Examples of ART include invitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), pronuclear fallopian tube transfer (PROST), fallopian tube embryo transfer (TET), and fertilized egg intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT).
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. This includes fertility treatments that treat both eggs and sperm. It works by removing the egg from the ovary. The egg is then mixed with sperm to create an embryo. By this definition, ART includes all fertility treatments involving either oocytes or embryos. Generally, ART procedures involve surgically removing an egg from a woman's ovary, combining the egg with sperm in a laboratory, and either returning it to the woman's body or donating it to another woman. Unlike animal species that mostly rely on se-xual reproduction, some plants reproduce se-xually and others asexu-ally. Sexual reproduction in plants is usually dependent on pollinators, whereas ase-xual reproduction is independent of these pathogens.
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In eukaryotic cells, a __________ by a __________ targets a growing peptide to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:
Signal Peptide, Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)
Explanation:
In eukaryotic cells, a signal peptide is a brief sequence of amino acids found at the beginning of a developing peptide. Its major function is to direct the peptide to its correct intracellular destination. The signal peptide is detected by the signal recognition particle, a protein complex (SRP). The SRP attaches to the signal peptide to facilitate its transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
An RNA molecule and a protein component constitute the SRP. The protein subunit binds to the signal peptide, whereas the RNA molecule binds to an ER membrane receptor. This enables the SRP to direct the expanding peptide to its proper location. The SRP then allows the peptide to enter the ER by releasing it.
Once inside the ER, sugar molecules are added to the peptide to modify it. These sugar molecules facilitate the correct folding of the peptide, allowing it to operate properly. Following modification, the peptide is delivered to its eventual destination, such as the Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane.
In eukaryotic cells, the signal peptide and SRP are key components of protein transport. They ensure that the developing peptide is properly directed to the endoplasmic reticulum and eventually to its ultimate destination. Without the signal peptide and SRP, proteins cannot move themselves throughout the cell.
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the hypothalamus secretes ____________ , resulting in secretion of fsh and lh from the pituitary gland.
Answer:
gonadotropin releasing hormone
what are the functions of aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and alanine aminotransferase (alt), and why does michael have elevated levels of these enzymes?
Aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and alanine aminotransferase (alt) are liver enzymes and shows liver function.
Aspartate aminotransferase is a component of the malate-aspartate shuttle in the heart and is also involved in the production of neurotransmitters and the neuro-glial pathway in the brain, as well as gluconeogenesis in the liver, kidney, and adipose tissue.
The enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is mostly present in liver cells. It is also present in heart and muscle cells in addition to the liver. Alanine is converted by ALT into pyruvate for use in cellular energy production.
The liver, brain, pancreas, heart, kidneys, lungs, and skeletal muscles all contain AST. The liver is the major location of ALT. If your AST levels are excessive, it may indicate damage to tissues other than the liver. You may have a liver if you have high ALT levels.
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how do vertebrates differ from other chordates
how are coecervates similar to living organisms
Answer: Coacervates are similar to living organisms as they are capable of absorbing nutrition and also can grow under proper living conditions.
Explanation: Coacervates are regarded as the foundation of early life in Oparine Haldane theory's (abiogenesis) view. In order to manufacture organic compounds from an ocean of food, scientists think that they developed chemically.
They consist of a grouping of colloidal droplets held together by hydrophobic force.
Both live cells and non-living cells share certain commonalities with them. In a suitable physical and chemical environment, they can develop and absorb nutrients. Although they are incapable of reproduction, coacervates can maintain homeostasis just like living cells. A live organism's ability to reproduce is one of its most crucial characteristics. Therefore, we are unable to classify them as living entities.
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the cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago. this event resulted in an increase in _____.
a. diversity of multicellular organisms
b. geological activity
c. none choice
d. diversity of algae
Over 541 million years ago, there was a Cambrian boom. The variety of multicellular organisms increased as a result of this occurrence.
An entity with more than one cell is referred to be multicellular organisms as opposed to unicellular. With the exception of slime molds and social amoebae like those in the genus Cambrian, which are both partially unicellular and partially multicellular organisms , all animals, land plants, and the majority of fungi as well as many algae are multicellular. Cell division and Cambrian the aggregation of several single cells are two of the many processes that can lead to the formation of multicellular organisms . When several identical individuals get together to form a colony, a colonial organism is created. However, it can frequently be challenging to tell true multicellular organisms from from Cambrian protists.
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If the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen, which pathways would be interrupted first (check all that apply)?
a. release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary
b. release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
c. release of luteinizing hormone from the hypothalamus
d. release of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
the anterior pituitary releases luteinizing hormone. If the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen
D is the ideal choice.
Which of the following doesn't fall within the category of level of organization?Cellular, organism, and ecosystem levels of organization range from the most basic to the most sophisticated. Chemical does not represent a level of organization.
What characteristic of heart muscle enables the cells to plan their contraction as a single unit?In cardiac muscle, this joining is known as electric coupling, which enables the rapid transmission of action potentials and the synchronized contraction of the entire heart. A functional unit of contraction known as a syncytium is produced by this network of electrically coupled heart muscle cells.
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the ingestion of a large number of vibrio cholerae cells is necessary for infection. why is such a large concentration of bacteria needed?
Ingestion of large numbers of Vibrio cholerae cells is necessary for infection, due to the low gastric pH.
Vibrio cholerae is pathogenic to humans. These bacteria are very sensitive to acids because these bacteria cannot stand acids and heat. If someone eats food that contains bacteria as much as 102-104 cells/gram in food then someone with normal stomach acid will be infected by Vibrio. Normally, the stomach produces stomach acid making the degree of acidity (pH) of the stomach boil between 1.0-2.0
To kill bacteria or germs in food. Because generally, bacteria are very rare that can live at the pH that is owned by the stomach, which is a pH of around 0.8 - 1.5.
So, when someone is infected with Vibrio cholera, the stomach acid pH is low.
This question has multiple choice
a. because of the enzymes in our mouth
b. because of the low pH in the stomach
c. because they must compete with bacteria in our intestines
d. because of the specificity of our immune system
The true choice is B
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explain why a mating between a normal male and a female homozygous for a loss-of-function bicoid mutation produces misshapen embryos, but the reciproc
Because bicoid is a maternal effect, it means that the mother's genotype controls the phenotype of her offspring.
What is a Bicoid?
A bicoid is a protein in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that is involved in early embryonic development. It is a transcription factor that plays a key role in establishing the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. Bicoid acts as a morphogen, meaning it is involved in the production of specific patterns of gene expression.
Offspring of a bicoid mutant homozygote father are predicted to have normal patterning if the mother carries at least one wild-type allele of the bicoid gene, in contrast to offspring of a bicoid mutant homozygote mother who is expected to have patterning defects.
What is an Offspring ?
Offspring is the term used to refer to the progeny, or children, of a particular animal or plant. It is also used to refer to the descendants of a particular individual or group of individuals.
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fsh in females circulates to the ____________ where it induces folliculogenesis.
FSH in females circulates to the ovaries where it induces folliculogenesis.
FSH refers to follicle stimulating hormone. It is a female hormone secreted by pituitary gland which plays crucial role in maintaining the menstrual cycle in women. When the eggs are to be released from the ovary, its level of secretion rises, which helps in normal ovulation process. Follicles are the fluid filled sac like structures present inside the ovaries which contains immature/ developing eggs. Folliculogenesis is the process of production of follicle which later develops to form fertilizable egg. It is an important part of fertilization cycle. FSH and LH play crucial role in controlling the process of folliculogenesis. It simply signifies cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
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a scientist discovered a creature that consumes other organisms for energy. this would be classified as what type of organism?
of each of the following in ATP synthesis
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation (Step 1 of Cellular Respiration)
Oxidation of intermediates in the Kreb cycle (Step 2 of Cellular Respiration)
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain
The ATP synthesis is involved in reactions such as glycolysis, the oxidation of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle, the formation of the proton gradient by the electron transport chain, etc.
What is the role of cellular respiration?Cellular respiration involves several steps, the first of which is glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down and then pyruvate breaks down acetyl CoA. The second step, the Krebs cycle, is where the acetyl CoA enters and produces many intermediates. The NADH and FADH₂ then enter the electron transport chain, forming a proton gradient and producing ATP.
Hence, ATP synthesis is involved in reactions such as glycolysis, the oxidation of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle, and the formation of the proton gradient.
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enzyme complexes that break down protein are called .enzyme complexes that break down protein are called .lipasesubiquitinsamylaseproteasomesnucleases
Proteasomes are enzyme complexes that digest protein.
proteasomes , a chemical process that breaks down undesired or damaged proteins, is carried out by protein complexes called proteasomes. An enzyme class that helps with these procedures is the protease family. Proteasomes are found in all eukaryotes, archaea, and some types of bacteria. The proteasome's primary job is to break down unwanted or damaged proteins through the process of proteolysis, which is a peptide bond-breaking chemical reaction. Proteins and peptides can be broken down by the enzyme protease. A core particle and regulatory cap make up the comparatively bigger molecule known as the proteasome. Proteases have a catalytic domain and are often smaller.
correct question format is:
Enzyme complexes that break down protein are called _____.
Enzyme complexes that break down protein are called _____.
options:
lipases
ubiquitins
amylase
proteasomes
nucleases
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Which process occurs in the chloroplast?
A. Photosynthesis
B. DNA replication
C. Digestion
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast .
What is chloroplast?
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that performs photosynthesis primarily in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll absorbs sunlight energy, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while liberating oxygen from water in the cells.
The ATP and NADPH are then used to create organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts also perform a variety of other functions in plants, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and immune response. A chloroplast is distinguished by two membranes and a high concentration of chlorophyll.
Hence, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
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after the effector cell has been stimulated by acetylcholine (ach), what enzyme stops this stimulation and allows the effector membrane to repolarize?
The effector membrane is able to repolarize because the acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibits this stimulation.
What is an easy way to define enzyme?A natural catalyst called called enzyme is usually always a protein. It stimulates one certain chemical process in the cell. The enzyme is continuously employed during process while not being destroyed.
What materials make up enzymes?Proteins called enzymes are made up of amino acids connected by one or maybe more polypeptide chains. The underlying basis of a polypeptide chain refers to this organization of amino acids. This in turn dictates the enzyme's three-dimensional structure, including the active site's shape.
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The complete question is-
After the effector cell has been stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh), what enzyme stops this stimulation and allows the effector membrane to repolarize?
A) Decarboxylase
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholinesterase
D) Catecholamine
Can somebody help me please?
Possible blood offspring
BO - Type BAB - Type ABAO - Type AHow would these adaptations for sunlight also enable a plant to compete for space
The adaptation to sunlight also enables a plant to compete for space because light stimulates the rapid growth of plants to reach it and often shades other plants with their leaves.
What is Adaptation?Adaptation may be defined as a type of process that involves an instance of modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence or survival in the ecosystem.
It is assumed that when an old tree in a forest dies and falls to the ground, there is a race to fill in the gap in the canopy. This demonstrates a competition of the plants for space. Light is a vital resource for plants, which compete for it, particularly in dense communities.
Therefore, the adaptation to sunlight also enables a plant to compete for space because light stimulates the rapid growth of plants to reach it and often shades other plants with their leaves.
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Which of these accurately describes a difference between cancer cells and normal cells?A. Cancer cells divide less frequently.B. Cancer cells lack the ordered arrangement of normal cells.C. Cancer cells have a consistent size and shape.D. Cancer cell nuclei are always small and rounded in shape.
Option B is the correct Answer. Cancer cells lack the ordered arrangement of normal cells.
Cancer: It is a disease in which the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body, and it is made up of trillions of cells.
Cancer grows in the absence of signals telling them to grow, and also ignores signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die.Cancer can invade nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body. It also tells blood vessels to grow toward tumors, and hide from the immune system.Normal cells only grow when they receive such signals, And also stop growing when they encounter other cells, and most normal cells do not move around the body.To know more about Cancer cells and Normal Cells:
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Joann repeatedly overfed the fish in the pond behind her house. The nitrates from the excess food contributed to an overgrowth of algae. To correct the problem, Joann added more plants to the pond. How will adding more plants help?
By adding more plants to the pond, Joann increased the rate of consumption of the excess nitrates. It would also replenish the dissolved oxygen in the water.
Fish food is rich in nitrates and phosphates. So by overfeeding, Joann increased the concentration of the nitrates and phosphates in the pond water, making it ideal for algal overgrowth.
Algae uses these nitrates and phosphates to break down the organic substances in the pond water consuming more and more dissolved oxygen. The amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the water, or the amount of oxygen that is available to living aquatic organisms, is measured by the term "dissolved oxygen" (DO).
This might suffocate the fish by creating oxygen scarcity, which would lead to their death.
Hence by adding more plants, Joann can ensure the excess nitrates added would be consumed by the new plant, limiting the nutritional supply of the algae.
Also, the potential threat of dissolved oxygen scarcity would be eliminated as the new plants would add to the dissolved oxygen content of the pond.
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which division of the peripheral nervous system (pns) detects stimuli and carries them to the central nervous system (cns)? question 23 options: sensory motor autonomic sympathetic
The somatic sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries stimuli from both general and special senses to the central nervous system (CNS).
The somatosensory system has two main components: a subsystem for detecting mechanical stimuli (light touch, vibration, pressure, skin tension, etc.) and a subsystem for detecting painful stimuli and temperature. It has been constructed.
Somatosensory (“soma” meaning body) senses contact, pain, pressure, temperature and tension on the skin and internal organs. The somatosensory cortex is the area of the brain that receives and processes sensory information from around the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.
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Pathogens of the skin often enter via hair follicles and ducts of the sweat glands.T/F
Answer: True
Explanation:
which pathophysiological abnormality is present in cystic fibrosis dysfunction of sweat glands inactivity of respiratory tract cilia
The transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which serves as a transmembrane cAMP-activated chloride channel, is encoded by a gene on chromosome 7 and is the hereditary cause of CF.
Cystic fibrosis: What is it?Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease In order to have CF, a person needs a mutation in both the copies of the CFTR gene. A person is a CF carrier rather than a person with CF if they have a mutation in just one copy of the CFTR gene and the other copy is normal.
A genetic disorder, cystic fibrosis. It is brought on by a gene defect that interferes with how salt and water enter and exit cells.
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Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis?
In order for genetic information to be transferred into daughter cells.
In order for the DNA to be contained in the nucleus.
In order for the cell to be able to increase in size.
In order for the cell to re-order the DNA sequencing in the new cells.
Other:
Answer:
It is important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis in order for genetic information to be accurately transmitted into daughter cells.
Explanation:
what is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction? group of answer choices it stores ca2 ions for release during contraction. it surrounds and protects the muscle filaments. it provides sites of atp synthesis. it depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse. it synthesizes actin and myosin filaments.
Answer:
I believe it's a.it stores Ca++ ions for release during contraction
Which of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA?
One of the most significant similarities between DNA and RNA is that both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. Thus the correct answer is option (A).
Because the two DNA strands are made up of simpler monomeric units termed nucleotides, they are referred to as polynucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one of the four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A], or thymine [T]). An alternating sugar-phosphate backbone is created when the nucleotides are linked together in a chain by covalent connections between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. The nitrogenous bases of the two distinct polynucleotide strands form hydrogen bonds with one another in accordance with the base pairing principles to create double-stranded DNA (A with T and C with G).
The complete question is:
Which of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA? A) nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
B) the presence of uracil
C) Both are found exclusively in the nucleus.
D) Paths are double-stranded.
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some conservation biologists focus on areas where the greatest number of unique species can be protected with the least amount of effort. these areas are called ____
Some conservation biologists concentrate on regions that can be protected for the most rare species with the least amount of work. Wildlife corridors are the name for these locations.
Evaluation of human impacts on biological variety and the development of workable strategies to stop species extinction are the two main objectives of conservation biology (Soulé 1986; Wilson 1992). The goal-oriented science of conservation biology concentrates on ways to preserve and replenish biodiversity, or the variety of life on Earth.
Conservation biology deals with problems where immediate action is essential and failure has serious repercussions, similar to medical research. The classic approach, populist approach, and neoliberal approach are three discursive approaches whose goals conservation management has historically accepted. The connections between conservation and development and their possible interactions are different for each of the three approaches.
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classify the phrases as pertaining to fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid oxidation.
fatty acid oxidation: acetyl CoA is a product, takes place in the mitochondria, intermediates linked to coenzyme A, uses FAD and NAD+.
The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by membrane-bound cell organelles called mitochondria (plural: mitochondrion). Adenosine triphosphate is a little molecule that stores the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP). Sugar is thought to be bad for our teeth and our waistlines, but it's also the enemy of our mitochondria and a major factor in many metabolic health problems. Extra sugar consumption stresses the mitochondria, forcing them to release free radicals. Oxidative damage is what this is.
classify the phrases as pertaining to fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid oxidation?
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what category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future? group of answer choices
A endangered species is one that, while not now in danger of becoming extinct, may do so in the not too distant future.
tiny populations in narrow geographic regions, migratory species, those requiring expansive or unique habitats, and species that are subject to human exploitation. Species that are in imminent risk of becoming extinct are referred to as endangered species. An ecosystem's keystone species contributes to its definition. Without its species diversity, the ecosystem would either no longer exist or would change significantly. A species that is in risk of going extinct is said to be endangered. This may result from human activity or natural factors like competition or predation (Introduced species, habitat loss and degradation, climate change, etc.). A species is considered to be "endangered" if it faces extinction in all or a substantial portion of its range. A species is considered "threatened" if it is likely to become extinct in the near future.
(What category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future?
A species of concern
A threatened species
An endemic species
An endangered species)
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which part of the brain is associated with physical movement and automatic reflexes: a. the corpus callosum b. the cerebellum c. the brain stem d. the broca s area
Cerebellum is the part of the brain is associated with physical movement and automatic reflexes.
The cerebellum is a component of the brain that controls most bodily movements. This portion of the brain aids with driving, throwing a ball, and walking across the room. The cerebellum also aids with eye movement and vision.
Cerebellar problems are uncommon and usually cause issues with movement and coordination. The cerebellum is one of the three major parts of the brain. It is located in the bottom back of the brain, beneath the posterior cerebrum and below the brain stem.
It merely makes up around 10% of the brain's weight but includes up to 80% of all neurons in the organ. The cerebellum is largely in charge of muscular control, which includes balance and movement. It also helps with other cognitive activities including language processing and memory.
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PLEASE HELP!
Write a testable question that could be used to further investigate the topic of stimulus-response time.
Topic: Response to Stimuli
A testable question that could be used to further investigate the topic of stimulus-response time might be if skin touch may produce activation of a given cell receptor located on the epidermis.
What is raising a question in the scientific method?Raising a question in the scientific method is a fundamental issue before formulating a particularly plausible explanation or hypothesis in order to try to answer this question.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that raising a question in the scientific method is a key step before hypothesis testing.
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