]

Now solving the above equation.

[tex]T_{2}[/tex]  x  [tex]\frac{4.39L}{317k}[/tex]  = 3.78L

[tex]T_{2}[/tex] = 3.78L ÷ [tex]\frac{4.39L}{317K}[/tex]

[tex]T_{2}[/tex]  = 273K i.e. 0°C

Hence, the final temperature must be 273 K or 0 °C to reduce the volume to 3.62 L.

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8 trees would be saved from a stack of newspapers 24 feet high if The number of trees saved by recycling is directly proportional to the height of a stack of recyclable newspapers.

Equivalence between two ratios is referred to as proportionality in algebra. A and B are in the same proportion as C and D in the expression a/b = c/d.

When one of a proportion's four quantities is unknown, a proportion is typically used to solve a word problem. It is resolved by multiplying one numerator by the opposing denominator and equating the result to that of the other numerator and denominator.

Stack of recyclable newspaper 36 inches high will save one tree;

Let the stack of recyclable newspaper = s = 36

Number of trees = n = 1

We have given that

s α n

Which means

s = kn

where k is constant

k = s/n

  = 36/1

  = 36 inches

We know that 24 feet = 288 inches, So

n = s/k

n = 288 inches/36 inches

n = 8 trees

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Reaction between 0.050g Magnesium and HCl in excess gives the following results.

Magnesium interacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), and this presentation may be used to show a single replacement reaction, the typical interaction of metals with acid, or the production of hydrogen gas.

A eudiometer is a laboratory tool used to gauge how much a gas mixture expands or contracts after undergoing a physical or chemical change.

Magnesium is a shiny gray solid whereas HCl is a colourless aqueous solution with a pungent odour. On a reaction between these two, single displacement of Cl from HCl to [tex]MgCl_2[/tex] occurs.

Given:

Mass of Mg = 0.050g

Molar mass of Mg = 24g/mol

Calculations:

(a) No. of moles of Mg = 0.050 / 24 = 0.0021 moles of Mg reacted

(b) [tex]Mg (s) + 2HCl (l) \rightarrow MgCl_2 (s) + H_2 (g)[/tex]

As moles of Mg reacted = moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] produced

Therefore, No. of moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] produced = 0.0021 moles

(c) Vapour pressure of water at 20℃ is 17.5 torr = 0.023atm

Pressure of only [tex]H_2[/tex] gas = 1 – 0.023 = 0.977atm

(d) Using P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2,

0.977 x 48.6 / 293 = 1 x V2 / 273

Volume of [tex]H_2[/tex] gas at STP = 44.24mL

(e) Molar volume of [tex]H_2[/tex] gas at STP = 44.24 / 0.0021 = 21.067L/mol

(f) Percent error = 22.4 – 21.067 / 22.4 x 100 = 5.95%

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Milk : Homogenous

glass : Homogenous

sugar : compounds

bottled spring water  : Homogenous

distilled water : compounds

air  : Homogenous

alloy bicycle frame  : Homogenous

propane : compounds

baking soda  : Homogenous

When two liquids totally mix, they produce a homogenous combination.

Complete dissolution of a solid in a liquid

When there is no phase difference in a combination, it is said to be homogenous. The composition of a homogeneous mixture is constant and consistent across the whole system.

A mixture of water and ethanol, for instance, is an example of a homogeneous mixture since the two substances are miscible in all amounts.

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The degree of unsaturation of [tex]C_{10}H_{12}O[/tex] is found to be 5.

Unsaturation is the insertion of a double or triple bond into a saturated molecule by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturation is achieved in any molecule by removing hydrogen atoms and generating double or triple bonds in the substance. Because hydrogen atoms are withdrawn during the creation of double bonds, the degree of unsaturation is also known as the index of hydrogen deficit. This might be due to the addition of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, such as halogens or nitrogen, or it could simply be a shift in the hybridization of the carbon atoms. Understanding the structure and location of numerous bonds, particularly in long fatty acids, requires knowledge of the degree of unsaturation. Knowing the amount of carbons, hydrogen nitrogen, or halogens allows you to compute the degree of unsaturation. Even while it does not provide the individual number of rings, double bonds, or triple bonds, it does provide an overall indication of the degree of unsaturation in a compound.

Degree of Unsaturation (DoU) = ((2C + 2) – N – X – H)/2

DoU of [tex]C_{10}H_{12}O[/tex] = ((2 x 10 + 2) – 12) / 2

DoU = 10/2

DoU = 5

Therefore, the given compound has a degree of unsaturation of 5.

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When a compound's qualities cannot be fully explained by a single structure, we require more structures. These additional structures are known as resonance structures, and the phenomenon they describe is known as resonance.

Resonance is the term used to describe the phenomena of enhanced amplitude that happens when the frequency of a periodic force is applied (or a Fourier component of it) is equal to or nearly equal to the natural frequency of the system on which it works. In contrast to when the same oscillating force is applied at other, non-resonant frequencies, a dynamic system will oscillate at a higher amplitude when the oscillating force is applied at its resonant frequency.

Resonant frequencies or resonance frequencies of the system are frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum. Small periodic forces that are close to a resonant frequency of the system can produce large amplitude oscillations in the system due to the storage of vibrational energy.

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Answer:

The answer is

21.5 L

.

So, start with the balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrochloric acid

2

HCl

→

H

2

+

Cl

2

Notice that you have a

2:1

mole ratio between

HCl

and

Cl

2

, which means that every 2 moles of the former will produce 1 mole of the latter. The number of moles of

HCl

you have is.

Explanation:

I don't know if that is but I try my best just correct me if I'm wrong thank you!!

The correct answer is No, at least one segment length is not preserved, making this a nonrigid transformation.

A rigid transformation of the plane, also known as an isometry, keeps length intact.

"Rigid transformations" include reflections, translations, rotations, and combinations of these three transformations.

A rigid transformation implies that neither the shape nor the size is altered.

Because the length of segment JK (2 units) is not preserved when mapped onto J'K', the second answer is correct, which gives the resulting unit 5 units.

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Answer: B

Explanation: No, at least one segment length is not preserved, making this a nonrigid transformation

If the pressure is increased from 1 atm to 10 atm maintaining the constant temperature of 0℃, Ice will change to liquid water

We know that, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. When pressure in a system increases, the volume would decrease or vice versa.

In the given scenario, the pressure is increased from 1 atm to 10 atm. As the pressure is increased, the volume would decrease.

At 0℃, the volume of ice is higher than the volume of water. The forward reaction is the formation of water which has lower volume from ice. Thus, increasing the pressure would cause the ice to melt and results in the formation of water in liquid state.

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The organic solvent was not used directly to extract caffeine from tea because caffeine will sublimate if extracted directly with methylene chloride or ethyl acetate from tea; option C.

Solvents are substances in which other substances are dissolved.

Solvents are of two types;

Based on the principle of like dissolves like, organic solvents are used to dissolve organic materials. For example, caffeine will be more soluble in organic solvents than in inorganic solvents.

On the other hand, inorganic solvents are used to dissolve inorganic materials. For example, water will dissolve inorganic salts better.

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Answer:

There are billions of galaxies in the universe, not just one.

The universe formed from a central point.

Most galaxies in the universe are moving away from Earth.

Explanation:

Heat content is the characteristics that does not depend on the amount of the sample known as Intensive Property.

One wholly independent of a substance's or system's mass is said to possess an intensive property. Intensive properties include things like pressure (P) and heat content (T).

Intensive properties of matter are those that are independent of the size or quantity of the substance in any way. Heat content, color, melting and boiling points, and other characteristics are all intensive properties because they do not change as a function of size or quantity of matter.

Being an intensive property, the density of one litre of water or one hundred litres of water will remain constant.

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Assuming the dielectric constant of butyl acetate and ethyl acetate is near equal, the intermolecular force which is primarily responsible for the higher equilibrium vapor pressure of ethyl acetate is Induced dipole-induced dipole.

An Induced dipole-induced dipole or Dipole-Induced Dipole Force is a type of force that is generated by a polar molecule in a non-polar atom or a non-polar molecule or between asymmetric molecules.

It is a weak attraction that is caused by the disturbance of electron arrangement when a polar species approaches a  non-polar species.

In general, these forces are known as London dispersion forces.

For example, these forces are present in Helium due to the uneven distribution of electrons.

Similarly, in the dielectric constant of butyl acetate and ethyl acetate is near equal, then Induced dipole-induced dipole will be responsible for higher equilibrium vapor pressure.

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Alkyl chlorides and alkyl bromides are typically transformed into alkyl fluorides in the organic reaction known as the Swarts Reaction.

Swarts' reaction is normally used to get alkyl fluorides from alkyl chlorides or alkyl bromides. that is done with the aid of heating of the alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of the fluoride of some heavy metals.

The partial fluorination of nonpolar natural polyhalides with antimony trifluoride within the presence of antimony pentachloride or chlorine is normally known as the Swarts response and the combination of antimony trifluoride and chlorine (SbF3 + Cl2) is known as the Swarts reagent.

Swarts reaction converts Alkyl chlorides or alkyl bromides Alkyl fluorides. Reacts may be primary halides, secondary halides, alkyl halides and benzyl halides, however does not occur for tertiary reactions, vinyl and aryl halides.

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Thus mass of dye A = 10.24 mg/L

Plot Beer-Lambert law

Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance of an analye (here, dye A) is directly proportional to its concentration (C) and pathlength (l) of the solution

i.e. A \propto  C*l

or A = \epsilonCl

where \epsilon = proportionality constant and is called absorptivity coefficient. It is characteristic for an analyte at a given wavelength, unit = M-1cm-1

Thus above equation can be compared with a straight line equation as y = mx+c

where y = absorbance, x = concentration and \epsilon = slope, c = intercept = 0 for absorbance vs concentration plot.

b. Calculate the slope (m) of graph:

for absorbance vs concentration plot.

The given data was plotted and fitted to a liner fit that gave the equation as:

y = 27335 x

slope of the line = 27335

thus \epsilon = 27335 M-1cm-1

c. Concnetration using Beer-Lambert plot:

Absorbance of dye A in Sports drink, A = 0.700

point absorbance of 0.007 on y-axis and interpolate to the linear fit. Check the corresponding value at x-axis as follows:

the corresponding line meets x-axis at 0.00002 + 4-squares

In the graph drawn, 7 squares in x-axis = 0.00001

thus 4 squares on x-axis = 0.00001*4/7 = 5.71*10-6

thus for y = 0.700 the corresponding x-axis reads = 0.00002+5.71*10-6

or C = 2.57*10-5 M

d. Concnetration of dye A using slope of fitted line:

Absorbance of dye A in Sports drink, A = 0.700

substituting the absorbance in the linear fit equation we can calulate the concentration as:

0.700 = 27335*C

C = 0.700/27335

C = 2.56*10-5 M

e. Mass of dye A in mg/L

Molar mass of dye = 400 g/mol

Concentration (molarity) of dye A = 2.56*10-5 M

1 M = number of moles of solute present in 1 L of solution volume

number of moles = mass / molar mass

\therefore  Molarity = mass of solute/(molar mass of solute*volume of solution)

for solution volume = 1L

Molarity = mass of solute/molar mass of solute

rearranging this we get:

mass of solute = (Molarity*molar mass of solute) g/L

mass of dye A = 2.56*10-5* 400 g/L

m = 0.01024 g/L

1 g = 1000 mg

Thus mass of dye A = 10.24 mg/L

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Answer: 13 same as proton number

Answer:

the atomic number is 13(proton number) while the mass number is 14

The single spot, with an Rf value of 0.95. observed by the student indicates that his reaction mixture contains only one compound.

The purity of the sample can be verified by checking the single spot using a UV-light.

Thin-layer chromatography is a form of chromatography in which a thin layer serves as the solid support over which the differet components in the dye are separated.

The Rf value or the retention factor (Rf) is a value used to compare and help identify compounds in a mixture of compounds or dyes separated by thin-layer chromatography.

Mathematically, the Fr value of a compound is calculated as follows:

Rf value = distance traveled by the compound / distance traveled by the solvent front.

A single Rf value indicates a single compound was present.

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It is important to have endothermic and exothermic processes in building materials of your train because, this is to absorb and release heat to make the train run faster.

Wood burning heaters and steam engines release heat energy in an exothermic reaction. A train that used to be powered by a steam engine. Therefore, since heat is used, the heat balance is important. A steam engine absorbs energy during the boiling phase of water.

This is an endothermic reaction. If steam is used to actuate the piston, its energy must be released by actuating the train. Excess energy is released into the chimney as flue gas. This is an exothermic process as it releases energy into its surroundings.

Exothermic reactions are important in forensics, especially in fire and explosion investigations. Conversely, if a chemical reaction requires heat (instead of producing heat) and results in cooling of the surrounding environment, it is said to be endothermic.

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a) CH2O

The carbon atoms are present in sp2 hybridization

b) CH2=CH-CH=CH2

All carbon atoms are present in sp2 hybridization

c) CH2=C=C=CH2

The 2,3-carbons are in sp hybridization and the remaining carbons are in sp2 hybridization.

The idea of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new class of hybridized orbitals is known as hybridization in chemistry. This mixing typically produces hybrid orbitals with completely distinct energies, geometries, etc. Hybridization primarily involves atomic orbitals at the same energy level. However, if an orbital has equivalent energy, it can participate in this process, as can an orbital that is partially filled.

On the other side, we may claim that the idea of hybridization is an expansion of the valence bond theory and that it aids in our understanding of how bonds are formed, how they are energetically, and how long they are.

When two atomic orbitals in a molecule combine to generate a hybrid orbital, the energy of the orbitals of the individual atoms is redistributed to give orbitals of equivalent energy. Hybridization is the name of this procedure.

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Hope You got this.......

The first beaker will contain a single compound, while another beakers will contains mixture of components.

A mixture is defined as a composition made up of two or more chemical components that do not mix chemically.

It can also be defined as a substance formed by the combination of two or more separate substances that does not result in a chemical reaction.

There are two types of mixture.

Thus, the  first beaker will contain a single compound, while another beakers will contains mixture of components.

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