M=n/V
M=(6.5/58.44) mol : 0.3 L
M=0.371
Answer:
.371 M
Explanation:
Molarity, M, is calculated as moles solute/ liters of solvent
6.5 gms of salt is 6.5 / 58.44 = .111225 moles
300 ml = .3 L
.111225 moles / .3 L = .371 M
How many formula units of NaCl are
in 116 g NaCl? The molar mass of
NaCl is about 58 g/mol.
116 g
The number of formula units in 116 g of NaCl is 1.204×10²⁴ formula units
Avogadro's hypothesis1 mole of NaCl = 6.02×10²³ formula units
But
1 mole of NaCl = 58 g
Thus,
58 g of NaCl = 6.02×10²³ formula units
How to determine the formula units in 116 g of NaCl58 g of NaCl = 6.02×10²³ formula units
Therefore,
116 g of NaCl = (116 × 6.02×10²³) / 58
116 g of NaCl = 1.204×10²⁴ formula units
Thus, 1.204×10²⁴ formula units are present in 116 g of NaCl
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What happens to the electron cloud at very high atomic numbers, when the innermost electrons would, using a non-relativistic model, be calculated to exceed the speed of light?
Answer:
tough question
Explanation:
In a non-relativistic model, the speed of an electron in an atom can be calculated using classical mechanics. The speed of an electron in the nth energy level is given by the formula:
[tex]\rm \[v_n = \sqrt{\frac{{2 \cdot E_n}}{{m_e}}}\][/tex]
where [tex]\rm \(v_n\)[/tex] is the speed of the electron, [tex]\rm \(E_n\)[/tex] is the energy of the electron in the nth energy level, and [tex]\rm \(m_e\)[/tex] is the mass of the electron.
For very high atomic numbers, the energy of the innermost electrons can become extremely large, leading to high speeds according to the non-relativistic formula.
However, as the speed of an object with mass approaches the speed of light [tex]\rm \(c\)[/tex] which is approximate [tex]\rm \(3 \times 10^8\) m/s[/tex], relativistic effects become significant, and the non-relativistic formula breaks down.
The relativistic speed of an electron is given by:
[tex]\rm \[v_{rel} = \frac{{v_n}}{{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{v_n^2}}{{c^2}}}}}\][/tex]
As the speed of the electron approaches [tex]\rm \(c\)[/tex], the denominator approaches zero, and the relativistic speed [tex]\rm \(v_{rel}\)[/tex] approaches infinity, preventing the electron from ever reaching or exceeding the speed of light.
In summary, at very high atomic numbers, the innermost electrons do not actually exceed the speed of light due to the relativistic effects that prevent such occurrences, and the electron cloud remains consistent with the principles of special relativity.
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A chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound can be catergorized as a
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Single \ displacement \ reaction}[/tex]
Explanation:
Displacement reaction:A reaction in which an element displaces or replaces another element of a compound is called a displacement reaction.Types:There are 2 types:
1. Single displacement reaction:If one element displaces 1 other element of a compound, it is called single displacement reaction.Example: [tex]CuSO_4 +Fe \longrightarrow \ FeSO_4 + Cu[/tex]Here, 1 element (Fe) displaces 1 other element (Cu) of a compound.2. Double displacement reaction:If two elements in two compounds displace one another, it is called double displacement reaction.Example: [tex]CuSO_4+NaOH \longrightarrow Cu(OH)_2 + Na_2SO_4[/tex]Here, Copper and sodium both displace each other.[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
Based on the electron configuration of the two atoms, predict the ratio of metal cationic (+) atom to nonmetal anionic (-) atom in the compound. 1522s22p63523p64sl Potassium 1$22s22p63s23p5 Chlorine
The metal cationic (+) atom to nonmetal anionic (-) atom ratio in the compound formed between Potassium and Chlorine is 1:1.
What is a compound?A compound is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically combined together. In this case, we have the atoms; Potassium and Chlorine.
The electronic configuration of the atoms is not shown here but the metal cationic (+) atom to nonmetal anionic (-) atom ratio in the compound formed between Potassium and Chlorine is 1:1.
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PLS HELP!
1. Explain why your solutions have a purple color after the iron reagent is added. Yes, the answer is because it is absorbing the other colors. What is absorbing the other colors?
2. Explain why the spectrophotometer is ‘blanked’ with the iron reagent. Why couldn’t deionized water be used?
Question 1
Fe(III) forms a chelate complex with salicylic acid which has purple color. therefore, when a solution is made either with salicylic acid or with aspirin having trae amount of salicylic acid in it, we see color formation in solution due to the resulting complex formed.
Question 2
The Fe(III) itself absorbs some light and gives an absorbance value for the solution. Therefore, it is necessary to blank the spectrophotometer with a Fe(III) solution prior to measurement of test solutions.
PLEASE ANSWER AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE THANK YOU SO MUCH
Eli uses this thermometer to measure the temperature of a liquid. He reports his
results as 36 degrees. Is this a good description?
A. This is a perfect description because it gives both a number and a unit
B. This description is clear and can be understood by other measures
C. This description needs a unit describing the system of measurement.
D. This description needs a decimal point to be a good description
Answer:
This description needs a unit describing the system of measurement.
A 13.5 g sample of an aqueous solution of nitric acid contains an unknown amount of the acid. If 23.5 mL of 0.434 M barium hydroxide are required to neutralize the nitric acid, what is the percent by mass of nitric acid in the mixture
The percent by mass of nitric acid in the mixture is 3.36 %
2 HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 --->Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O
so 1 mole Ba(OH)2 neutralizes 2 mol HNO3
moles of Ba(OH)2 present = molarity of base* volume of base
= 0.229 M * 15.6 ml
= 3.5724 milli mols
mols of HNO3 neutralized = 2* mols of Ca(OH)2 used
= 2* 3.5724 milli mols = 7.1448 x10^-3 mols
molar mass of HNO3 = 63.01 g/mol
mass of HNO3 present = molar mass * mols of HNO3
= 63.01 g/mol * 7.1448 x10^-3 mols
=0.4502 g
mass of sample = 13.4 g
mass % = mass of HNO3/mass of sample * 100
= 0.4502/13.4 *100
= 3.36 %
Nitric acid is a colorless, fuming, and distinctly corrosive liquid that could be a not unusual laboratory reagent and an important commercial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives.
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The flotation process used in metallurgy involves Multiple Choice the roasting of sulfides. separation of gangue from ore. electrolytic reduction. chemical reduction of a metal. zone refining.
The flotation process used in metallurgy involves the separation of gangue from ore.
How does the flotation process work?The various wettability qualities of a material's surface are the foundation of flotation operations. The basic principles of flotation are quite similar to those of a sink and float process, where the materials' relative densities to the medium in which they are deposited determine the basis of the separation.
What is the process of separating minerals from gangue known as?Mineral processing, mineral dressing, or ore dressing are all terms for the process of separating minerals from gangue. It is an important and frequently necessary part of mining. Depending on the type of minerals used, the process may be difficult.
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To illustrate the arrangements of particles in a liquid , a teacher instructed 20 students
Answer:
instructed 20 students to do what
Explanation:
2. A sample of a gas is occupying a 1500 mL container at a pressure of 3.4 atm and a temperature of 25
C. If the temperature is increased to 75 °C and the volume is increased to 2000 ml, what is the new
pressure?
3. A sample of a gas is occupying a 450 mL container at a pressure of 167 kPa and a temperature of 295 K.
If the pressure is increased to 230 kPa and the volume is decreased to 400 mL, what is the new
temperature in K?
I
4. A sample of gas is occupying a 3.6 L container at a pressure of 9.2 atm and a temperature of 298 K. If
the volume is increased to 5.3 L and the pressure is decreased to 7.3 atm, what is the new
temperature?
pleaseeee hurry thank you!!
2. The new pressure, given the data is 3.0 atm
3. The new temperature in K is 361 K
4. The new temperature in K is 348 K
2. How to determine the new pressureInitial volume (V₁) = 1500 mLInitial pressure (P₁) = 3.4 atmInitial temperature (T₁) = 25 °C = 25 + 273 = 298 K New temperature (T₂) = 75 °C = 75 + 273 = 348 K New Volume (V₂) = 2000 mLNew pressure (P₂) = ?The new pressure of the gas can be obtained by using the combined gas equation as illustrated below:
P₁V₁ / T₁ = P₂V₂ / T₂
(3.4 × 1500) / 298 = (P₂ × 2000) / 348
Cross multiply
P₂ × 2000 × 298 = 3.4 × 1500 × 348
Divide both sides by 2000 × 298
P₂ = (3.4 × 1500 × 348) / (2000 × 298)
P₂ = 3.0 atm
3. How to determine the new temperatureInitial volume (V₁) = 450 mLInitial pressure (P₁) = 167 KPaInitial temperature (T₁) = 295 KNew pressure (P₂) = 230 KPaNew Volume (V₂) = 400 mLNew temperature (T₂) =?The new temperature of the gas can be obtained by using the combined gas equation as illustrated below:
P₁V₁ / T₁ = P₂V₂ / T₂
(167 × 450) / 295 = (230 × 400) / T₂
Cross multiply
T₂ × 167 × 450 = 295 × 230 × 400
Divide both sides by 167 × 450
T₂ = (295 × 230 × 400) / (167 × 450)
T₂ = 361 K
4. How to determine the new temperatureInitial volume (V₁) = 3.6 LInitial pressure (P₁) = 9.2 atmInitial temperature (T₁) = 298 KNew Volume (V₂) = 5.3 LNew pressure (P₂) = 7.3 atmNew temperature (T₂) =?The new temperature of the gas can be obtained by using the combined gas equation as illustrated below:
P₁V₁ / T₁ = P₂V₂ / T₂
(9.2 × 3.6) / 298 = (7.3 × 5.3) / T₂
Cross multiply
T₂ × 9.2 × 3.6 = 298 × 7.3 × 5.3
Divide both sides by 9.2 × 3.6
T₂ = (298 × 7.3 × 5.3) / (9.2 × 3.6)
T₂ = 348 K
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How many moles of silver can be produced from silver nitrate from 1 mole of zinc?
Answer:
Answer: 6.5 moles of silver metal is formed in the given chemical reaction. The moles of excess reagent left are 0.55 moles.
Explanation:
To calculate the moles of silver formed and the moles of excess reagent left after the reaction, we need to balance the equation first and need to find the limiting and excess reagent.
The balanced chemical equation is:
Zn + 2AgNO3 ---> Zn (NO3)2 +2Ag
By Stoichiometry:
2 moles of Silver nitrate reacts with 1 mole of Zinc metal
So, 6.5 moles of silver nitrate will react with = 1/2 x 6.5 = 3.25 moles of zinc metal
The required amount of zinc metal is less than the given amount of zinc metal, hence, it is considered as an excess reagent.
Therefore, silver nitrate is the limiting reagent because it limits the formation of product.
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
2 moles of silver nitrate produces 2 moles of silver metal
So, 6.5 moles of silver nitrate will produce = 2/2 x 6.5 = 6.5moles of silver metal.
Number of moles of excess reagent left after the completion of reaction = (3.8 - 3.25)moles = 0.55 moles
Hence, 6.5 moles of silver metal is formed in the given chemical reaction. The moles of excess reagent left are 0.55 moles.
The first eight ionization energies of a third row element are 999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004, 8496, 27107, and 31719 kJ/mol. Identify the element.
The first eight ionization energies of a third row element are 999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004, 8496, 27107, and 31719 kJ/mol. The element is S.
Hence, Option C is correct answer.
What is Ionization Energy ?Ionization energy is the energy that an electron in a isolated gaseous atom or ion in the ground electronic state must absorb to discharge an electron resulting in a cation.
Which element belongs to third row or period ?The third row element are Na, Mg, Al, Si, B, S, Cl, Ar
From the given options these elements belongs to third row Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, Ar.
Now check the first eight ionization energy of each element.
Na: 496, 4562, 6910, 9543, 13354, 16613, 20117, 25496 kJ/mol
Mg: 738, 1451, 7733, 10543, 13630, 18020, 21711, 25661 kJ/mol
Al: 578, 1817, 2745, 11577, 14842, 18379, 23326, 27465 kJ/mol
Si: 787, 1577, 3232, 4356, 16091, 19805, 23780, 29287 kJ/mol
S: 999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004, 8496, 27107, 31719 kJ/mol
Cl: 1251, 2298, 3822, 5159, 6542, 9362, 11018, 33604 kJ/mol
Ar: 1521, 2666, 3931, 5771, 7238, 8781, 11995, 13842 kJ/mol
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The first eight ionization energies of a third row element are 999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004, 8496, 27107, and 31719 kJ/mol. The element is S.
Hence, Option C is correct answer.
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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: The first eight ionization energies of a third row element are 999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004, 8496, 27107, and 31719 kJ/mol. Identify the element.
Choose One:
A. Mg
B. Cl
C. S
D. P
E. Al
F. Ar
G. Na
H. Si
PLEASE HELP!! What is the concentration [H3O+] of a solution with a pH of 13.2? Is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral?
[tex]\\ \tt\leadsto pH=-log[H^+][/tex]
[tex]\\ \tt\leadsto -log[H^+]=13.2[/tex]
[tex]\\ \tt\leadsto log[H^+]=-13.2[/tex]
[tex]\\ \tt\leadsto [H^+]=antilog(-13.2)=6.3\times 10^{-14}M[/tex]
The concentration of [H3O+] will be 6.3 x [tex]10^{-14}[/tex] M
pHMathematically, pH = -log [H+] or -log [H3O+]
With a pH of 13.2:
-log [H3O+] = 13.2
log [H3O+] = -13.2
[H3O+] = 6.3 x [tex]10^{-14}[/tex] M
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A chemist conducted a precipitation reaction in which they added 35.5 mL of 0.125 M copper(II) sulfate to 50.00 mL of 0.150 M sodium hydroxide. The anion that was left over was subsequently precipitated by adding calcium chloride to the reaction mixture. What mass of the calcium chloride was added
The mass of CaCl2 is 0.076gram.
The molar mass of a compound is just the molar hundreds of every detail inside the compound brought up. Since the molar mass of Calcium is 40.08 g and the molar mass of Chlorine is 35.45, it might be 40g.08g+35.45g+35.45g (with 2 Chlorines in step with the subscript.) That leaves you with 110.98 g
Calcium and chlorine are the 2 factors in our instance. The molar loads of Ca (forty.08g/mol) and Cl (35.45g/mol) need to then be determined. Now that we have the masses of calcium and each chlorine atom, we are able to truly place them together to get the whole compound's molar mass, which is a hundred and 10.98 g/mol.
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A severe systemic reaction to an allergen causing serious symptoms that develop very quickly is known as.
Answer: Anaphylaxis
Explanation:
I have a nut allergy, and this has happened to me once. The doctors also told me a lot about anaphylaxis, and I like to learn about myself.
I hope this helps!! :)
Mrs. Smith has the following chemistry results: CK: moderately increased LD: moderately increased LD-1 : increased The probable diagnosis is:
Diagnosis of Mrs. Smith:
Diagnosis for Mrs. Smith for having CK: moderately increased LD: moderately increased LD-1: increased symptoms is "Myocardial infarction".
Myocardial infarction:
A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is inadequate or the cardiac muscle isn't getting enough oxygen in one or more places. The more time that goes by without receiving care to improve blood flow, the more damage the heart muscle sustains.
The majority of myocardial infarctions are brought on by underlying coronary artery disease, which deprives the myocardium of oxygen when coronary arteries are blocked. Myocardial necrosis and cell death can occur if the myocardium is continuously deprived of oxygen.
Signs of myocardial infarction:
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Assuming an efficiency of 30.40%, calculate the actual yield of magnesium nitrate formed from 130.8 g of magnesium and excess copper(II) nitrate.
The actual yield of magnesium nitrate formed from 130.8 g of magnesium and excess copper(II) nitrate is 245.2 g.
What is Balanced Chemical Equation ?The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.
The balanced chemical equation is as follows:
Mg + Cu(NO₃)₂ → Mg(NO₃)₂ + Cu
How to find the actual yield ?To calculate the actual yield use the expression
Actual yield = Efficiency × theoretical yield
Number of moles = [tex]\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{130.8}{24}[/tex]
= 5.45
Efficiency moles of Mg(NO₃)₂ = 0.304 × 5.45
= 1.6568 mol
Now put the value in above expression
Actual yield = Efficiency × theoretical yield
= 1.6568 × 148
= 245.2 g
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The actual yield of magnesium nitrate formed from 130.8 g of magnesium and excess copper(II) nitrate is 245.2 g.
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A 80.0 g sample of copper (specific heat = 0.20 J/g °C ) is heated and then added to 100 g water at 22.3 °C. The final temperature of the water and copper is 26.9°C. What is the original temperature of the copper sample, assuming that all the heat lost by the copper is gained by the water?
The original temperature of the copper sample, assuming that all the heat lost by the copper is gained by the water is 147.08°C.
How to calculate temperature?The temperature in a calorimetry experiment can be calculated using the following formula:
Q = mc∆T
Where;
Q = quantity of heat absorbed or releasedm = mass of substancec = specific heat capacity∆T = change in temperatureFor a calorimetry;
Q(water) = -Q(metal)
mc∆T (water) = -(mc∆T) (metal)
100 × 4.18 × 4.6 = - (80 × 0.20 × {26.9 - x}
1922.8 = -430.4 + 16x
16x = 2353.2
x = 147.08°C
Therefore, the original temperature of the copper sample, assuming that all the heat lost by the copper is gained by the water is 147.08°C.
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Questions & Conclusions:
4. How much KNO, precipitated out of solution when you cooled the solution from 100°C to -22°C?
(Keep in mind that you only started with 10 grams of each solute.)
The amount of KNO₃ precipitated out of solution when you cooled the solution from 100°C to -22°C is obtained from the solubility curve
What is a solubility curve?A solubility curve is a curve of the solubility of a solute against temperature.
The solubility curve shows that the solubility of different solute at different temperatures.
The solubility curve of KNO₃ is as shown. Solubility at 100 °C and -22 °C is not shown in the curve.
However, the amount of KNO₃ precipitated out of solution when cooled the solution from 100 °C to -22 °C can be determined by subtracting the amount of solute dissolve at -22 °C from that dissolved at 100 °C.
In conclusion, the solubility curve is used to determined the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent at different temperatures.
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What are the 3 components of an expressway that allows car to enter onto the road?.
The three components of an expressway entrance are the Entrance ramp, acceleration lane, and merging area.
what is an expressway?An expressway is a road that is specifically designed for high-speed traffic. These roads often have few crossings, few places of access or departure, and a divider between lanes for opposing-direction traffic.
It was mainly designed to make it easier for traffic to move at high speeds and in huge volumes.
Freeways, parkways, and turnpikes are examples of expressways. A highway is a primary route, but an expressway is a multilane highway.
Its principal objective was to facilitate the movement of heavy, fast-moving vehicles.
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1. Write out the following reaction in word form, then describe the type of reaction.
C₂H6 (3) + O2(g) →CO2(g) + H₂O (9)
Answer:
ethylene(ethane) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
the type of reaction is COMBUSTION.
In an endothermic reaction, the ______ have more energy than the _______.
A. reactants, products
B. surroundings, products
C. products, reactants
D. reactants, surroundings
Answer:
C
Explanation:
If the products have a higher energy level than the reactants then the reaction is endothermic.
In an endothermic reaction, the reaction mixture absorbs heat from the surroundings. Therefore, the products will have a higher energy than the reactants and ΔH will be positive.
In an exothermic reaction, the reaction mixture releases heat to the surroundings. Therefore, the products will have a lower energy than the reactants and ΔH will be negative.
What range on the glycemic index (GI) corresponds to a high glycemic impact food? 70 and above 56 to 69 1 to 55 1 to 35
Answer: 70 and above
Explanation:
This is a fact.
All of the following molecules except _________ make up a homologous series. Question 21 options: CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCHCH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
All of the following molecules except CH₃CH₂CH₃ make up a homologous series.
What is Homologous Series ?A homologous series is a series of compound having same general formula and same functional group.
What is the general formula of alkene and alkane ?The general formula of alkane is CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
The general formula of alkene is CₙH₂ₙ
CH₃CH₂CH₃ (Propane) is the third homologous series of alkane which satisfies the general formula of alkane.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that All of the following molecules except CH₃CH₂CH₃ make up a homologous series.
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The lowest concentration that can officially reported for any constituent in drinking water is known as the
What is the legal limit?
The lowest concentration that can officially be reported for any constituent in drinking water is known as the "Legal Limit".
Contamination of water:
The level that safeguards human health and that water systems can attain with the finest technology is reflected in the regulatory limit for a contaminant.
How does it occur:
Plumbing components are the main way that lead and copper enters the drinking water. The health effects of lead and copper exposure can range from brain damage to stomach discomfort.Nitrogen, bleach, salts, pesticides, metals, bacterial toxins, and human or animal medications are examples of chemical pollutants. Organisms in the water are biological pollutants. Other names for them include microorganisms and microbiological pollutants.In order to control corrosion, the system must take a variety of additional measures if lead concentrations reach an action threshold of 15 ppb or copper concentrations exceed an action level of 1.3 ppm in more than 10% of measured customer taps.
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J.J. Thomson discovered the electron by noticing that: A. molecules with the same atoms exhibited the same chemical properties. OB. a beam of particles could be influenced by an electric or magnetic force. C. chemical compounds contained various combinations of at least two atoms. D. some particles in a beam were deflected when passed through a sheet of gold foil.
J.J. Thomson discovered the electron by noticing that a beam of particles could be influenced by an electric or magnetic force and is denoted as option B.
What is an Electron?This is referred to a subatomic particle which has a negative charge present and is involved in chemical reactions.
J.J. Thomson noticed that cathode rays were negatively charged due to deflection by magnetic and electric forces which signifies the presence of a negative particle.
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The electron configurations of some elements are given. based on the electron configurations, which elements can likely form ions with multiple charges?
Correct option:
The elements form ions with multiple charges is given by option B and D, i.e., Iron and Cobalt
The electronic configurations of elements(assumed):
[tex]A. \,Zinc\,-[Ar]\,3d^{10}4s^{2}\\\\B.\,Iron\,-[Ar]3d^64s^2\\\\C.\, Sodium\, [Ne]3s^1\\\\D.\,Cobalt\,[Ar]3d^74s^2\\\\E.\,Silver\,[Kr]4d^{10}5s^1[/tex]
These electronic configurations are based many factors-
1. (n+l) energy rule which states higher the value of (n+l), higher will be the energy of the orbital.
2. Fully filled and half filled orbitals are more stable than partially filled orbitals.
Now,
Elements of d-block have multiple oxidation states. Zinc has fully filled d-orbitals. It is not considered as d-block metal as it has only 1 oxidation state, i.e, +2.
Sodium exists only in +1 oxidation state.
Also Silver exists in +1 oxidation state.
So, the correct answer is Iron and Cobalt which can form ions with multiple charges.
Correct options are B and D.
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Greenhouse gases act to __________ temperatures by __________ thermal infrared radiation. Group of answer choices increase; reflecting decrease; absorbing and releasing increase; absorbing and releasing decrease; blocking
Greenhouse gases act to increase temperatures by absorbing thermal infrared radiation.
We have already learned that Earth's atmosphere is composed often of nitrogen and oxygen. Those gases are transparent to incoming solar radiation. they may be also transparent to outgoing infrared radiation, which means that they do not take in or emit sun or infrared radiation.
The multiplied quantities of greenhouse gases human sports are adding to the environment have dissatisfied the balance that has been in location for the reason that ceases of the closing ice age, including greater greenhouse gases decreases the amount of infrared radiation energy leaving the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases inside the ecosystem time and again absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation (warmth). strength radiated from Earth's surface as warmth, or infrared radiation is absorbed and re-radiated by using greenhouse gases, impeding the loss of warmth from our surroundings to area.
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atmosheric concentraion of green house gases such as carbon dioxide are higher than at any time in earth history. T/F
The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide:
The statement "Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are higher than at any time in earth history", is True.
Greenhouse Gas:
It is a gas that causes the greenhouse effect by both absorbing and emitting radiant energy in the thermal infrared region.Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone (O3) are the main greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere.Earth's surface would typically be roughly -18 °C if greenhouse gases weren't there.In addition to causing respiratory problems from smog and air pollution, greenhouse gas also contribute to climate change by trapping heat. Other consequences of climate change includes extreme weather, interruptions in the food supply, and a rise in wildfires.Since the start of the industrial period, carbon dioxide concentrations have significantly grown, rising from an annual average of 280 ppm in the late 1700s to 410 ppm in 2019 to an increase of 1.8 ppm over 2021.
The net emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity rose by 43%. The carbon dioxide emissions, which make up nearly three-fourths of all emissions, rose by 51%. Similar to the United States, the bulk of emissions in the world come from energy production and use, including power generation, transportation, and other energy-related activities.
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The molecular structure of NCl3 is Select one: a. pyramidal b. none of these c. octahedral d. trigonal planar e. bent
Correct option:
The molecular structure of NCl3 is a. pyramidal
Molecular structure of NCl3:
The molecular geometry of NCl3 can also be ascertained using the AXN approach.
The center atom is shown as A.The bound pairs of electrons to the main atom are shown by the letter X.The core atom's lone pair of electrons is represented by the letter N.The center atom in the NCl3 lewis dot structure is nitrogen, which possesses three pairs of bound electrons as well as one single electron.
Consequently, the NCl3 formula becomes AX3N1.
Therefore, if a molecule has the formula AX3N1, its shape is trigonal pyramidal, and its electron geometry is tetrahedral, according to the VSEPR chart and it undergoes [tex]sp^{3}[/tex] hybridization.
Reasons for incorrect options:
b. None of these: As pyramidal is one of the options given in the question. So, none of these is incorrect.
c. Octahedral: Electron geometry takes into account both bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons, whereas molecular geometry solely takes into account electrons' bonds when determining the structure of any molecule. As NCl3 has three bound pairs and one unpaired pair. Therefore, NCl3's electron geometry is tetrahedral while its molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal, as seen by the VSEPR chart. Hence, octahedral is an incorrect option.
d. trigonal planar: If a molecule has three atoms or groups bound to a central atom and no lone electron pairs, it is said to be trigonal planar. But here in NCl3, it has three atoms and one lone electron pair. So, trigonal planar is not the correct option for NCl3.
e. bent: The lone pair on nitrogen generates repulsion between bond pairs and the lone pair, which causes the bond angle of NCl3 to slightly decreasing, making it 107.1°. Because of the lone pair on the nitrogen, which causes electrons to repel one another and bent the structure overall, NCl3 has a slight polarity. This permanent dipole moment is caused by the unequal charge distribution within the structure. But trigonal pyramidal is best to describe the molecular structure of NCl3. Hence is an incorrect option.
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