(240)(240-6(A)) Standard sized circuit breakers and fuses include 25, 90, and 350 ampere.(True/False)

Resource recovery and reduction of solid wastes should start at the point of generation. So the correct option is a.

Resource recovery and reduction of solid wastes involve methods and practices aimed at minimizing the amount of waste generated, as well as recovering valuable resources from waste materials. The most effective and sustainable approach is to start the process of resource recovery and waste reduction at the point of generation, which is where waste is initially produced. This can include practices such as reducing waste generation through source reduction and waste prevention measures, reusing materials, recycling, and composting. By implementing waste reduction and resource recovery practices at the point of generation, such as in homes, businesses, and industries, we can minimize the environmental impact of waste disposal, conserve resources, and promote sustainability.

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The constellation that lies in the direction toward the galactic centre is D) Sagittarius.

The centre of our Milky Way galaxy is located in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, which is located in the southern sky. Sagittarius is a prominent constellation that is easily visible from the southern hemisphere, and it is also visible from many northern hemisphere locations during the summer months. The area around Sagittarius is rich in interstellar dust and gas, which can obscure our view of the galactic centre in visible light. Nonetheless, astronomers use a variety of techniques, including infrared and radio observations, to study the structure and properties of the galactic centre region.

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The system you described, where a cart is initially pushed against a spring and then released, can be classified as option B: it is closed but not isolated.

This is because the system's energy (spring potential energy and cart's kinetic energy) and mass are conserved, but it is still influenced by external forces such as the spring force and potential friction.

spring potential is the potential energy stored in spring when it is stretched or deformed. It is equal to force multiplied by displacement. This energy is stored in the spring by virtue of its position. It is the work done to stretch the spring.

When spring is stretched, it undergoes displacement. It comes to its equilibrium position when force is removed. So, it exerts an equal and opposite force When it is stretched. Work is done by this force that is stored in the form of potential energy.

Since potential energy = force × displacement

and, force = spring constant × displacement

So, potential energy = spring constant × displacement²

Thus, PE = K × x²

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When a mass hangs from the ceiling by a string and the mass is doubled, the travel time for a wave pulse traveling from the mass to the ceiling and back does not decrease by any factor.

The travel time for a wave pulse traveling from the mass to the ceiling and back depends on the length of the string and the gravitational force acting on the mass. If the mass is doubled, the gravitational force acting on it will also double. This will cause the string to stretch and become slightly longer, resulting in a longer travel time for the wave pulse. Therefore, the travel time will not decrease by any factor, but will actually increase slightly due to the increased gravitational force and stretching of the string.

When a mass hangs from the ceiling by a string and the mass is doubled, the travel time for a wave pulse traveling from the mass to the ceiling and back does not decrease by any factor. This is because the wave speed on the string depends only on the tension in the string and its linear mass density, and not on the mass of the object hanging from it. Therefore, doubling the mass does not affect the travel time of the wave pulse.

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A. If the collision is perfectly inelastic then it follows the equation,

            m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)(v3)

Substituting,

          (1250 kg)(32 m/s) + (875 kg)(25 m/s) = (1250 kg + 875 kg)(v3)

The value of v3 from the equation is 29.12 m/s.

B. The kinetic energy is calculated through the equation,

             KE = 0.5mv²

Using this equation to solve for the total kinetic energies before and after the collision,

   Before collision:

        KE = 0.5(1250 kg)(32 m/s)² + (0.5)(875 kg)(25 m/s)²

            KE = 913437.5 J

   After collision:

          KE = (0.5)(1250 kg + 875 kg)(29.12 m/s)²

                KE = 900972.8 J

The difference is equal to 12464.7 J

Answer:

1.78 m/s

Explanation:

We again have to use the inelastic collision formula, which is m1*v1 + m2*v2 = (m1+m2)*vf. The question gives us m1 = 80kg, v1 = 4 m/s, and m2 = 100kg. Plugging this into the equation gets us: 80 * 4 = (80 + 100) * vf. Solving for vf, we get: vf = 320/180 = 1.78 m/s.

Answer:

v = 1.78 m/s

Explanation:

Momentum of the fisherman before = mass of the fisherman x velocity of the fisherman

= 80 kg x 4 m/s

= 320 kg·m/s

Momentum of the boat before = mass of the boat x velocity of the boat

= 100 kg x 0 m/s

= 0 kg·m/s

Total momentum before = Momentum of the fisherman before + Momentum of the boat before

= 320 kg·m/s + 0 kg·m/s

= 320 kg·m/s

Total mass after = mass of the fisherman + mass of the boat

= 80 kg + 100 kg

= 180 kg

Total momentum before = Total momentum after

320 kg·m/s = 180 kg x v

v = 320 kg·m/s / 180 kg

v = 1.78 m/s

A student ties a lead cube to an oval-shaped block to prevent it from floating and immerses it in water density as part of a study to identify the sort of wood it is composed of.

The term "density" (also known as "volumetric mass density" or "specific mass") refers to a substance's mass per unit of volume. Although the Latin letter D may also be used, the sign most frequently used for density is (the lower case Greek letter rho).

According to legend, Archimedes shouted "Eureka!" as he rushed through the Sicilian streets. ("I've discovered it!") He had figured out what density was. Everyone has spent a significant amount of time in water during their life. The second thing Archimedes noticed was that he felt lighter floating.

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At a temperature of 2,231 degrees Celsius, the light bulb filament emits 55.8 watts of blackbody radiation.

Using the Stefan-Boltzmann law, we can determine the power emitted at 3,073 degrees Celsius:

P = σA(T^4)

Where P is the power emitted, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10^-8 W/m^2*K^4), A is the surface area of the filament, and T is the absolute temperature.

Assuming the surface area of the filament remains constant, we can set up a proportion:

(P1)/(T1^4) = (P2)/(T2^4)

Substituting in the values we know:

(55.8)/(2504^4) = (P2)/(3346^4)

Solving for P2:

P2 = (55.8 x 3346^4)/(2504^4) = 214.4 watts

Therefore, if the temperature is raised to 3,073 degrees Celsius, the light bulb filament will radiate approximately 214.4 watts of blackbody radiation.
To solve this problem, we'll use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, which states that the power radiated by a blackbody (like a light bulb filament) is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature in Kelvin. Here are the steps to find the power at the new temperature:

1. Convert the initial and final temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin:
  T1 = 2,231°C + 273.15 = 2,504.15 K
  T2 = 3,073°C + 273.15 = 3,346.15 K

2. Find the ratio of the temperatures raised to the fourth power:
  (T2/T1)^4 = (3,346.15/2,504.15)^4 ≈ 3.787

3. Multiply the initial power by the temperature ratio to find the new power:
  P2 = P1 * (T2/T1)^4
  P2 = 55.8 W * 3.787 ≈ 211.383 W

4. Round the answer to the nearest watt:
  P2 ≈ 211 W

So, the light bulb filament will radiate approximately 211 watts when its temperature is raised to 3,073 degrees Celsius.

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To produce thermal effects, microwave energy is converted to heat in the body or organism.

The answer is d. heat.

Microwave energy, like all forms of electromagnetic radiation, can interact with matter and be absorbed, which can result in the production of heat. In the context of the human body, this heat can cause thermal effects such as tissue damage or changes in cellular metabolism.

When microwave energy is absorbed by matter, it can cause the molecules in that matter to vibrate and generate heat. This is because the energy of the microwaves is converted into kinetic energy of the molecules.

In the human body, certain tissues may absorb more microwave energy than others, depending on their composition and density. For example, the eyes and testes are particularly sensitive to microwave radiation because they contain fluids that can absorb this energy.

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To solve this problem, we'll use the following terms: work-energy theorem, potential energy, kinetic energy, and conservation of energy. So, the speed of the 8.00-kg block after moving 2.00 m is 5.42 m/s.

First, let's find the total work done on the 8.00-kg block. In this frictionless system, the only force acting on the 8.00-kg block is tension in the rope, and it's equal to the gravitational force acting on the 6.00-kg block. So, work done = force x distance.

Work done = (6.00 kg * 9.81 m/s²) * 2.00 m = 117.72 J

Now, let's use the work-energy theorem to find the speed of the 8.00-kg block after moving 2.00 m. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. Since the system starts from rest, the initial kinetic energy is zero.

Final kinetic energy = work done = 117.72 J

To find the speed, use the formula for kinetic energy: KE = 0.5 * m * v², where m is the mass and v is the velocity of the 8.00-kg block.

117.72 J = 0.5 * 8.00 kg * v²

Solving for v, we get:

v² = (117.72 J) / (0.5 * 8.00 kg) = 29.43 m²/s²
v = √29.43 m²/s² = 5.42 m/s

So, the speed of the 8.00-kg block after moving 2.00 m is 5.42 m/s.

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The distance between adjacent slits in this diffraction grating is approximately 2.22 × 10^-3 meters or 2.22 micrometers.

The distance between adjacent slits in a diffraction grating can be found using the formula:

d = 1/N

where d is the distance between adjacent slits and N is the number of slits per unit length. In this case, N = 45,000 slits/cm. Converting to slits/m, we have:

N = 45,000 slits/cm x (1 m/100 cm) = 450 slits/m

Substituting into the formula, we get:

d = 1/N = 1/450 slits/m ≈ 2.22 × 10^-3 m/slit

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The electric field intensity 10 cm away from the wire is 22.5 kV/m. The total flux through a closed surface around the wire is 0.45 Nm²/C. The electric force acting on an electron 10 cm away from the wire is 2.97 x 10⁻¹⁷ N.

The electric field intensity at a distance r from an infinitely long wire with charge density λ is given by the formula E = λ/ (2πε₀r), where ε₀ is the electric constant (8.85 x 10⁻¹² Nm²/C²). Substituting the given values, we get

E = (5 x 10⁻⁶ C/m) / (2π x 8.85 x 10⁻¹² Nm²/C² x 0.1 m)

   = 22.5 kV/m.

The total flux through a closed surface around the wire is given by the formula Φ = q/ε₀, where q is the total charge enclosed by the surface. In this case, the charge enclosed by a cylindrical surface with radius 0.1 m and length 2 m is q = λ x length = (5 x 10⁻⁶ C/m) x 2 m = 1 x 10⁻⁵ C. Substituting this value and ε₀ into the formula, we get

Φ = (1 x 10⁻⁵C) / (8.85 x 10⁻¹² Nm²/C²)

   = 0.45 Nm²/C.

The electric force acting on an electron placed 10 cm away from the wire is given by the formula F = qE, where q is the charge of the electron (-1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) and E is the electric field intensity at that point. Substituting the given values, we get F = (-1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) x (22.5 x 10³ V/m) = 2.97 x 10⁻¹⁷ N. Since the electron has a negative charge, the force is attractive and directed towards the wire.

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The emf amplitude of the rotating coil with 60 Hz frequency, 1000 turns, 20 cm2 area, and 2.0*10^-2 T field is 24 V.

The magnetic flux through the coil can be calculated as the product of the magnetic field, the cross-sectional area of the coil, and the number of turns in the coil:

Φ = B * A * N

where Φ is the magnetic flux, B is the magnetic field, A is the cross-sectional area, and N is the number of turns in the coil.

In this problem, we are given that the coil rotates at 60 revolutions per second in a field of 2.0*10^-2 T. This means that the magnetic flux through the coil changes at a rate of:

dΦ/dt = B * A * N * dθ/dt

where dθ/dt is the angular velocity of the coil in radians per second. Since the coil rotates at 60 revolutions per second, we can convert this to radians per second by multiplying by 2π:

dθ/dt = 60 * 2π = 376.99 rad/s

Substituting the given values, we get:

dΦ/dt = (2.0*10^-2 T) * (20 cm^2) * (1000 turns) * (376.99 rad/s) = 301.6 V/s

The emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux, so:

emf = -dΦ/dt = -301.6 V/s

The negative sign indicates that the direction of the induced emf is opposite to the direction of the change in magnetic flux. Through a process known as electromagnetic induction, a rotating coil may produce an electrical current. This is due to the fact that a conductor, like a coil, undergoes a change in magnetic flux when it travels through a magnetic field. A current may start to flow as a result of the electromotive force (EMF) that this change in flux creates in the conductor.

Therefore, the amplitude of the emf of the coil is 301.6 volts.

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The phenomenon described is known as the photoelectric effect. It takes place whilst a beam of mild (radiation) of a certain frequency or energy (wavelength) strikes a metal surface and causes electrons to be emitted from it.

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon wherein electrons are emitted from a fabric whilst it's far uncovered to electromagnetic radiation, along with light. This effect was first determined by using Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and changed into later defined via Albert Einstein in 1905, for which he become presented the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

According to Einstein's clarification, mild consists of particles known as photons, which bring energy. whilst a photon strikes an atom in the cloth, it transfers its power to an electron, that could then be emitted from the material if the strength of the photon is extra than the binding power of the electron to the material. The emitted electrons are referred to as photoelectrons.

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The word described by these clues is "seance".

When someone asks you to "find the word described by these clues, " you need to figure out what word matches all of the given criteria or clues. This often involves solving a puzzle or riddle.

Here's how the clues match up with the letters in the word:

Therefore, The word described by these clues is "seance".

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After a landfill site is closed, it should be covered with at least 2 feet of compacted soil having a low permeability, graded to shed rainwater, melting snow, and surface water. So, the correct answer is c. 2 feet.

This cover is intended to minimize the infiltration of water into the landfill and prevent the release of contaminants into the surrounding environment. The compacted soil used as a cover is typically selected for its low permeability, which helps to reduce the amount of water that can penetrate through the cover and come into contact with the waste materials in the landfill. This helps to prevent leachate, which is the liquid that is generated from the decomposition of waste, from seeping out of the landfill and contaminating nearby soil and groundwater.

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The technology that can allow a single ground-based telescope to achieve images as sharp as those from the Hubble Space Telescope is adaptive optics.

Adaptive optics use deformable mirrors to correct for atmospheric distortion, which causes the "twinkling" of stars and blurs images. This technology allows ground-based telescopes to achieve resolutions as good as those of space-based telescopes like Hubble. Other technologies that can also improve ground-based telescope resolution include grazing incidence and interferometry.

Adaptive optics is the technology that allows a single ground-based telescope to achieve images as sharp as those from the Hubble Space Telescope. This technology compensates for the distortion caused by Earth's atmosphere, resulting in clearer and sharper images.

An adaptive optics system's brain is a deformable mirror, which may change shape hundreds or thousands of times per second to instantly correct aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence.

Since the primary mirrors of ground-based telescopes are frequently enormous and cannot be moved rapidly (even segmented mirrors are massive), the deformable mirror is a separate component placed after the light has already been reflected from the primary mirror.

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Whether the statement regarding a 4 wire-3-phase wye circuit with harmonic current-inducing loads and the application of Section 310-15 b 2 adjustment factors is true or false. The equipment grounding conductor is considered to be a current-carrying conductor Your answer: True

The statement is true. In a 4 wire 3 phase wye circuit where the major portion of the load consists of electrical discharge lighting, data processing equipment, or other harmonic current-inducing loads, the neutral conductor should be counted when applying Section 310 15 b 2 adjustment factors. This is because harmonic currents can cause additional heating in the neutral conductor, and the adjustment factors account for potential heat-related issues. On a four-wire, three-phase wye circuit where the major portion of the load consists of nonlinear loads there are harmonic currents present in the neutral conductor and the neutral shall be considered to be a current-carrying conductor.

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Self-esteem is based on the opinions and beliefs of the individuals. This helps us to value or perceive ourselves. It defines your self-worth and how you treat yourself.

Self-esteem refers to the positive (high self-esteem) and negative (low self-esteem) feelings that we have ourselves. High self-esteem or positive self-esteem is defined as self-love,self-value, self-respect, and dignity.

Positive self-esteem means believing in your own capability to do things on your own. When there is a lack of self-confidence, self-love leads to negative self-esteem.

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The magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave is in the x-direction and the electric field is in the y-direction, the wave is traveling in the z-direction.

The wave is traveling in the xy-plane, as the magnetic field is in the x-direction and the electric field is in the y-direction, indicating that the wave is polarized in the xy-plane. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, meaning that the oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

The waves that may go through vacuum space are electromagnetic waves. Magnetic and electrical components are present in electromagnetic waves. All of them move at the speed of light. The atoms of the material absorb and reemit wave energy as part of the energy transport process through a medium.

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In general, the voltage limitation between conductors in a surface metal raceway shall not exceed 600 volts unless the metal has a thickness listed for higher voltage.
In general, the voltage limitation between conductors in a surface metal raceway shall not exceed _____ volts unless the metal has a thickness listed for higher voltage.

The voltage limitation between conductors in a surface metal raceway shall not exceed 600 volts unless the metal has a thickness listed for higher voltage.

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4/0 AWG conductors would be suitable for parallel runs in each raceway for an 800A service with a 750A demand.

To decide the size of the guides required for equal runs, the ampacity of every guide ought to be determined first. Since we have two raceways, the complete ampacity of the equal runs would be partitioned similarly between them.

Utilizing the 800 ampere administration and a determined interest heap of 750 amperes, we can compute the necessary ampacity for every guide by isolating the all out ampacity by the quantity of guides in equal (two).

800 amps/2 = 400 amps for every guide

Then, we want to allude to the NEC ampacity graph to decide the fitting wire size. For 75 degree Celsius guides, a 4/0 AWG guide has an ampacity of 405 amps. Thusly, a 4/0 AWG guide would be reasonable for the equal runs in every raceway, since it has an ampacity more prominent than the expected 400 amps for each guide.

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The complete question is:

If an 800A service has a calculated load of 750A, what size 75 degree C conductors are required if the conductors are paralleled in two raceways? All termanitions are 75 degree C.

a. 4/0 AWG

b. 250 kcmil

c. 500 kcmil

d. 750 kcmil

Impact energy may be transferred into the test sample through compression, tension, bending, shearing, torsion, or a combination of these.

Impact testing is a common method used to evaluate the toughness and strength of materials by measuring their ability to absorb energy during an impact event. During an impact, energy is transferred from the impactor to the test sample, and the way that energy is transferred can have a significant impact on the behavior of the material.

There are several ways in which impact energy can be transferred into a test sample, including compression, tension, bending, shearing, torsion, and a combination of these. Compression occurs when the impactor pushes the sample inward, causing it to compress and deform.

Tension occurs when the impactor pulls the sample outward, causing it to elongate and potentially fracture. Bending occurs when the impactor applies a force to the sample at a specific point, causing it to bend and potentially fracture.

Shearing occurs when the impactor applies a force that causes the sample to slide or shear along a plane, potentially causing it to fracture. Torsion occurs when the impactor applies a twisting force to the sample, causing it to twist and potentially fracture.

The way that energy is transferred into the test sample during an impact event can have a significant impact on the material's behavior and response to the impact.

For example, materials that are more ductile may be able to absorb more energy during compression, while materials that are more brittle may be more likely to fracture during tension or bending. Understanding how energy is transferred into the sample during an impact event is important for selecting appropriate testing methods and interpreting test results.
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True. A loop conductor rotating in a constant magnetic field creates an electric current is true.

Valid. At the point when a circle transmitter is pivoted in a consistent attractive field, it makes an electric flow. This peculiarity is known as electromagnetic acceptance and was first found by Michael Faraday in 1831. As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic enlistment, the attractive field going through a circle channel changes as the transmitter pivots, and this adjustment of transition prompts an electromotive power (EMF) in the conduit, bringing about an electric flow.

The heading of the prompted not entirely set in stone by the course of the adjustment of attractive transition. Consequently, a turning circle conveyor in a steady attractive field produces an exchanging flow (AC), and this rule is the premise of numerous electrical generators, engines, and different gadgets that utilization electromagnetic enlistment.

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High pressure jets of water applied to filter media during a backwash operation are a form of cleaning and maintenance, designed to remove accumulated particles and debris from the filtration system.

High pressure jets of water applied to filter media during a backwash operation are a form of content loaded backwash operation. This process helps to remove debris and particles that may have accumulated on the filter media, allowing for improved filtration efficiency.

The force of the water helps to dislodge and flush out the trapped particles, leaving the filter media clean and ready for use. A backwash operation uses high pressure water jets applied to filter media as a method of cleaning and maintenance to remove collected particles and debris from the filtering system.

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245-degree days are accumulated in a seven-day period when the average outside temperature is 30 oF.

To calculate degree days, we need to find the difference between the average outside temperature and the base temperature (usually 65 oF) for each day, and then add up those differences for the period in question.
In this case, let's assume the base temperature is 65 oF. So, for each day, we need to find the difference between 30 oF and 65 oF, which is 35 oF. Then, we add up those differences for the seven-day period:
35 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 35 = 245
Therefore, the answer is A) 245.

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245-degree days are accumulated in a seven-day period when the average outside temperature is 30 oF.

To calculate degree days, we first need to determine the base temperature, which is the temperature below which a building needs to be heated.

This value varies depending on the location and building type. For example, a common base temperature for residential buildings in the United States is 65°F.

The degree days for a given day is calculated by subtracting the base temperature from the average temperature for that day.

If the average temperature is below the base temperature, the degree days for that day are considered zero.

For the given problem, the average outside temperature is 30°F. Assuming a base temperature of 65°F, we can calculate the degree days for each of the seven days:

Day 1: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

Day 2: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

Day 3: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

Day 4: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

Day 5: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

Day 6: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

Day 7: 65 - 30 = 35 degree days

To find the total degree days for the seven-day period, we add the degree days for each day:

35 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 35 + 35 = 245 degree days

Therefore, the answer is A) 245.

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The correct answer is c. 6 hours. Water in wading pools should be completely recirculated every 6 hours to maintain safe and clean water conditions for children. This helps to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and other contaminants.

Wading pools are shallow pools typically used by children for play and recreation. Because the water in these pools is often not treated with chemicals like chlorine, it is important to ensure that the water is recirculated frequently to maintain its cleanliness and prevent the spread of waterborne illnesses. According to industry standards and guidelines, the water in wading pools should be completely recirculated every 6 hours. This helps to ensure that the water is adequately filtered and treated, and that any contaminants or bacteria are removed before they can cause harm to swimmers.

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It takes approximately 2.734 seconds for the object to come to rest as it travels up the ramp if speed at surface level is 30km/h.

we'll first need to determine the component of acceleration acting against the object's motion as it travels up the ramp.

Then, we'll use that information to calculate the time it takes for the object to come to rest.

Step 1: Calculate the acceleration due to gravity acting parallel to the rampThe acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.81 m/s^2. To find the component of gravity acting along the ramp, we'll use the formula:a_parallel = g * sin(angle)where angle is 30 degrees. First, convert 30 degrees to radians:angle (in radians) = (30 * π) / 180 ≈ 0.524 radians

Now, find the parallel acceleration:

a(parallel) = 9.81 * sin(0.524) ≈ 4.905 m/s^2

Step 2: Convert the object's initial speed to meters per secondThe object is initially traveling at 30 mph.

To convert this to meters per second (m/s), use the conversion factor 1 mph ≈ 0.44704 m/s:

initial speed (in m/s) = 30 * 0.44704 ≈ 13.411 m/s

Step 3: Calculate the time it takes for the object to come to rest

Now we'll use the formula:

final speed = initial speed + (acceleration * time)Since the object comes to rest, its final speed is 0 m/s. We can now solve for time:0 = 13.411 - (4.905 * time)time ≈ 2.734 seconds

So, it takes approximately 2.734 seconds for the object to come to rest as it travels up the ramp.

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It's important to note that the voltage output at the secondary of a transformer is not necessarily limited to the instant when the switch in the primary circuit is opened or closed. Once the magnetic flux in the core of the transformer has changed, it will continue to induce an EMF in the secondary coil as long as the flux is changing.

This is why transformers are commonly used to step up or step-down voltages in AC power systems.

When a switch in the primary circuit of a transformer is opened or closed, it causes a change in the magnetic flux in the core of the transformer. This change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the secondary coil, which produces a voltage output at the secondary.

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What type of transformer is being described when a voltage output occurs at the secondary only at the instant a switch in the primary circuit is opened or closed?