Answer:
We produce energy from fossil fuels by burning it. That is why it is so harmful to the environment, burning the fossil fuels relases carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
Aphids can feed in leafy treetops or tree canopies. Ants are usually not abundant in tree canopies unless aphids are also present. You introduce aphids to an area of the tree canopy and survey the abundance of ants over time. Consider the graphs. A.) graph H
B.) graph L
C.) graph K
D.) graph M
E.) graph Q
Graph H can be considered for this survey
What is relation between ant and aphids ?An aphid infestation is frequently indicated by the presence of ants, which are frequently associated with aphid populations, especially on trees and shrubs. Check higher up the tree for aphids or other insects that produce honeydew that may be on limbs and leaves if you notice a lot of ants climbing the trunks of your trees.
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How Many body openings are present in the Cnidarian? The Nematode?
There is a single body opening in cnidarians whereas two openings in nematodes
This single body opening acts as both mouth and anus for the organism.
This opening in cnidarians leads to a space known as a gastrovascular cavity. All the food entered through the mouth is digested in this cavity.
When the food enters through the mouth, it leads a passage to the cavity, and all the digestive enzymes act on the food. Any parts of the food which is not digested are expelled from the body through this opening only
This type of digestion can be easily seen in jellyfish
In nematodes, the mouth part is located on the anterior side of the worm, and the anus is on the posterior side. The food is engulfed by the mouth and goes to the alimentary canal where it gets digested. The undigested food particles are expelled from the body through the anus by excretion.
This can be seen in Ascaris.
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Which of the following research questions would best guide an investigation of the link between the single cellular bacteria and multicellularity?
A.) Do bacteria always perform quorum sensing, or is there a threshold value for the required concentration in order for an elicited response to occur?
B.) Is the rate of signaling molecule collisions impacted by temperature and concentration?
C.) How does the chemical structure of ancestral bacterial signaling molecules and their receptors compare to those of eukaryotic organisms present today?
D.) Can eukaryotic organisms communicate through local and distance signaling mechanisms?
Can eukaryotic organisms communicate through local and distance signaling mechanisms is a research question that might guide an investigation of the link between single cellular bacteria and multicellularity (Option D).
What is a question in science?Raising a question is a fundamental part of science since allows us to connect observations that a priori might seem separate, and then we need to formulate a plausible explanation of the hypothesis to prove this link.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a question is a fundamental step in science before the formulation of the hypothesis.
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Someone with a blood level of Vit D in the acceptable range has ____ risk of developing diabetes compared to a person whose blood levels of Vitamin D are deficient. a higher a lower the same
Someone with a blood level of Vitamin D in the acceptable range has a lower risk of developing diabetes compared to a person whose blood levels of Vitamin D are deficient.
Vitamin D is important for many aspects of health, including bone health and insulin production. Low levels of Vitamin D have been linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which is the most common form of diabetes. On the other hand, maintaining sufficient levels of Vitamin D through diet, sun exposure, or supplements may help to lower the risk of developing diabetes. However, it is important to note that Vitamin D is just one factor that can influence the risk of developing diabetes, and other factors, such as diet, exercise, and genetics, also play a role.
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Reflection Questions:
1. Describe the relationship between carbon and human activities represented in the model.
2. Explain how human activities contribute to the increase and decrease of carbon and impact global climate.
3. Provide examples from your model of conservation of matter through Earth's spheres.
4. Identify the limitations of your carbon model in accounting for all of Earth's carbon.
1. The relationship between carbon and human activities represented is that humans are moving more carbon into the atmosphere with things like fossil fuels.
2. Human activities have an impact on the carbon cycle by burning fossil fuels, changing land use
3. The examples of conservation of matter through Earth's spheres
Hydrosphere - conservation of water, vapor, ice.Atmosphere - conservation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen.Geosphere - conservation of rocks, minerals, landforms4. Climate change is the limitation of the carbon model
What is the carbon model about?Humans remove trees and other plants that remove carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and add oxygen. This causes carbon to become trapped in the atmosphere, contaminating our air.
Humans can influence the carbon cycle in three ways: excessive fossil fuel use, deforestation, and carbon sequestration. As a result, human activities have a significant impact on the carbon cycle.
Increased carbon in the environment raises the temperature, causing seasons to change and humidity levels to rise, causing changes in rainfall. As a result, climate change is the carbon model's limitation.
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As Kris was cutting a piece of word on a table top saw, the saw fell off the table it was sitting upon. What safety measure did Kris MOST likely forget to take?
A. turning on the safety button
B. using a clamp to hold the saw to the table
C.using the safety shield
D. keeping the saw away from its cord
Template Strand: AGG
mRNA:
tRNA:
Amino Acid:
Template Strand: CTAGCT
mRNA:
tRNA:
Amino Acid:
The template strand is AGG, so the mRNA is UCC, and the amino acid is serine. The template strand is CTAGCT, the mRNA is GAUCGA, and the polypeptide chain is Val-Arg.
What is the codon?The codon is present on the mRNA, which is three consecutive nucleotides, and depending upon this, the amino acids are joined to make the polypeptide chain, and the mRNA is made from the DNA template strand.
Hence, the template strand is AGG, so the mRNA is UCC, and the amino acid is serine. The template strand is CTAGCT, the mRNA is GAUCGA, and the polypeptide chain is Val-Arg.
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You have been hired as a chemist. Your first task at your new job is to examine a newly discovered atom. The paperwork you are given states that its atomic number is 110. What does this mean?
The paperwork are given states that its atomic number is 110. this means D) The atom contains 110 protons.
The protons, which has a mass of one and a charge of one, is a positively charged particle that sits in the nucleus, or centre, of an atom. A negatively charged particle called an electron moves around the nucleus. Therefore, it is located outside of the nucleus. the portion of a molecule with a positive electric charge; a hydrogen ion (spelled H+) that has lost its electron. Transporter: a protein that works to regulate what can enter or leave a cell is situated in the cell membrane.
You have been hired as a chemist. Your first task at your new job is to examine a newly discovered atom. The paperwork you are given states that its atomic number is 110. What does this mean?
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Can a single bacterium genus contain different cell morphologies or do they all stick to one kind?
Single bacterium genus contains different cell morphologies with wide variety of shapes that forms a bacterial colony.
What are the different shapes of bacteria?
They have four basic shapes:
Spherical (cocci)Rod-shaped (bacilli)Arc shaped (Vibrio)Spiral (spirochete)Different types of bacteria produce different colonies some are circular in shape and others are irregular.
Shapes affect different biological functions include nutrient acquisition, motility, dispersion, stress resistance, and interactions with other organisms.
Generally monomorphic bacteria present in single shape whereas polymorphic bacteria exhibit different shapes like spherical, cocci, vibrio etc.
Hence, single bacterium genus contains different cell morphologies that differ from one another.
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select a cell from each of two different plants tissues and explain how their structure adapts them to their function
Chloroplasts, cell walls, and intracellular vacuoles are a few characteristics that set plant cells apart.
What are two plant cell adaptations?Plant cells contain a thick, transparent cuticle made of wax and wax, which minimizes water loss while allowing sunlight to penetrate through. The spongy mesophyll has air gaps that allow for gas exchange (e.g. allows carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis to occur).Chloroplasts, cell walls, and intracellular vacuoles are a few characteristics that set plant cells apart. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, cell walls provide plants the strength to stand erect, and vacuoles control how cells manage water and store other chemicals.To learn more about cells refer,
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What directly causes an action potential in the cochlear duct?
Answer:
An action potential is triggered in the neuron that synapses with the hair cell when Ca2 enters the area, stimulating the release of neurotransmitter by the hair cell. The cochlear nerve, which transmits the action potential to the brain's auditory cortex, is made up of the axons of these neurons.
Explanation:
brainliest
An action potential is triggered in the neuron that synapses with the hair cell when Ca2+ enters the area, stimulating the release of neurotransmitter by the hair cell.
What are neuron?Neuron are defined as the basic building blocks of the brain and nervous system, the cells in charge of taking in sensory information from the outside world, giving motor instructions to our muscles, and converting and relaying electrical signals at each stage in between. Based on function, they can be divided into three basic classes. Interneurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons make up this group.
These neurons' axons make up the cochlear nerve, which sends the action potential to the brain's hearing cortex. The cochlear nerve experiences an action potential when the hairs are pushed slightly because their tips are lodged in the immobile tectorial membrane.
Thus, an action potential is triggered in the neuron that synapses with the hair cell when Ca2+ enters the area, stimulating the release of neurotransmitter by the hair cell.
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- neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery- chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors- peripheral nervous system ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves
Afferent neurons - neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery.
Neurotransmitters - chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors.
Peripheral nervous system - ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves.
Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the external environment into the brain. Sensory information could entail special senses, like vision, hearing, smell, or taste, along with the sense of touch, pain, and temperature.
Neurotransmitters are chemical transmitters that your body requires to function. They convey chemical signals from a particular neuron to the next target cell. The following target cell may be another neuron or a muscle cell.
The nerves that extend out from the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system. These nerves establish the communications system between the CNS and the parts of the body. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are subsets of the peripheral nervous system.
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Complete question :
Match each description with a term from the key.
:a. afferent neuron e. interneuron i. nuclei b. central nervous system f. neuroglia j. peripheral nervous system c. efferent neuron g. neurotransmitters k. synaptic cleft d. ganglion h. nerve l. tract
______________ ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves
______________ neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery
____________ chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors
both klebsiella pneumoniae and streptococcus pneumoniae avoid phagocytosis by releasing a-b toxins that kill leukocytes. T/F
False, By producing A-B antigens that kill leukocytes, Klebsiella pneumoniae & Streptococcus pneumoniae both escape phagocytosis.
By releasing elastase during pneumolysin-dependent neutrophil lysis, Streptococcus pneumoniae compromises the pulmonary immune system.
An inflammatory lung illness called pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and death around the globe. It is brought on by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or others. The most frequent cause of pneumonia is a gram-positive bacteria with over 90 different serotypes called Streptococcus pneumoniae.
They destroy the phagocyte by causing the lysosomes to release their contents into it. They stop the lysosome & phagosome from merging.
A few strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are antibiotic-resistant. Treatment failures may result from resistance.
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Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in ______ and ending in ______.
Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in biology and ending in culture.
Puberty and the transition to adulthood are the beginning and conclusion of the developmental stage known as adolescence (approximately ages 10–20).
Adolescence is a period of physical and mental growth that normally occurs between puberty and adulthood. Adolescence is often associated with the teenage years, however depending on its physical, psychological, or cultural manifestations, it can begin earlier and endure longer.
The teenage years, which span the years between childhood and adulthood, are those between the ages of 10 and 19. It is a unique stage in human development and a crucial time for laying the groundwork for health. The physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of teenagers happens quickly.
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HELP
Find evidence to support the claim that inheritable genetic variations may result from new genetic combinations through meiosis (crossing over, non disjunction) or heritable
mutations caused by environmental factors (radiation, chemicals, and viruses)?
Inheritable Genetic Variation
Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors
postganglionic axons from the __________ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas
The stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small intestine, ascending colon, and postganglionic axons of these neurons are innervated by these ganglia.
The lacrimal glands are supplied with postganglionic axons by which autonomic ganglion?"pterygopalatine ganglion"
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are produced by the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is located in the extraperiorbital sheath region of the orbit. These fibers run with the zygomaticotemporal nerve, a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, to innervate the lacrimal gland.
Postganglionic neurons innervate what?Myenteric Ganglia and Smooth Muscle Layers in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract Are Co-Innervated by Individual Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons - PMC.
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A reproduction cell has _ the number of chromosomes as a _ cell
Identify and explain the two steps of the Krebs cycle
*please help will mark brainliest and 30 points
In Krebs Cycle there are total 8 steps are present.
What is Krebs cycle ?The citric acid cycle, sometimes referred to as the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle, is a chain of chemical events that oxidizes acetyl-CoA, which is obtained from proteins, carbs, and lipids, to release stored energy.
The Krebs cycle, sometimes referred to as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the citric acid cycle, is at the core of cellular metabolism and is essential for both the synthesis of biomolecules and energy. It completes the task of breaking down sugar that was started during glycolysis and feeds ATP synthesis in the process.Due to the three carboxyl groups on its first two intermediates, this chain of events is known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle in honor of its discoverer, Hans Krebs.Steps of Krebs cycle :Step 1: Oxaloacetate (four carbon molecules) and acetyl CoA (two carbon molecules) combine to create citrate (6 carbon molecule).
Step 2: Isocitrate is created by converting citrate (an isomer of citrate)
In step 3, isocitrate is converted into the five-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarate, which releases carbon dioxide. It only produces one NADH molecule.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is the enzyme that facilitates this process. Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an allosterically regulated enzyme, hence this process is rate-limiting.
Step 4: An oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate produces a 4-carbon compound. This creates succinyl CoA when it binds to coenzyme A. A second molecule of carbon dioxide and a second molecule of NADH are generated.
In step 5, succinyl CoA is changed into the four-carbon molecule succinate, which yields one GTP molecule.
In step 6, succinate is transformed into a 4-carbon molecule called fumarate, which then yields a molecule of FADH2.
Fumarate is changed into malate in step 7 (another 4 carbon molecule).
Step 8 is the transformation of malate into oxaloacetate. Additionally, the third NADH molecule is created.
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The abbreviation (MBC/MIC/MID) stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit the growth and reproduction of a pathogen. (Be sure to use all capital letters.)
The term "MIC" refers to the least dose of a medicine needed to stop a pathogen's growth and reproduction.
Describe a pathogen as an example.Pathogens, which can affect one's health, include bacteria, fungus, viruses, and parasites. There are numerous pathogens that can cause severe illnesses, such as anthrax, HIV, Epstein-Barr viral, and the Zika virus.
In what ways does a pathogen impact the body?Numerous methods are used by pathogens to sicken their hosts. The most straightforward method is by direct tissue or cell damage during replication, typically through the generation of toxins, which permits the virus to enter other tissues or leave the cells it replicated in.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
An increase in carbon dioxide increases the temperature of Earth. This increase leads to
in ecosystems. The increased temperature in cold regions was observed to cause the melting of snow. So, species living in these regions will face
.
Answer:
Species living in that particular cold place might die or get extinct due to the loss of there habitat and they might not be able to adapt as the climate and tgere ecosystem change.
the demands that humanity makes on the earth's natural resources are known as its______ , which describes the capacity of the earth to produce useful resources such as water and crops and to absorb waste, such as co2 emissions.
The demands that are made by humanity on the natural resources of planet Earth are known as its environmental footprint, which expresses the Earth's capacity to generate useful resources like water and crops, as well as to take up waste like CO2 emissions.
The environmental footprint or ecological footprint encompasses the entire set of demands that are made by the human population on Earth's natural resources. It also depicts the potential or capacity of the Earth to meet those demands in terms of generation of natural resources as well as providing essential services such as absorption of wastes like CO2 emissions.
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a 92% decline in irrigated crop productivity by 2100 and decreasing drinking water supplies will adversely affect .
sustainable water resource management can lead to a worsening of shelter hygiene (humidity, insects, rodents).
What happens if there is an inadequate supply of water?Access to clean water for drinking and performing basic hygiene at home, in schools, and in healthcare institutions is hampered by a lack of water. Water scarcity can cause sewage systems to malfunction and an increase in the risk of getting illnesses like cholera. Water that is hard to obtain by also costs more.The absence of sustainable water resource management can lead to a worsening of shelter hygiene (humidity, insects, rodents), or even to their destruction, which can potentially affect entire populations (in the event of floods or landslides for example) (in the case of floods or landslides for example).To learn more about sustainable water resource refer,
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3. How does the ozone layer help shield the Earth? O by allowing all of the UV light to pass through by causing some of the UV light to bounce back into space by rerouting some of the UV light, causing it to go around our planet O by absorbing some of the UV light that harms living things
Answer:
When an ozone molecule absorbs UV-B, it comes apart into an oxygen molecule (O2) and a separate oxygen atom (O). Later, the two components can reform the ozone molecule (O3). By absorbing UV-B in the stratosphere, the ozone layer prevents harmful levels of this radiation from reaching Earth's surface.
Explanation:
Answer:
The last answer. By absorbing some of the UV light that harms living things.
Explanation:
As the harmful UV light heads for earth, the Ozone Layer absorbs a great amount of the harmful UV radiation that comes from the sun, and If it weren't for the Ozone Layer, we would probably all be practically blind from the radiation hitting our eyes.
-Hope this helped & Happy Holidays!
Mr. Cooper is a 40 year-old unmarried restaurant owner who comes into a mental health clinic for treatment because he was charged with assault and battery. He spent a week in jail because he said he would rather die than pay the bail to get out. The charges are the result of a fight he had with his butcher, whom he accused of trying to destroy his business by supplying him with poisoned meat. He became convinced of this after a customer complained of becoming ill after eating in the restaurant. But, even before this, he had become concerned that his butcher was conspiring with other suppliers to price gouge and drive him out of business in order to buy him out. Some believe that Cooper is preoccupied with his business. It is not unusual for him to work 16-18 hours in a day. He feels this is the only way he will be successful. He is constantly fearful he is being taken advantage of and has frequent verbal and sometimes physical altercations with his waiters and cooks. Last month, Cooper became convinced that there was something wrong with the heating system and that there was a dangerous contaminant in the air that no one else could smell. He threatened to sue the heating company if they didn't fix the problem. Background Information: Cooper is a big man standing at 64" and weighing 270 pounds. In contrast, his father was very small in stature and was often described as having "Napoleon's Disease" as he would often tell his kids stories of how he could "kick the butt" of guys twice his size. Several times during his childhood, the patient's father would display "road rage" and once even got out of the car at a stoplight and confronted a man, daring him to get out of the car. Unfortunately, the patient's father died of heart complications when the patient was only 11 years old. The oldest of five children. Cooper took over as a father figure to the others. Recent Behaviors: A few months ago, he accused one of the waiters of stealing food. The frail young man told his boss he was crazy. To this, Cooper flipped out and actually threw the young man into the dumpster which was behind the building. After listening to the guy crying for the next ten minutes he climbed into the dumpster and sat with his employee for over an hour la ........ A few months ago, he accused one of the waiters of stealing food. The frail young man told his boss he was crazy. To this, Cooper flipped out and actually threw the young man into the dumpster which was behind the building. After listening to the guy crying for the next ten minutes he climbed into the dumpster and sat with his employee for over an hour apologizing for his actions. Surprisingly, the waiter did not quit and when asked later to describe what had occurred he simply stated that it was a misunderstanding and there were no ill feelings. It appears that Cooper is generally well-liked by his employees. Even when he is in a foul mood they seem to tolerate his actions. As one employee mentioned recently, "when Coop is in one of those moods we know to get out of his way and let him blow off some steam." Also, his customers at the restaurant love him and often ask him over to their house parties When he goes to the market he thinks that everyone is looking at him because he is overweight. He often leaves these places in such an agitated state that he will stop at a local bar to cool down with a beer and a few shots. The guys at the bar love his stories of how he put someone in their place. To many of them he is their hero. Within a few minutes of arriving at the health clinic, Cooper becomes upset with a female therapist and says she is determined to prove he is insane. He gets up and leaves and says he would rather rot in jail than listen to these quacks. Upon arriving back at the restaurant, he receives high fives from everyone and he thanks them for holding down the fort. He then calls the butcher and apologizes for his actions. Later in the day, his lawyer calls to inform him that charges against him have been dropped. 2. Considering the case study of Mr. Cooper (see attached), please answer the following: (a) In no more than four sentences, explain Cooper's behavior from the biological perspective. Include at least two explanations. (b) In no more than four sentences, explain Cooper's behavior from the behavioral perspective. Include at least two explanations.
Mr. Cooper, a 40-year-old single restaurant owner, seeks therapy at a mental health facility after being accused of assault and violence.
After saying he'd sooner die than pay the requisite bond to be released, he spent a week in jail. He argued with his butcher, whom he believed was trying to destroy his business by delivering him tainted meat, which gave rise to the accusations. He was convinced of this when a patron complained that they felt nauseous after eating there. However, even before this, he had started to be concerned that his butcher was conspiring with other suppliers to overcharge him, drive him out of business, and then buy him out. Some people believe Cooper's current priorities are his business. He frequently works 16 to 18 hours per day. This, he thinks, is the only choice. He routinely gets into verbal, and on rare occasions physical, arguments with his waiters and cooks because he is constantly worried about being taken advantage of. Last month, Cooper thought the heating system was malfunctioning because of a dangerous impurity in the air that no one else could smell. He said he would sue the heating provider if they didn't fix the problem. Background Information Cooper is a hefty man who stands 64" tall and weighs 270 pounds. In contrast, his father was very little in stature and was sometimes thought to have "Napoleon's Disease" since he constantly told his children stories about how he could "kick the butt" of guys twice his size. When the young man reacted, Cooper lost his composure and threw him into the dumpster behind the building. He listened to the man cry for the next 10 minutes and then sat in the dumpster with his employee for over an hour. A few months back, he accused one of the waiters of stealing food. The weak young man branded his boss a lunatic. Cooper became irrational in retaliation and threw the young man into the dumpster behind the building. He listened to the man sob for the next 10 minutes, then sat in the dumpster with his employee for more than an hour. The waiter unexpectedly stayed and, when questioned, Many of them view him as their hero. Shortly after arriving at the clinic, Cooper snaps at a female therapist and accuses her of wanting to prove he is nuts. He gets up and leaves, saying he'd rather rot in jail than listen to these charlatans. When he returns to the restaurant, he gives everyone high fives and thanks them for keeping everything organized. He then calls the butcher to express his regret for his actions. He gets a call from his lawyer later that day informing him that the accusations against him have been dropped.
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How does sexual reproduction create
heritable variation?
A. Organisms that reproduce sexually will have larger
populations.
B. It creates new combinations of alleles and unique
individuals every time. This is the answer
C. Species that reproduce with the same individuals will
create new adaptations.
Answer: It creates new combinations of alleles and unique
individuals every time.
Explanation:
Individuals have unique mixes of genes that can be found in there gametes and then mixed with someone else's unique gametes in sexual reproduction
michaelis-menten kinetic model requires that the enzyme-catalyzed reaction be first order with respect to substrate.
Michaelis and Menten found that the step that results in the formation of ES from E+P is insignificant in an enzyme-catalyzed process.
Catalyzed by an enzyme?As long as the equilibrium can be changed by either species, the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex is in equilibrium with both the enzyme and the substrate; the complex's breakdown into the product is the rate-limiting step, therefore the rate is proportional to both.
The action that Michaelis and Menten considered unimportant is:
development of ES
E + S ————-> ES ————> E + P
E stands for enzyme activity.
Substance concentration equals S.
Product concentration is P.
Michaelis and Menten therefore consider the creation of ES from E + P to be insignificant.
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An important technological advance that allowed scientists to decipher the genetic code was the ability to...
Answer:
Before the genetic code could be deciphered, before scientists could understand the process by which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) directed the synthesis of proteins, they had to resolve a final mystery: as Francis Crick and other researchers insisted, there must be a messenger to transmit genetic information from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, a messenger that was almost certainly made of ribonucleic acid (RNA). But what was its exact nature? Scientists had found notable amounts of RNA at the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, and had assumed that this RNA was the postulated messenger. Each ribosome, according to this assumption, synthesized just one protein.
However, the assumption that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was the messenger conflicted with other findings, namely that the main sections of rRNA occurred in only two lengths, whereas the polypeptide chains for which this RNA supposedly coded differed greatly in length; and secondly, that the relative amounts of the bases in rRNA were fairly constant, whereas their relative amounts in DNA varied widely from species to species. (The sequence of the bases in rRNA, as opposed to the relative amounts of its bases, would not be known for several more years.) Moreover, Arthur Pardee, François Jacob, and Jacques Monod in their famous "PaJaMo-experiment" had produced evidence that protein synthesis commenced soon after the introduction of a gene into a cell and that it proceeded at a fast, steady rate. By contrast, the theory that ribosomal RNA was the messenger predicted that protein synthesis would start up gradually, as the newly-introduced gene first had to produce the ribosomes at which protein synthesis was to occur.
If ribosomal RNA could not be the messenger, then what was? The question was resolved during a decisive meeting at King's College, Cambridge, on Good Friday, 1960, between Jacob, Sydney Brenner, Crick, and a handful of other researchers. A few years earlier, in 1956, two scientists working with a virus that infected a bacterium found in the bacterium small amounts of a form of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that had the same base composition (the same proportion in the amount of bases) as the DNA of the virus. Their finding and its significance had remained unexplained. During the meeting, Brenner had the sudden insight that this form of RNA must be the messenger because it replicated the base composition of the virus, not of the infected bacterium or its ribosomes, where virus-directed synthesis of proteins was unfolding. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was found in such small amounts that it had previously eluded detection because it was needed only for short periods of time during protein synthesis. It then degraded, to be used again in making a copy of another stretch of DNA. Brenner and the others concluded that the ribosome was just an inert reading head that could synthesize any type of protein while it traveled along the messenger RNA, reading off the bases in sequence.
With the basic concepts of genetic control of protein synthesis in place, what remained to be explained was how the genetic code worked, that is, how genetic information was transcribed from DNA to messenger RNA to protein. In an article published in Nature on December 30, 1961, Crick, Brenner, and their team described how, by inducing successive mutations in a virus that attacks the bacterium Escherichia Coli, they obtained evidence that the chemical code embodied in a gene consisted of groups of three bases which do not overlap, or share bases. The mutants studied were acridine mutants, meaning they had been exposed to the potent mutagen proflavine, a bright yellow dye derived from the coal tar chemical acridine. As Crick correctly surmised, acridines slip in and out between the bases of the virus RNA (the virus they studied was of RNA, not DNA), leading to the insertion or deletion of a base on the complementary chain during gene replication. Such insertion or deletion of a base in the viral RNA led to a "phase shift": given that, according to the sequence hypothesis, the sequence of the bases was to be read in linear fashion, from a fixed starting point and in one direction, the addition or deletion of a base would throw the reading of the base sequence out of step (out of phase) from the point of mutation onward. Consequently, proteins synthesized from viral RNA past the point of mutation were deformed, and could not perform their usual functions; the virus the team worked with was rendered less infectious, as could be determined by observing the bacterial cultures on which it preyed in the Petri dish.
In specialized transduction, as exemplified by lambda phage in E. coli, transduction occurs at high efficiency for only a restricted group of genes near the insertion site of lambda.
True, As demonstrated by the lambda phage in E. coli, specialized transduction only affects a small subset of genes close to the lambda phage's insertion site.
What makes transduction different from a typical bacteriophage infection?During transduction, the bacteriophage does not burst forth from an infected cell. DNA is transferred via transduction from one cell's chromosome to another. During transduction, the bacteriophage carries bits of the cell with it.
Which of the phages listed below can perform limited transduction in bacteria?Only the lysogenic cycle, or via a temperate phage, is capable of specialized transduction. In this case, the virus only has a certain portion of the bacterial DNA.
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After his stroke at the age of 80, Austin developed urinary incontinence, meaning he has
less control over elimination of urine from his bladder.
recurring urinary tract infections.
kidney failure.
slowing of the urinary stream flow.
less control over elimination of urine from his bladder.
Which one of the following best represents a vision alteration brought on by aging?The loss of the capacity to perceive small text or up-close things is referred to as presbyopia.Presbyopia gradually develops over the course of a lifetime as a normal process.Before the age of 35 or 40, you might not detect any change.
How much activity does a person 80 years old need?Adults 65 and older should engage in at least 150 minutes per week (or 30 minutes per day, five days per week) of moderate-intensity movement, including brisk walking.Alternatively, they need to engage in 75 minutes per week of intense action like running, jogging, or trekking.
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how would urbanization impact the carbon cycle
Urban residents currently control ∼22 (12–40)% of the land carbon uptake (112 PgC/yr) and ∼24 (15–39)% of the carbon emissions (117 PgC/year) from land globally. Urbanization resulted in the creation of new carbon pools on land such as buildings (∼6.7 PgC) and landfills (∼30 PgC).Jan 11, 2016
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